Ratio Of Rd Research Articles

Catalytic hydrolysis of ginsenosides by pectinase immobilized on a covalent organic framework material

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have potential applications in immobilized enzyme fields due to their unique chemical and mechanical properties. First, a novel COF material for immobilizing enzyme for preparing ginsenosides was obtained using 1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde and 3,3′-dihydroxybenzidine （BTDH）as organic monomers. Then the morphology, stability, pore size and the loading capacity of COF-BTDH were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and loading capacity experiments. At last effect of reaction time on ginsenoside extraction efficiency and the maximum usage amount of material were explored. Results showed that pectinase was effectively immobilized on COF-BTDH. In addition the optimized reaction time of catalytic hydrolysis for extracting ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd was 2 h, and the mass ratio of material to enzyme was 31.25:1. Additionally, the immobilized enzyme remained more than 85% active according to the amount ratio of ginsenoside Rd after five consecutive cycles.

Identifying Those at Risk of Glaucoma: A Deep Learning Approach for Optic Disc and Cup Segmentation and Their Boundary Analysis.

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss that gradually damages the optic nerve. In ophthalmic fundus images, measurements of the cup to optic disc (CD) ratio, CD area ratio, neuroretinal rim to optic disc (RD) area ratio, and rim thickness are key measures to screen for potential glaucomatous damage. We propose an automatic method using deep learning algorithms to segment the optic disc and cup and to estimate the key measures. The proposed method comprises three steps: The Region of Interest (ROI) (location of the optic disc) detection from a fundus image using Mask R-CNN, the optic disc and cup segmentation from the ROI using the proposed Multiscale Average Pooling Net (MAPNet), and the estimation of the key measures. Our segmentation results using 1099 fundus images show 0.9381 Jaccard Index (JI) and 0.9679 Dice Coefficient (DC) for the optic disc and 0.8222 JI and 0.8996 DC for the cup. The average CD, CD area, and RD ratio errors are 0.0451, 0.0376, and 0.0376, respectively. The average disc, cup, and rim radius ratio errors are 0.0500, 0.2257, and 0.2166, respectively. Our method performs well in estimating the key measures and shows potential to work within clinical pathways once fully implemented.

EVALUATION OF FOULING FACTOR ON HEAT EXCHANGER IN OIL GAS AND NATURAL OIL PROCESSING

Advances in science and technology of human civilization have encouraged industry in Indonesia to develop more and more advanced from simple technology to advanced technology. Chemical industrial technology is the use of engineering science that studies the processing of raw goods into more useful and economical goods which involve chemical reactions in the process. One of them is the technology to evaluate the Heat Echanger in the Chemical Industry, especially in the Oil and Gas Industry, Evaluation of the Heat Exchanger-05 to determine the fouling factor in the oil processing process so that if you know the fouling factor, the Heat Exchanger will be able to know what maintenance needs to be applied. equipment or not. Observing the process of making crude oil into products, diesel, residue and pertasol. From the calculation results, it is stated that the ratio of actual Rd and theoretical Rd is greater than the actual Rd than the theoretical Rd. The actual Rd is 0.02318648 The actual Rd value that can be obtained indicates that there is a buildup of fouling (crust) on the HE-05. The buildup of fouling can inhibit the rate of heat transfer between the residue and crude oil. In addition, this buildup of fouling can produce a hot slot area which can result in leaks in the heat exchanger. the heat given to the residue is 1919948,193 Btu/hour while the heat received by crude oil is 1682707,817 so it can be interpreted that not all the heat given by the residue is received by the crude oil. There is heat wasted by 14%. because it is necessary to add an insulator so that the HE performance is more efficient.

A Double Hemispherical Probe for Characterizing and Minimizing the Self‐Wake Effects on Probe Measurements

AbstractSpace‐borne Langmuir probes generally have a self‐wake behind themselves due to supersonic relative velocities (Mach number M > 1) between the spacecraft and ambient plasma ions. Such a wake may create difficulties for correctly measuring plasma characteristics. Here we present a new technique—the Double Hemispherical Probe (DHP) to characterize and minimize the self‐wake effects on probe measurements. The DHP consists of two hemispheres that are simultaneously swept with a bias voltage to obtain two independent current‐voltage (I‐V) curves, which are used to identify the wake effects of the probe. A laboratory DHP model is inserted in plasma flows (M > 10) created in the Colorado Solar Wind Experiment (CSWE) chamber. In this case, the ion current is the ram current collected by the upstream hemisphere of the DHP, leaving an ion wake behind the downstream hemisphere. A wide range of the Debye ratio RD (ratio of the probe radius to electron Debye length) is tested, and it is found that (1) when RD < 1, the electron currents collected by the two hemispheres are similar, indicating a uniform electron density around the probe, and (2) when RD > 1, the electron current collected by the downstream hemisphere becomes lower than the upstream, indicating a reduced electron density in the probe's wake due to the ambipolar electric field effect. In this case, the electron density measured by traditional single Langmuir probes will be underestimated. With the DHP, we can use the upstream hemisphere measurements to minimize the self‐wake effects.

To Evaluate Optic Nerve Head Changes In Patients With Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

The early discovery of optic nerve head changes via careful assessment prompts initial finding and the board of essential open point glaucoma. The current examination was attempted to break down to the optic nerve head in patients of open point glaucoma regarding visual field defects.110 eyes of 60 patients were concentrated in this cross-sectional investigation. The mean age of the patients was 58.26±10.44 years, with 30 males and 30 females. 15% of the patients were suffering from hypertension. The mean IOP among the eyes was 18.63 ±4.17 mm of Hg. The mean vertical C/D ratio was 0.61 ±0.12. 89.09% of patients had a medium disc size. The R/D ratio among patients showed that majority of eyes having RD ratio of 0.01-0.1 (30.91%). HPA grades showed that 32.72% had severe visual field defects. 97.30% of eyes had a contiguous visual loss as compared to noncontiguous (2.70%). The nasal field was mostly affected by 51.35%. DDLS has a stronger correlation with Mean Defect than Vertical C/D ratio and with HPA classification than the Vertical C/D ratio. DDLS to be a simple, brisk, modest and precise strategy to record ONH harm. It seems, by all accounts, to be better than the C/D proportion for optic plate assessment.

Ecophysiological Features of Polar Soil Unicellular Microalgae1.

Due to their ecological, physiological, and molecular adaptations to low and varying temperatures, as well as varying seasonal irradiances, polar non-marine eukaryotic microalgae could be suitable for low-temperature biotechnology. Adaptations include the synthesis of compounds from different metabolic pathways that protect them against stress. Production of biological compounds and various biotechnological applications, for instance, water treatment technology, are of interest to humans. To select prospective strains for future low-temperature biotechnology in polar regions, temperature and irradiance of growth requirements (Q10 and Ea of 10 polar soil unicellular strains) were evaluated. In terms of temperature, three groups of strains were recognized: (i) cold-preferring where temperature optima ranged between 10.1 and 18.4°C, growth rate 0.252 and 0.344 · d-1 , (ii) cold- and warm-tolerating with optima above 10°C and growth rate 0.162-0.341 · d-1 , and (iii) warm-preferring temperatures above 20°C and growth rate 0.249-0.357 · d-1 . Their light requirements were low. Mean values Q10 for specific growth rate ranged from 0.7 to 3.1. The lowest Ea values were observed on cold-preferring and the highest in the warm-preferring strains. One strain from each temperature group was selected for PN and RD measurements. The PN :RD ratio of the warm-preferring strains was less affected by temperature similarly as Q10 and Ea. For future biotechnological applications, the strains with broad temperature tolerance (i.e., the group of cold- and warm-tolerating and warm-preferring strains) will be most useful.

Evaluation of optimized depth of waterproof curtain to mitigate negative impacts during dewatering

Dewatering using a combination of waterproof curtain and pumping wells is commonly adopted to ensure the stability of foundation pits in multi-aquifer strata. However, dewatering is likely to result in environmental problems. This paper investigates the impact on surroundings owing to the interaction between the waterproof curtain and pumping wells by numerical simulation. The depth of the diaphragm wall penetrating the dewatering aquifer (D) and the filter length of pumping wells (L) are varied in the simulation. The relationship between approximate hydraulic gradient (Δi) or ground settlement outside the foundation pit (S) with curtain depth ratio RD (D over the thickness of the dewatering confined aquifer Ha) or filter length ratio RL (L/Ha) can be divided into three change parts, namely initial gradual, middle sharp and final gentle part. Three values of RD and RL, namely effective, suggested and control value, are proposed. RD and RL should vary between the effective and control value. The suggested value of RD and RL is recommended in actual engineering by comprehensive consideration. The effective, suggested and control value of RD can be calculated by a linear equation according to the value of RL.

The Size of the Radial Tuberosity is Not Related to the Occurrence of Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures: A Case-Control Study.

Introduction: Hypertrophic changes at the radial tuberosity have traditionally been related to distal biceps tendon degeneration and rupture. From supination to pronation of the forearm, the space available for the distal biceps tendon between de lateral ulna and radial bicipital tuberosity (RBT) decreases by almost 50%. A hypertrophic change at the radial tuberosity further reduces this space with impingement of the distal biceps tendon as a result. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the size of the RBT plays a role in the pathophysiology of distal biceps tendon ruptures. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two consecutive patients with a surgically proven distal biceps tendon rupture were matched to controls, in a 1:1 ratio. The size of the RBT was expressed as a ratio of the maximum diameter of the radius at the RBT to the diameter of the diaphysis just distal to the RBT (RD ratio), measured on standard radiographs of the elbow. The RD ratio of patients and matched controls were compared. Results:The mean RD ratio in control group was 1.25 and not significantly different from the mean 1.30 in the group of patients with a distal biceps tendon rupture. Each 0.1 point increase in RD ratio results in an estimated 60% increase of the rupture odds, which was not significant either.Conclusion:Based on the RD ratio on conventional radiographs of the elbow, there was no significant difference in RBT size between patients with a distal biceps tendon rupture and matched controls without biceps tendon pathology.

Do increased temperature and CO2 levels affect the growth, photosynthesis, and respiration of the marine macroalga Pyropia haitanensis (Rhodophyta)? An experimental study

The marine red macroalgae Pyropia haitanensis (Rhodophyta) were cultured at 18 and 22°C, and at 390 and 1,000 ppm CO2, to examine the potential influence of global change on this commercially important species. The results showed that elevated CO2 or temperature hardly affected the relative growth rate. However, the maximal photochemical yield (F v/F m) was increased by elevated CO2 or temperature. The light-saturated maximum photosynthetic rates significantly increased with the increasing growth temperature, but decreased dramatically with elevated CO2. While the increasing growth temperature enhanced the dark respiration (R d), elevated CO2 had no significant effect on it. An increase of growth temperature lowered the temperature sensitivities (i.e., the Q 10 values) of both gross photosynthesis (P g) and respiration, whereas elevated CO2 did not significantly affect the Q 10 values for these two metabolic processes. Algae grown at 22°C exhibited higher ratio of R d to P g than 18°C-grown algae. By contrast, CO2-enriched growth conditions exerted no significant effect on the ratio. The results suggested that elevated temperature exerted a greater pronounced effect on carbon metabolism than elevated CO2 did. We proposed that the growth of P. haitanensis would not be stimulated by the ongoing climate change (increasing atmospheric CO2 and global warming).

Pharmacokinetic compatibility of ginsenosides and Schisandra Lignans in Shengmai-san: from the perspective of p-glycoprotein.

BackgroundPhytochemical-mediated alterations in P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity may result in herb-drug interactions by altering drug pharmacokinetics. Shengmai-san, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine composed by Panax Ginseng, Ophiopogon Japonicus, and Schisandra Chinensis, is routinely being used for treating various coronary heart diseases. In our previous studies, Schisandra Lignans Extract (SLE) was proved as a strong P-gp inhibitor, and herein, the compatibility of Shengmai-san was studied by investigating the influence of SLE on the pharmacokinetics of the ginsenosides from the perspective of P-gp.MethodologyPharmacokinetic experiments were firstly performed based on in vitro uptake, efflux and transport experiments in Caco-2, LLC-PK1 wild-type and MDR1-overexpressing L-MDR1 cells. During the whole experiment, digoxin, a classical P-gp substrate, was used as a positive control drug to verify the cells used are the valid models. Meanwhile, the effects of SLE on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides were further investigated in rats after single-dose and multi-dose of SLE.Results and ConclusionsThe efflux ratios of ginsenoside Rb2, Rc, Rg2, Rg3, Rd and Rb1 were found more than 3.5 in L-MDR1 cells and can be decreased significantly by verapamil (a classical P-gp inhibitor). Contrarily, the efflux ratios of other ginsenosides (Rh1, F1, Re, and Rg1) were lower than 2.0 and not affected by verapamil. Then, the effects of SLE on the uptake and transport of ginsenosides were investigated, and SLE was found can significantly enhance the uptake and inhibit the efflux ratio of ginsenoside Rb2, Rc, Rg2, Rg3, Rd and Rb1 in Caco-2 and L-MDR1 cells. Besides, In vivo experiments showed that single-dose and multi-dose of SLE at 500 mg/kg could increase the area under the plasma concentration time curve of Rb2, Rc and Rd significantly without affecting terminal elimination half-time. In conclusion, SLE could enhance the exposure of ginsenosides Rb2, Rc, Rg2, Rg3, Rd and Rb1 significantly.

Dust emission and star formation toward a redshift 5.5 QSO

We report observations of the low-luminosity z =5 :50 quasar RD J030117+002025 (RD 0301 hereafter) at 250 GHz (1.20 mm) using the Max-Planck Millimeter Bolometer (MAMBO) array at the IRAM 30-meter telescope. The quasar was detected with a 1.2 mm flux density of 0:87 0:20 mJy. The lack of detectable 1.4 GHz radio emission indicates that the millimeter emission is of thermal nature, making RD 0301 the most distant dust- emission source known. When matching a 50 K grey body thermal far-infrared (FIR) spectrum to the observed millimeter flux we imply a FIR luminosity4 10 12 L, which is comparable to the quasar's optical luminosity. If the FIR luminosity arises from massive star formation, the implied star formation rate would be600M yr 1 , comparable to that of the starburst galaxies which dominate the average star formation and FIR emission in the early Universe. The FIR luminosity of RD 0301 is close to the average of that found in optically far more luminous high-redshift quasars. The comparably high millimeter to optical brightness ratio of RD 0301 is further evidence for that there is no strong correlation between the optical and millimeter brightness of high-redshift quasars, supporting the idea that in high-redshift quasars the dust is not heated by the AGN, but by starbursts.

Pumping Speed of Parallel-Louvre-Blind-Type Cryopumps. Hydrogen Pumping Speed of Cryopump with Multiple Parallel Mounted Panels.

As a new type of actual-sized cryopump with high pumping speed, a parallel-louvre-blind type cryopump of a rectangular cross section with opening distance B, width C and depth D, is proposed and is produced as a trial pump unit designed as actual size. The influence of pump depth size ratio Rd(=D/B) and number of secondary cryopanels on the transmission Probability Pbc of the pump unit is calculated by Monte Carlo simulation, and the hydrogen pumping speed is measured by experiments. The following results are obtained. (1) The transmission probability of a cryopump designed with dimensional ratio of Rd=1.3 is calculated to be 0.66 at ratios of Rc(=β/C)=0.88, which means that hydrogen pumping speed of cryopumps of this size can attain 294 m3·s-1/m2 per opening area. (2) The real hydrogen pumping speed of the trial pump unit with 30 secondary cryopanels is measured as 295m3·s-1/m2.

Pumping Speed of Parallel-Louvre-Blind-Type Cryopump. Transmission Probability of Cryopump with Multiple Parallel-Mounted Panels.

As a new type of louvre blind cryopump, a parallel-louvre-blind cryopump with a rectangular chamber with opening distance B, louvre width C and depth D, is proposed. The influence of louvre size ratio Rc(=B/C) and pump depth size ratio Rd(=D/B) on the transmission probability Pbc is calculated by the Monte Carlo simulation and measured in model experiments. The following results are obtained. (1) The transmission probability of a cryopump designed with a dimensional ratio of Rd=1.28, is calculated as 0.7 at ratios of RC=0.7∼0.9, which means that this type of cryopump can theoretically atttain a high pumping speed of more than 300 m3·s-1/m2 per opening area. (2) The transmission probability of the cryopump strongly depends on Rd and decreases rapidly for Rd less than 1.0 in the case of Rc=0.92.

Changes in nutrition support services between 1984 and 1986

Reports of the economic impact of diagnosis-related group funding on staffing and patient care in hospitals have varied from optimistic to bleak. The Dietitians in Nutrition Support Practice Group of The American Dietetic Association developed a questionnaire to evaluate changes in nutrition support services provided to inpatients and home patients between 1984 and 1986. The written survey instrument was mailed to clinical nutrition managers at a nationwide random selection of 1,000 hospital members of the American Hospital Association. Two hundred thirty-six responses were received. Respondents reported an increase in the use of enteral nutrition support for inpatients between 1984 and 1986. In 1986, tertiary-care hospitals also reported greater use of parenteral nutrition support and tube feeding for inpatients and home patients than did primary-care hospitals. Tertiary-care hospitals also reported higher staffing in 1986 than did primary-care hospitals in the following areas: clinical, nutrition support, and outpatient dietitians and dietetic technicians. Greater use of enteral and parenteral support for inpatients was noted by large hospitals as well as greater staffing in the following areas: clinical managers; nutrition support, clinical, outpatient, and home care dietitians; and dietetic technicians. However, the ratio of patients to RDs was greater in large than in small hospitals. There was no significant difference in patients:RD ratio between tertiary-care and primary-care hospitals. The only difference between responses from for-profit and nonprofit hospitals was in the number of nutrition support RD positions, which was larger in the nonprofit hospitals. Utilization of nutrition support for inpatients or home patients was not different for hospitals in different profit categories.