Ratio Of Sum Research Articles

Quenching of the quantum p-strength in light exotic nuclei

One-nucleon spectroscopic overlaps, their strength or spectroscopic factors (SFs), and nucleon removal cross sections for light nuclei in the mass range A≤12 were evaluated using the fully correlated Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) wave functions (WFs). Harder (AV18+UX) and softer (NV2+3) bare interactions were used providing consistent results. The SFs were also taken from simple Shell Model (SM) calculations. This structure information was incorporated in the standard three-body Faddeev/Alt-Grassberger-Sandhas reaction formalism to evaluate the (p,pN) cross sections. The results further our understanding of the quenching of the quantum p-shell strength obtained from structure and reactions. We have found the ratios of the total QMC sums of SFs to the SM ones to be uniform and ∼ 3/4. The corresponding ratios of the sums Below Particle Threshold (BPT) of SFs, as well as of total cross sections, deviate strikingly from the uniform trend in some special cases. We find these ratios to be close to unit for Li9→8Li+n and C9→8B+p. In contrast, they are strongly reduced for C11→10C+n and B11→10Be+p mirror transitions, resulting from the quenching of the strength for low-lying 2+ final state transitions. The QMC theoretical cross section BPT for C11(p,pn) is about two times smaller than the experimental data.

Image watermarking based on a ratio of DCT coefficient sums using a gradient-based optimizer

Social networks and various websites provide a lot of tools for publishing and sharing digital images. However, publishing digital content online makes it vulnerable to illegal copying and distribution. An effective method for protecting images is watermarking technology, which embeds a logo or some kind of identifier into an image in an invisible way. If necessary, a watermark can be extracted from an image and used to prove authorship and ownership. A major challenge in designing image watermarking schemes is balancing embedding imperceptibility and resistance to various attacks. In this study, we propose a new robust and blind image watermarking algorithm that set a specific ratio of sum of discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient absolute values for each image block. We provide a balance between imperceptibility and robustness using a modern metaheuristic optimization algorithm called gradient-based optimizer, which finds the best vector of changes for mid-frequency DCT coefficients. An objective function of optimization algorithm is designed in such a way as to control the ratio of the sums of DCT coefficients absolute values to increase robustness and reduce a distortion level of an image block during embedding. Experimental results and comparison with some other image watermarking schemes demonstrate the high efficiency of the proposed algorithm in terms of imperceptibility and resistance to typical image processing attacks, such as changing brightness and contrast, sharpening, cropping, and others.

Average distance colouring of graphs

Abstract For a graph G with n vertices, average distance µ(G) is the ratio of sum of the lengths of the shortest paths between all pairs of vertices to the number of edges in a complete graph on n vertices. In this paper, we introduce average distance colouring and find the average distance colouring number of certain classes of graphs.

Linearization interpolation method with high robustness and high accuracy for sinusoidal encoders

This paper presents a linearization interpolation method with high robustness and high accuracy for sinusoidal encoders. Based on the pseudo-linearized signal constructed by the ratio of absolute values difference and absolute values sum of the sine and cosine signals, a compensation coefficient is designed to amplify pseudo-linearized signal to approximate ideal linearized signal for improving the linearity. The linearity is improved from 9.05% to 0.015%, which means that the linearized signal can be used to accurately determine the phase angle. This method is easy to implement, has high accuracy, and does not require the lookup tables (LUTs) or processors. The theoretical phase error is less than 0.007° over 0° ∼ 360°, corresponding to about 15-bit accuracy per signal period. In addition, the proposed method is implemented on the hardware platform with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Finally, the effectiveness of proposed method is demonstrated by experiments using simulated sinusoidal encoder.

ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ АМПЕЛОЭКОТОПОВ ДЛЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ ВИНОГРАДА В СЕВАСТОПОЛЬСКОМ РЕГИОНЕ

The article presents the research results on the degree of favorability of agro-ecological conditions of Sevastopol for grapevine cultivation. The analysis according to the available multi-year data of weather stations of the Crimean peninsula is given. The following climatic indices characterizing vegetation period and grape ripening period were calculated: sum of temperatures above 20°C, ratio of sum of temperatures above 20 °C to sum of temperatures above 10 °C, Huglin and Winkler indices, average temperature of vegetation period, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, sum of precipitation per year and vegetation period. Besides, the main agro-ecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of grapevine cultivation were considered: average of absolute minima of air temperature and sum of active temperatures above 10 °С. A digital complex map of the spatial distribution of these indices on the analyzed territory was constructed by means of geoinformation modeling. The distribution of Sevastopol territories that are not suitable for vineyards establishment was analyzed: with unfavorable soil conditions, with a height of more than 600 m above sea level, with a slope of over 20 degrees, as well as lands of forest and reserve funds. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of agro-ecological conditions in the territory of Sevastopol 9 ampeloecotopes were identified. According to the results of the comparison of agro-ecological conditions of the selected ampeloecotopes with the requirements of grapevine varieties to growing conditions, taking into account the dependence of the quality indicators of viticulture and winemaking products on agro-ecological factors, recommendations for agroecological optimization of the varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticulture and winemaking industry in the territory of the city of federal significance − Sevastopol were developed.

Determination of sensitivities and specificities of cerebrospinal fluid free light chains to diagnose multiple sclerosis- a multicentric case-control study.

CSF free light chains help diagnose multiple sclerosis, but no data is available on the Asian population. Our objective was to study the diagnostic utility of CSF free light chains for diagnosing multiple sclerosis in Indian patients. Prospective multicentric case-control study. Cases included those who were tested for oligoclonal bands and fulfilled the modified McDonald criteria 2017 for multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndromes. Those tested for oligoclonal bands (OCB) but with other diagnoses- inflammatory and non-inflammatory were included as controls. Clinical details were collected from electronic medical records. CSF and serum kappa and lambda free light chains were measured, apart from oligoclonal bands, immunoglobulin, and albumin in paired serum and CSF samples. There were 70 patients (31 cases and 39 controls). The mean age was 43.41(SD 16.073) years, and 43(61.4%) were females. CSF kappa showed highest specificity 97.4%, at a cut off 2.06mg/L (sensitivity 71%) and highest sensitivity 90.3%, at a cut off 0.47mg/L (specificity 79.5%). Best balance of sensitivity and specificity for CSF kappa was seen at a cut-off of ≥ 0.63mg/L {sensitivity 87·1 (CI - 70.17-96.37), and specificity 87·18 (CI -72.57-95.70)}. The ratio of Kappa/lambda showed highest specificity of 100%(similar to OCB) with a sensitivity of 71% at a cut off of 1.72. The ratio of sum of kappa and lambda light chains, and Qalb (∑CSF FLC/Qalb), showed the highest specificity (94.87%)among the blood brain barrier corrected ratios. This study showed that the diagnostic utility of CSF kappa was comparable to OCB to diagnose multiple sclerosis in sensitivity, but not specificity, so can be a screening test before testing for OCB in our population.

Color Constancy Based on Local Reflectance Differences

Color constancy is used to determine the actual surface color of the scene affected by illumination so that the captured image is more in line with the characteristics of human perception. The well-known Gray-Edge hypothesis states that the average edge difference in a scene is achromatic. Inspired by the Gray-Edge hypothesis, we propose a new illumination estimation method. Specifically, after analyzing three public datasets containing rich illumination conditions and scenes, we found that the ratio of the global sum of reflectance differences to the global sum of locally normalized reflectance differences is achromatic. Based on this hypothesis, we also propose an accurate color constancy method. The method was tested on four test datasets containing various illumination conditions (three datasets in a single-light environment and one dataset in a multi-light environment). The results show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art color constancy methods. Furthermore, we propose a new framework that can incorporate current mainstream statistics-based color constancy methods (Gray-World, Max-RGB, Gray-Edge, etc.) into the proposed framework.

Cortical atrophy in chronic subdural hematoma from ultra-structures to physical properties

Several theories have tried to elucidate the mechanisms behind the pathophysiology of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). However, this process is complex and remains mostly unknown. In this study we performed a retrospective randomised analysis comparing the cortical atrophy of 190 patients with unilateral CSDH, with 190 healthy controls. To evaluate the extent of cortical atrophy, CT scan images were utilised to develop an index that is the ratio of the maximum diameter sum of 3 cisterns divided by the maximum diameter of the skull at the temporal lobe level. Also, we reported, for the first time, the ultrastructural analyses of the CSDH using a combination of immunohistochemistry methods and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Internal validation was performed to confirm the assessment of the different degrees of cortical atrophy. Relative Cortical Atrophy Index (RCA index) refers to the sum of the maximum diameter of three cisterns (insular cistern, longitudinal cerebral fissure and cerebral sulci greatest) with the temporal bones' greatest internal distance. This index, strongly related to age in healthy controls, is positively correlated to the preoperative and post-operative maximum diameter of hematoma and the midline shift in CSDH patients. On the contrary, it negatively correlates to the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS). The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) showed that RCA index effectively differentiated cases from controls. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the newly formed CD-31 positive microvessels are higher in number than the CD34-positive microvessels in the CSDH inner membrane than in the outer membrane. Ultrastructural observations highlight the presence of a chronic inflammatory state mainly in the CSDH inner membrane. Integrating these results, we have obtained an etiopathogenetic model of CSDH. Cortical atrophy appears to be the triggering factor activating the cascade of transendothelial cellular filtration, inflammation, membrane formation and neovascularisation leading to the CSDH formation.

Rapid metabolites fingerprinting by ion mobility spectrometry: A novel evaluation method for bio-adulteration of saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

This research presents an application of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for investigating adulteration of saffron (SA) with five specific bio-adulterants of plant source i.e., safflower (SAF), calendula (CAL), curcumin (CUR), sumac (SUM), and SA-stamens (SST). For this purpose, 10 SA spices were adulterated with different proportions (ranging from 0% to 50%) of these bio-adulterants. Each sample type had unique metabolites, and the fingerprints of SA metabolites significantly changed with increasing the bio-adulteration ratio, particularly at drift zones ranging from 6.51 to 14.34 ms. Principal component analysis and hieratical clustering provided excellent grouping patterns for discriminating pure SA and its bio-adulterants. In addition, promising results were obtained for predicting the adulteration ratio of SAF, CAL, CUR, SUM, and SST by partial least square regression (PLSR). The values of root-mean-square error (RMSE) and correlation of multiple determination (R 2 ) were in the ranges of 4.82–10.23%, and 0.644–0.920 for the test set samples, respectively. • A good and rapid IMS-CDI + method introduced for detecting fraud in saffron. • The developed PCA/HCA models are able to detect some bio-adulterants in saffron. • The VIP-PLSR analysis can predict content of different bio-adulterants in saffron. • The selected multivariate analysis revealed acceptable performance in LVs ≤ 13.

Empirical best prediction of small area bivariate parameters

AbstractThis paper introduces empirical best predictors of small area bivariate parameters, like ratios of sums or sums of ratios, by assuming that the target unit‐level vector follows a bivariate nested error regression model. The corresponding means squared errors are estimated by parametric bootstrap. Several simulation experiments empirically study the behavior of the introduced statistical methodology. An application to real data from the Spanish household budget survey gives estimators of ratios of food household expenditures by provinces.

Normalization technique to build patient specific muscle model in finite element head neck spine.

Finite element models of the head and neck are widely used in automotive and clinical fields to understand spinal biomechanics. These models are developed based on CT and MRI scans of the subjects, but historically the muscle data are obtained from cadaveric specimen. The cadaver data is often obtained from older specimens which commonly have undergone degenerative changes resulting in reduction in muscle cross section area. The objective of the current study is to compare the muscle cross-section area used by various finite element models of neck muscles used in the literature and to develop a normalization technique to scale the MRI muscle cross-section area with those available in the literature. Four male and seven female healthy asymptomatic young adult volunteers enrolled in the study after obtaining necessary approval from Institutional Review Board. T1 and T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging was performed in neutral upright sitting position wearing military helmet. Muscle cross sectional area was obtained for multifidus muscles from the MRI images. Data was compared with those in the literature. Based on the literature review of prior studies, the cross-sectional area of cadaver specimens was smaller than the MRI obtained muscle area. Multifidus muscle scaling factor was obtained by ratio of sum of MRI cross section area with that of cadaver data. Based on the analysis, the scaling factor for male data is 1.6 and for female data is 1.3. the cadaver data can be multiplied by the scaling factor to obtain the MRI specific cross-sectional area. A Normalization technique was developed for scaling MRI data into finite element model. This technique can be used in developing subject specific finite element model of spine which has applications in clinical, automotive, and military environment.

Partial sums of analytic functions defined by binomial distribution and negative binomial distribution

ABSTRACT The study of statistical distributions in a complex variable is one of the most vibrant areas of research. The complex analogue of many distributions has been studied. This article introduces the complex analogue of Binomial distribution and Negative Binomial distribution and studies certain geometrical properties of these analogues. It comprises the study of analytic functions defined by using the complex versions of Binomial distribution and Negative Binomial distribution functions. It includes the problems of finding the lower bounds of real parts of certain ratios of partial sums to the infinite series sums for these analytic functions. Such lower bounds are determined for the said analytic functions, for their first derivatives and for the Alexander transformation of these analytic functions.

Clinical and imaging risk factors for the persistence of thromboembolism following acute pulmonary embolism.

BackgroundPredicting the progression of acute pulmonary embolism to chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (CPTE) disease is essential to monitoring and improving the long-term prognosis of pulmonary embolism. We explored the risk factors for chronic persistence of thromboembolism after acute pulmonary embolism.MethodsCases with newly onset acute pulmonary embolism in the China-Japan Friendship Hospital from November 2016 to November 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical characteristics, serological examination results, and treatment strategies of acute pulmonary embolism patients were obtained through the electronic medical record system (Goodwill E-Health Info Co., Ltd.). Imaging parameters on computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) images at the onset of the acute pulmonary embolism were measured and counted. Notably, we propose a new parameter based on CTPA images: the ratio of Sd (sum of residual segmental pulmonary artery diameter) to MPAd (the main pulmonary artery diameter) (Sd/MPAd). After 3 months of regular treatment for acute pulmonary embolism, patients were classified into a CPTE group or a non-CPTE group based on the presence of residual embolus. All data were compared between the CPTE group and non-CPTE group. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis was used to investigate risk factors for the progression of acute pulmonary embolism to CPTE.ResultsA total of 77 cases (male:female = 1:1.26) were included in the study. There were 43 cases (55.84%) in the CPTE group and 34 cases in the non-CPTE group (44.16%). The results of univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in risk stratification (χ2=8.043; P=0.005), protein S activity (χ2=5.551; P=0.018), the ratio of sum of residual segmental pulmonary artery diameter to the main pulmonary artery diameter (Sd/MPAd; t=–2.103; P=0.039), Mastora score (U=362.500; P<0.001), and embolus location (χ2=16.969; P<0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in treatment options (P=0.381). According to multivariate logistic-regression analysis, protein S activity <55% (P=0.025), Sd/MPAd ≥1.97 (P=0.011), and an embolus being located in the central pulmonary artery (P<0.001) were independent risk factors for chronic persistence of thromboembolism following acute pulmonary embolism.ConclusionsThe protein S activity, location of the embolus, and Sd/MPAd on CTPA at the onset of acute pulmonary embolism may suggest the progression of acute pulmonary embolism to CPTE.

Isolation and Structure of the New Sesquiterpene Lactone 3-oxo-10β-hydroxy-5,7α(H),4,6β(H)-guai-1,11(13)-diene-6,12-olide

The article presents the results of a chemical study of Tanacetopsis pjataevae, which is an endemic plant in Ka-zakhstan. The number of extractive substances was obtained by extraction with chloroform from the air-dry crushed above-ground part of the plant collected in the flowering phase. Isolation of compounds was carried out by column chromatography on a column of silica gel brand KSK at a ratio of sum - carrier = 1:20. A colorless crystalline substance of the composition C15H18O4 with m.p. 189–191°C (recrystallized from diethyl ether) was found when the column was eluted with a mixture of petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (87.5:12.5). The structure of the obtained new compound (3-oxo-10β-hydroxy-5,7α(Н),6β(Н)-guai-1,11(13)-diene-6,12-olide) was estab-lished based on IR, NMR analysis and mass spectra. The spatial structure was determined by the X-ray diffrac-tion method. It was established that the 3-oxo-10β-hydroxy-5,7α(Н),6β(Н)-guai-1,11(13)-diene-6,12-olide mole-cule in the crystal is disordered over two conformational states in the 6 :4 ratio. The stability of these conformers was confirmed by semi-empirical quantum-chemical calculations. It was established that the difference in the heat of formation of two conformers was 6.3 kJ/mol for a free molecule.

Comparison of FTIR spectra of different breast cell lines to detect spectral biomarkers of pathology

Many efforts have been made for several years to make Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) micro-spectroscopy usable in the cytological diagnostic. In fact, some events arising when cells undergo a disease, as alterations in the relative content of biochemical cellular components and variations of the proteins secondary structure, lead to modifications of the FTIR spectra, as changes of relative intensity and/or spectral shifts of specific peaks. In this study, we compare FTIR spectra measured for three different breast cell lines: the non-malignant MCF10A cell line, the malignant non-metastatic MCF7 cell line and the metastatic MDA cell line. The major differences of average absorption spectra involve a blue-shift of amide I and II bands and a larger relative intensity of nucleic acid bands in MCF7 spectra with respect to the other ones. Curve fitting also provided important information about spectral markers able to discriminate the three cell lines. In fact, the ratio of sum of the areas of peaks at 2852 and 2922 cm−1 with respect to the sum of the areas of peaks at 2873 and 2958 cm−1 is able to differentiate the non-malignant, malignant and metastatic cells among them. These results suggest that FTIR micro-spectroscopy may be a potentially useful tool for breast cancer diagnosis at cytological level.

Sources of rare earth elements REE+Y (REY) in Bayili Coal Mine from Wensu County of Xinjiang, China

By analyses on the trace elements of coals, host-rocks and wall-rocks, this study aims to trace the sources and evaluate the utilization prospects of REE+Y (REY) in coals from Bayili Coal Mine (Wensu, Xinjiang, China). The distribution patterns of REY in the coals are divided into two groups, flat-type and heavy REE-enrichment type (H-type). The REY of the former was mainly from the gneisses of the basement of the coal-bearing basin, and that of the later was partly from hydrothermal solution. The host-rocks show two types of REY patterns, middle REE-enrichment type (M-type) and H-type, which are due to the injection of REY from acid terrestrial water and hydrothermal solution, respectively. Almost all the coal samples are plotted into the promising area on the diagram of percentage of critical elements (REYdef, rel) vs ratio of sum of critical elements to the sum of excessive elements (Coutl) and half of the coal samples have high contents of Ga closing to the cut-off grade of Ga deposit as by-product, which indicate that the REY and Ga in Bayili Coal Mine are of utilization prospects as by-product.

Seismic Analysis of Multi Storey Building Using Strong Column Weak Beam Ratio (SCWB) in Different Zones of India

An earthquake structures are mandatory to avoid significant damages (i.e., collapse) and aims that structure withstand a major earthquake without collapse. The design approach adopted is to ensure that the columns of the structure more capable to resist moments than beam; to avoid progressive collapse of structure due to failure of columns in lower level; it is necessary the columns have stronger than beams (strong column weak beam). The concept of SCWB is to ensure that plastic hinge formed in the beam not in the column; this help in dissipating the more energy along with providing ductility to the structure. If the plastic hinge is formed on the both ends of column then, the column is not able to spread the plasticity and collapse which are leads to global failure. The failure modes in all past earthquake is exactly opposite i.e, strong beam weak column; and comes to sway mechanism and fails to collapse. For this it is foreseen that the values of ratio of Mc/Mb (ratio of sum of ultimate moment of resistance of columns to sum of ultimate moment of resistance of beam) in the beam-column joint are stated by many design codes and the values are different ranging from 1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5 to 2, etc. Another effect of ratio Ic/Ib (ratio of moment of inertia of column to moment of inertia of beam) have been studied but the exact meeting of SCWB behaviour in the structures at the time of collapse not stated clearly. The Mc/Mb and Ic/Ib ratio are very important to prevent damage in the structure under seismic action. In the present work, attempts are made to achieve exact ratio of exact strong column weak beam. In this study, the combined effect of two ratio (Mc/Mb, Ic/Ib) simultaneously investigated in different zones of India to find out exact SCWB ratio’s value for to meet the SCWB behaviour. Different numerical examples are presented of combine ratios (Mc/Mb,Ic/Ib) and pushover analysis is performed on each ratio’s. The result of the investigation highlighted on the objective that is to find exact SCWB ratio value considering the parameter like target displacement, ductility ratio, hinge response etc.

Reliability of Testing of the Electrical Activity of Muscles during Isometric Contractions in Archery

BACKGROUND. The archery sport needs a high level of accuracy and coordination between muscle forces. Electromyography is a useful and effective method in studding the electrical activity of muscles in archery. Resulting in a great variation in EMG data repeatability, the results regarding a theory of test reliability should be studied. PURPOSE. The research aims to develop a method of determination concerning reliability of testing of the electrical activity of muscles during isometric contractions in archery. METHODS. The electrical activity of rectus femoral muscle during isometric contractions with the maximal effort in bending of a thigh from −15º to 70º is tested in a sample of twenty skilled male archers of 23–28 years old. ANOVA for repeated measures, ICC and regression models are used. RESULTS. The electrical potential is found to be maximal (7.15 mV), when the joint angle equals −8.9º and minimal (1.44 mV), when the joint angle equals 62.8º. A ratio of sum of squares due interaction between subjects’ and joint angles’ variability to the total sum of squares variability of all measures is accepted as a measure of the error in a hypothetical function of dependence of the electrical activity of muscles on joint angles (23.3%, p < 0.001). A single measure test after elimination of trends in test–retest results shows a sufficient level of reliability: ICC(1,1)=0.745. Corresponding mean scores reliability of the test with five trials is estimated as good: ICC(1,k)=0.936, (k = 5). CONCLUSION. A method of determination concerning reliability of testing of the electrical activity of muscles during isometric contractions specifically to the archery sport is recommended to the practical employment.

Ranciéit a doprovodné minerály z Rychaltic u Frýdku-Místku (Morava, Česká republika)

Recently described small outcrop of the upper part of the Barnasiówka Formation yielded several manganese oxidic minerals. Outcrop at the bank of the Krnalovice Stream (GPS N 49°38.623’ E 018°14.630’) consists of Lower Turonian greenish to grey-black laminated claystone alternating with grey chert. The whole sequence is a part of the Baška facies of the Silesian Unit, Outer Western Carpathians. In the middle part of the profile occur concretional aggregates containing manganese minerals. The central pale part of these aggregates is composed of quartz (ca. 90 wt.%), albite (ca. 9 wt.%), and muscovite, the darker rim of quartz (ca. 80 wt.%), goethite (ca. 10 wt.%), illite, todorokite, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and pyrite. Occasionally, remains of Mn-rich siderite were preserved in the cores. We suppose that they are in fact weathering products of carbonate-rich silicites. Manganese oxides also enter fissures in form of thin black coatings. Powder X-ray diffraction proved the presence of todorokite, ranciéite, pyrolusite, and possible vernadite. Todorokite forms black coatings with submetallic lustre, often associating with ranciéite. Ranciéite is dark pink to pinkish-brown, with a metallic lustre. Back-scattered electron images reveal its extremely thin tabular, sometimes undulated crystals and hexagonally oriented intergrowths. Powder diffraction data are strongly affected by preferred orientation, with dominating basal reflections of 001 plane at 7.4849 Å and plane 002 at 3.7424 Å. Its average formula from nine WDS spots (Ca0.14Mg0.01Ba0.01K0.01)Σ0.17(Mn4+0.86Si0.02Al0.03Fe0.01)Σ0.92O2.00·0.88H2O (based on 2 anions, water calculated from the ratio of cation sum / H2O in the formula according to Post et al. 2008) and CaO/MnO2 ratio 9 to 12 correspond well to the published data for this phase. Ranciéite is a rather common phyllomanganate from various geological environments, but this locality represents its first unambiguous occurrence in the Czech Republic. It closely resembles the one from Polish flysch Carpathians from Nowa Wieś near Rzesów.

Design and analysis of a new compact all-optical full-adder based on photonic crystals

In this paper, a new structure based on photonic crystals for all-optical full-adder is proposed. The two-dimensional structure includes 28 and 12 Chalcogenide rods along the x and z directions, respectively. This structure consists of three waveguides for guiding the introduced optical signals to the main waveguide. Three resonant cavities are connected to the main waveguide and transmit the optical waves toward two output ports (SUM and CARRY) based on optical intensities in the main waveguide. Nonlinear rods in cavities are made of the doped glass with a nonlinear refractive index of 10−14 m2/W. The defect radii in resonant cavities are 1.1, 1.04, and 0.98 times of the fundamental rods. The lattice constant of the structure is 461 nm and the area of ​​the device is just 71 μm2. The finite difference time domain and plane wave expansion methods are used to simulate the light propagation and the band diagram. For SUM port, the highest normalized powers for logic 0 and the least normalized powers for logic 1 are equal to 4 % and 84 %, respectively while they are 5 % and 121 % for CARRY port. So, the contrast ratio of SUM and CARRY ports are 13.22 dB and 13.84 dB, respectively. The calculated delay time of the presented adder is just around 390 fs. According to the obtained results, the proposed structure can be used in optical processing applications.