PUFA Ratio Research Articles

The Influence of Vegetable Oil Addition Levels on the Fatty Acid Profile and Oxidative Transformation Dynamics in Liver Sausage-Type Processed Meats

In the production of meat products, animal fats, which are rich mainly in saturated fatty acids, are used as a recipe ingredient. To improve the quality and fatty acid profile of meat products, it is possible to partially replace animal fat with vegetable oils. This approach aims to achieve a more favorable PUFA/SFA ratio and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, bringing them closer to the values recommended by nutritional organizations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of replacing 20% and 40% of animal fat with selected plant fats on the change in the fat fraction composition of liver pâté-type processed meat and its oxidative stability. Fatty acid content was analyzed in the oils purchased from retailers and in experimental samples. During refrigerated storage of the experimental sausages, changes in the content of primary (peroxide value (PV)) and secondary oxidation products (TBARS), as well as changes in sensory quality, were evaluated. The analysis included cross-sectional color, aroma, texture, saltiness, and taste. The study showed that replacing 20% of animal fat with vegetable oils resulted in products with high sensory attractiveness and oxidative stability, outperforming those with 40% replacement. Among the tested vegetable oils, samples with rapeseed oil demonstrated the highest oxidative stability and the most favorable, nutrition-recommendation-approaching n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio, compared with samples with flaxseed, corn, sunflower, and soybean oils.

The Beneficial Dietary Effect of Dried Olive Pulp on Some Nutritional Characteristics of Eggs Produced by Mid- and Late-Laying Hens.

This research evaluated the impact of incorporating dried olive pulp (OP) into the feed of laying hens on the fatty acid profile, cholesterol, triglyceride, total phenolic, oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol content, and health lipid indices of eggs produced by mid- (39 weeks) and late-laying (59 weeks) birds. Over a 36-week trial, 300 eggs from 180 Isa-Brown hens, assigned to three dietary groups with different OP levels (CON, OP4 and OP6), were analyzed. OP reduced egg cholesterol, with significant effects in late-age eggs (p < 0.05). In mid-age hens, the OP6 eggs had higher total phenolics than the controls (p < 0.05) and more PUFAs than the other groups (p < 0.05). The concentration of total phenolics, cholesterol, n3 PUFAs and % fat increased with hen age (p < 0.05), while triglycerides and oleuropein decreased (p < 0.05). With increasing hen age, the SFAs in the OP eggs decreased (p < 0.05) and the MUFAs increased (p < 0.05). Eggs from older hens had higher nutritional value, as indicated by the lower n6/n3 PUFA ratio, lower AI and TI indices, and higher h/H ratio (p < 0.05). Overall, dietary OP supplementation improved the nutritional quality of eggs, suggesting potential health benefits. Our results also highlighted eggs from older hens as a valuable source of high-quality fats.

A low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio and high level of dietary ɑ-linolenic acid improves sleep behavior in mice with insomnia.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-06004-1.

The effect of herbal mixture supplementation on the fattening, slaughter and selected meat quality parameters of Merino lambs

Abstract The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of herbal additives added to feed concentrate on the slaughter characteristics and meat quality of merino lambs of two Polish breeds – Coloured Merino and Old Type Merino. Throughout the fattening period, the animals received some concentrate mixture ad libitum in the form of granules with 10g/kg or 20g/kg of feed addition of a herbal mixture consisting of fennel – fruit, purple coneflower – herb, minced garlic, and thyme. The content of dry matter, protein, fat, ash, cholesterol, and collagen was determined in meat samples (Musculus quadriceps femoris) collected after slaughter, the fatty acid profile and amino acid content were assessed also. In terms of the examined parameters, both between-breed differences and differences resulting from the diet were observed. Coloured Merino were characterized by higher average daily gains, higher hot and cold carcass weight and higher dressing percentage than Old Type Merino. Meat obtained from lambs of this breed was characterized by a higher level of PUFA-3 and a higher level of most amino acids. Old Type Merino lambs were characterized by a significantly higher Musculus longissimus dorsi (m.l.d.) fat thickness and m.l.d. area. The herbal mixture influenced the fat content in the meat, which was the lowest in the group of lambs that received a larger amount of the herbal supplement. The use of the herbal additive significantly reduced the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the tested meat.

Analysis of oxidative stability and fatty acids profile of coconut oil and flaxseed oil blends

This study aimed to analyze the oxidative stability of flaxseed oil and coconut oil blends. Coconut oil: flaxseed oil was mixed at different ratios on weight basis (95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, and 75:25). The oxidative stability was measured using acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, and saponification value under accelerated oven storage and frying conditions. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. According to the results, all blends showed acceptable oxidative stability under both conditions. They showed storage stability up to 14 months under ambient conditions. Blended oils had a more balanced SFA: MUFA: PUFA ratio than the original oils. Blending the oils at the ratio of 80:20 (coconut oil: flaxseed oil) showed the desirable omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid composition before and after frying. Therefore, the blending of flaxseed oil with coconut oil could widen the applicability of flaxseed oil.

Enhancing the nutritional values of egg yolks of laying hens by different dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin e and trace elements

The present study aims to investigate the effect of whole flaxseed (WFS), fish oil (FO), and different sources of Se, Zn, and Fe on lipid metabolites, antioxidant status, immunity, egg yolks’ minerals (Se, Zn and Fe) and fatty acids and eggs’ lipid and health index in laying hens. A total of 144 hens were divided into 6 groups with 6 replicated of 4 hens each. The laying hens were fed diets containing 0, 7.5 % whole flaxseed (WFS)+1.5 % fish oil (FO), 7.5 %WFS+1.5 % FO+175 mg kg-1 vitamin E (VE), 7.5 %WFS+1.5 % FO+ 175 mg kg-1 VE +inorganic sources of Se, Zn, and Fe (ISeZnFe), 7.5 %WFS+1.5 % FO+175 mg kg-1 VE+ organic sources of Se, Zn, and Fe (OSeZnFe) and 7.5 %WFS+1.5 % FO+ 175 mg kg-1 VE +nano-source of Se, Zn, and Fe (NSeZnFe) from 40 to 50 weeks of age. Results clarified that incorporation of 7.5 %WFS+1.5 %FO+VE+OSeZnFe or 7.5 %WFS+1.5 %FO+VE+NSeZnFe increased serum concentration of HDL-cholesterol and HDL/LDL ratio, while reduced LDL-cholesterol and the hypercholesteremia index (RHCH) in comparison with control. Dietary 7.5 %WFS+1.5 %FO+VE+OSeZnFe or 7.5 %WFS+1.5 %FO+VE+NSeZnFe increased concentrations of total antioxidants capacity and vitamin E and reduced concentrations of malonaldehyde (MDA) in blood serum and egg contents. Interestingly, dietary inclusion of 7.5 %WFS+1.5 %FO+VE+OSeZnFe, or 7.5 %WFS+1.5 %FO+VE+NSeZnFe increased α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-3 PUFAs concentrations in egg yolk, while reduced arachidonic acid (ARA) in the egg yolks, whereas n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio was decreased significantly. Moreover, incorporation of 7.5 %WFS+1.5 %FO+VE+OSeZnFe, or 7.5 %WFS+1.5 %FO+VE+NSeZnFe improved egg health indices. It might be concluded that, inclusion of 7.5 %WFS+1.5 %FO+VE+OSeZnFe, or 7.5 %WFS+1.5 %FO+VE+NSeZnFe in hens’ diets had a positive effect on antioxidative properties in blood serum and eggs yolks contents; at the same time, it improved the egg yolk lipids, fatty acids and its related health and nutritional indices.

Cannabigerol as an anti-inflammatory agent altering the level of arachidonic acid derivatives in the colon tissue of rats subjected to a high-fat high-sucrose diet

Fat and sugar overconsumption is the cause of increasing worldwide incidence of gastrointestinal tract in inflammatory conditions. The intestinal pre-inflammatory alterations are partially reversible, simultaneously inhibiting the predisposition to colitis. Searching for an effective pharmacotherapy for treating inflammatory conditions in the intestine is essential. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cannabigerol (CBG) on the inflammation state in the colon tissue of rats subjected to high-caloric diet. The experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats subjected to a standard or a high-fat high-sucrose diets for six weeks. For the last 14 days, half of rats from both groups received intragastrically cannabigerol solution (30 mg/kg of body mass). The ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA, the activity of n-6 and n-3 PUFA, and arachidonic acid (AA) content in selected lipid fractions were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Immunoblotting examined the expression of proteins involved in inflammation development. ELISA kits measured the content of arachidonic acid derivatives. CBG treatment reduced the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in TAG fraction and increased the n-3 PUFA pathway activity in almost all lipid fractions. Cannabigerol supplementation decreased AA concentration in PL and TAG. CBG also caused diminishments in the expression of cPLA2, COX-1, COX-2, and 12/15-LOX, which was indirectly correlated with a decreased LTB4 level and an increased LXA4 level. We concluded that cannabigerol has a protective influence on the development of inflammation in the colon tissue under lipid and sugar overload condition, thereby favoring cancer initiation and progression.

A comparison of the quality of ultra-high-temperature milk and its plant-based analogs

The aim of this study was to compare selected physical (density) and physicochemical (color, pH, titratable acidity) properties and the fatty acid profile of dairy UHT milk and its plant-based analogs, i.e., almond, soy, rice, oat, and coconut beverages. Ten products of each type were analyzed in each group. UHT milk was characterized by higher values of color lightness (L*) and titratable acidity than all plant-based milk alternatives, higher yellowness (b*) than rice drink, higher density than almond drink, and higher pH than rice and coconut drinks. In comparison with UHT milk, all plant-based beverages were characterized by higher redness (a*), soy drink was characterized by higher values of b* and chroma (C*), and almond and soy drinks had higher pH values. In the group of non-dairy beverages, the values of b* and C* were highest in soy drink, and the value of a* was highest in almond drink. Almond drink had the highest pH value, and soy and coconut drinks had the highest titratable acidity. Rice drink had higher density than oat, soy and almond drinks. The indicators characterizing the nutritional value of fat were considerably lower in coconut drink and dairy milk than in the remaining products. The values of UFA/SFA, MUFA/SFA, and DFA/OFA ratios and the indicator of nutritional value were highest in rice drink. The PUFA/SFA ratio and the total content of EFAs were highest in soy drink, and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was highest in almond drink.

Carp growth, body composition, lipidomics, and flesh quality in response to replacing dietary fish meal with a complex protein source

Alternatives to fish meal (FM) in fish feed are urgently required in aquaculture. We therefore examined the effect of replacing FM with a complex protein source (CPS) comprising soybean meal, peanut meal, corn protein meal, feather meal, and yeast protein, on carp (Cyprinus carpio) growth, body composition, lipidomics, and flesh quality. Lipidomics analysis was conducted to reveal the impact of dietary changes on fish lipid composition and metabolism, which is closely related to flesh quality and nutritional value. Over an eight-week growth trial, fish meal was replaced with CPS at 0 % (FM only), 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, or 100 %. Weight gain and other growth parameters did not differ significantly among the treatments. Lipid deposition (LD) was positively correlated, and protein deposition negatively correlated, with CPS levels. LD and fillet ether extract were significantly elevated at 100 % CPS, whereas superoxidase dismutase expression, claudin-1 expression, and lipase activity were significantly reduced. The n-3 PUFA level and n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio were significantly lower following CPS feeding, reducing flesh quality. These findings indicate that CPS successfully replaced 60–80 % of dietary FM in carp diets, while the 100 % replacement group provided insights into the comprehensive effects of total substitution. Future studies will further optimize formulations based on these results to resemble practical production more closely. CPS with nutrient supplementation may therefore present a viable and safe partial replacement for dietary FM.

Exploring the effects of varying levels of selenium-chitosan on production performance, egg quality, and immune health in laying japanese quail

The purpose of this research was to see how different levels of Se-chitosan, a novel organic source of Se, affected the production performance, egg quality, egg Se concentration, microbial population, immunological response, antioxidant status, and yolk fatty acid profile of laying Japanese quail. This experiment used a totally randomized design, with 5 treatments, 6 repeats, and 10 birds in each repetition. The dietary treatment groups were as follows: no Se supplementation (control group), 0.2 mg/kg Na-selenite supplementation, and 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kg Se-chitosan supplementation. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved linearly in quails fed different levels of Se-chitosan compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Se-chitosan at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg demonstrated both linear and quadratic increases in albumen height, Haugh unit, and yolk color in fresh eggs compared to the control group. Additionally, Se-chitosan contributed to enhanced shell thickness and strength, along with an increased Se concentration in the yolk. Se-chitosan supplementation at different levels linearly and quadratically reduced coliforms (COL) while increasing lactic acid bacteria (LAB)/coliform ratios (P < 0.05). Se-chitosan supplementation linearly and quadratically increased the total antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and IgG titers (P < 0.05). It also linearly decreased the level of malondialdehyde in fresh and stored egg yolks and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase linearly, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) both linearly and quadratically in quail blood serum (P < 0.05). Additionally, supplementation of Se-chitosan at levels of 0.2 and 0.6 mg/kg linearly decreased the ∑ n-6 PUFA/∑ n-3 PUFA ratio in the yolk compared to the control group (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that incorporating Se-chitosan as a novel organic source of Se in the diet of laying quails can enhance production performance, egg quality, egg Se concentration, yolk lipid oxidation, microbial population, immune response, antioxidant enzyme activity, and yolk fatty acid profile.

The associations of fatty acids related dietary patterns with overweight and obesity among Chinese children

BackgroundChildhood overweight and obesity is becoming an emerging face of malnutrition. The aims of this study were to develop fatty acid (FAs) related dietary patterns and explored the associations of FAs related dietary patterns with overweight and obesity among Chinese children.MethodsAn observational study was conducted on 435 children aged 4 to 7 years old in South Central China. Erythrocyte FAs composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Diet was collected by food frequency questionnaires and dietary patterns were evaluated by reduced rank regression. The logistic regression analysis was used to exploring the association of dietary patterns with overweight and obesity.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight, obesity, and overweight or obesity were 6.52, 4.59, and 11.11% in Chinese children, respectively. Twenty five types of FAs were detected in erythrocyte of children and four FAs related dietary patterns were identified. The dietary pattern positively correlated with n-3 PUFAs, but negatively with SFAs,was characterized by high intake of fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish, leaf-off vegetable, nuts, and tubers, which have a significantly decreased overweight risk (OR = 0.580, 95%CI: 0.375 ∼ 0.895, P = 0.014).The pattern positively strong associated with n-6 PUFAs, but negatively strong with n-3 PUFAs, had high intake of snacks, leaf-off vegetable, fresh beans, and coarse cereals, which have a significantly decreased obesity risk (OR = 0.518, 95%CI: 0.325 ∼ 0.827, P = 0.006).ConclusionFour FAs related dietary patterns were identified. The dietary pattern with high intake of fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish decreased overweight risk by increasing n-3 PUFAs, and decreasing SFAs. The dietary pattern with high intake of plant food, decreased obesity risk by providing an balanced n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio.

Stability, chromatic characteristics and chemical changes of sacha inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana) oil enriched with aguaje oil (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) rich in carotenoids

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana) oil is a food matrix that contains more than 80 % of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and α-linolenic acids. The objective of this study was to develop blends of sacha inchi oil (P. huayllabambana) enriched with aguaje oil (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) and evaluate the induction period, total carotenoid content, nutritional quality indices and oxidative stability from the fatty acid composition. The analytical tests were conducted for oil blends that had the following proportions: sacha inchi oil enriched with aguaje oil at 5, 10 and 20 %. The results prove that the enrichment of sacha inchi oil with aguaje oil (SIO-PH-AO) leads to an improvement in oxidative stability and nutritional and physical properties. For example, the oxidative stability index (OSI) varied from 0.87 to 2.53 h. The content of total carotenoids produces an increase from 0.35 to 99.90 mg/kg, while total polyphenols from 47.45 to 126.90 mg GAE/g, and chroma from 39.91 to 69.02 units. Regarding the fatty acid profile, the oxidizability value improves with the addition of aguaje oil. Reduces levels of PUFA, PUFA/SFA, and hypo-and hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H). Additionally, an increase in SFA and MUFA levels, while the ω6/ω3 ratio remained constant. Finally, it can be noted that the enrichment of sacha inchi oil with aguaje oil (rich in carotenoids) provides better stability and can be used for commercial applications as a mechanism to establish new vegetable oils with better properties.

Normal fat intake with high MUFA content and an appropriate SFA/MUFA/PUFA ratio improved the health of rats

AbstractThe quantity and quality of dietary fats have a significant impact on human health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different cooking oils (olive oil (OO), soybean oil (SO), and blended oil (BO)) on growth, glucolipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress of rats fed normal and high‐fat diets. The results showed that the OO‐fed group had lower concentrations of serum triglyceride (TG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized LDL‐C (ox‐LDL‐C), and serum total cholesterol (TC) than the normal‐fat SO‐fed group, and rats in the BO‐fed group had lower values of serum interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) than the normal‐fat SO‐fed groups. However, higher serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity was observed in the OO‐fed group, while those fed with BO had higher serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH‐Px activities. Generally, most health‐beneficial fatty acid profiles have a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), an appropriate saturated fatty acid (SFA)/MUFA/poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio, and a low n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio, while diets contained a high content of fat is detrimental to health.

Association of Dental Caries with Odontogenic Infections and Nutritional Status in an Orphanage of Raichur District: A Cross-sectional Study

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the association of nutritional status and dental caries in children at an orphanage in Raichur city, Karnataka. Materials and Methods: A specially designed structured questionnaire was administered to a total of 101 children of the orphanage to gather demographic details, dietary habits, sugar exposure, and oral hygiene practices. The sweet score was recorded as given by Nizel and Papas, body mass index (BMI) was assessed using the Centers for Disease Control 2000, growth charts, dental caries, and odontogenic infections were recorded using decayed missing filled teeth in deciduous dentition (dmft)/Decayed Missing Filled Teeth in permanent dentition (DMFT) and pufa/PUFA (Pulpal involvement, Ulceration, Fistula, and Abscess) index (Monse et al., 2010), respectively. Results: A total of 101 participants were enrolled in the study including children aged 6–15 years old with a mean age of 10.67 ± 2.74 years. A statistically significant relation was found between the duration of stay in an orphanage and the prevalence of dental caries (P &lt; 0.05). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the duration of stay in the orphanage and BMI (0.382) dmft/DMFT (0.203). In addition, a statistically significant positive correlation was also observed between dmft/DMFT and pufa/PUFA. Conclusion: The study showed caries to be primarily associated with the sugar exposure and dietary habits, whereas untreated dental decay was the main cause of odontogenic infections. The untreated caries PUFA ratio was 13.98% with only one filled component, indicating the unmet needs for decayed teeth and lack of awareness and access to preventive and curative dental care facilities by the children of the orphanage.

Impact of high Spirulina diet, extruded or supplemented with enzymes, on blood cells, systemic metabolites, and hepatic lipid and mineral profiles of broiler chickens.

The impact of 15% dietary inclusion of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in broiler chickens was explored, focusing on blood cellular components, systemic metabolites and hepatic lipid and mineral composition. From days 14 to 35 of age, 120 broiler chickens were divided and allocated into four dietary treatments: a standard corn and soybean meal-based diet (control), a 15% Spirulina diet, a 15% extruded Spirulina diet, and a 15% Spirulina diet super-dosed with an enzyme blend (0.20% porcine pancreatin plus 0.01% lysozyme). The haematological analysis revealed no significant deviations (p > 0.05) in blood cell counts across treatments, suggesting that high Spirulina inclusion maintains haematological balance. The systemic metabolic assessment indicated an enhanced antioxidant capacity in birds on Spirulina diets (p < 0.001), pointing toward a potential reduction in oxidative stress. However, the study noted a detrimental impact on growth performance metrics, such as final body weight and feed conversion ratio (both p < 0.001), in the Spirulina-fed treatments, with the super-dosed enzyme blend supplementation failing to alleviate these effects but with extrusion mitigating them. Regarding hepatic composition, birds on extruded Spirulina and enzyme-supplemented diets showed a notable increase in n-3 fatty acids (EPA, DPA, DHA) (p < 0.001), leading to an improved n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (p < 0.001). Despite this positive shift, a reduction in total hepatic lipids (p = 0.003) was observed without a significant change in cholesterol levels. Our findings underscore the need for further exploration into the optimal inclusion levels, processing methods and potential enzymatic enhancements of Spirulina in broiler diets. Ultimately, this research aims to strike a balance between promoting health benefits and maintaining optimal growth performance in poultry nutrition.

The Effect of Water Stress on Bioactive Compounds in Australian-Grown Black Sesame

Sesame is an emerging crop of interest in Australia and has attracted widespread interest due to the health-benefitting properties of its bioactive compounds, including fatty acids, lignans, and polyphenols. This study aimed to investigate the impact of drought stress on these bioactive compounds, using eleven cultivars of black sesame seeds grown in Australia. Specific varieties responded positively to water deficit (WD) conditions, showing increased levels of TPC, FRAP, CUPRAC, and lignans. Varieties 1, 4, 7, and 12 showed significantly increased FRAP values ranging from 158.02 ± 10.43 to 195.22 ± 9.63 mg TE/100 g DW in the WD treatment compared to the well-watered (WW) treatment, whereas varieties 7, 10, 12, 13, and 18 demonstrated the highest CUPRAC values of all varieties (2584.86 ± 99.68–2969.56 ± 159.72 mg TE/100 g) across both WW and WD conditions, with no significant variations between irrigation regimes. Moreover, lignan contents (sesamin and sesamolin) were higher in varieties 1, 2, 5, and 8 grown in WD conditions. Compared to the optimal unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (Σ UFA/Σ SFA ratio) of 0.45, all sesame genotypes showed superior ratios (ranging between 1.86 and 2.34). Moreover, the ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio varied from 33.7–65.5, with lower ratios in varieties 2, 4, 5, 8, and 18 under WD conditions. The high levels of phenolic compounds and healthy fats suggest the potential of black sesame to be incorporated into diets as a functional food. Furthermore, the enhanced phytochemistry of these cultivars in WD conditions is promising for widespread adoption. However, larger trial studies to confirm these findings across different geographic locations and seasons are warranted.

Effects of replacing Na selenite in laying hen feed with selenized glucose on production performance, egg quality, egg selenium content, microbial population, immunological response, antioxidant enzymes, and fatty acid composition

This study aimed to explore the effects of selenized glucose (SeGlu) and Na selenite supplementation on various aspects of laying hens such as production performance, egg quality, egg Se concentration, microbial population, antioxidant enzymes activity, immunological response, and yolk fatty acid profile. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, 168 laying hens at 27-wk of age were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups with 7 replications. Se source (Na selenite and SeGlu) and Se level (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg) were used as treatments. When 0.3 mg SeGlu/kg was compared to 0.3 mg Na selenite/kg, the interaction findings revealed that 0.3 mg SeGlu/kg increased egg production percent and shell ash (P < 0.05). When compared to 0.3 mg Na selenite/kg, dietary supplementation with 0.3 and 0.6 mg SeGlu/kg resulted in an increase in albumen height, Haugh unit, and yolk color of fresh eggs (P < 0.05). SeGlu enhanced albumen height, Haugh unit, shell thickness (P < 0.01), albumen index, yolk share, specific gravity, shell ash (P < 0.05) of fresh eggs and shell thickness (P < 0.05) of stored eggs as compared to Na selenite. The interaction showed that 0.6 mg SeGlu/kg enhanced yolk Se concentration while decreasing malondialdehyde levels in fresh egg yolk (P < 0.05). SeGlu enhanced Se concentration in albumen and glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma (P < 0.05) as compared to Na selenite. 0.6 mg Se/kg increased lactic acid bacteria, antibody response to sheep red blood cells, and lowered ∑n-6 PUFA/ ∑n-3 PUFA ratio (P < 0.05). As a result, adding SeGlu to the feed of laying hens enhanced egg production, egg quality, egg Se concentration, fresh yolk lipid oxidation, and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity.

Paternal preconceptional supplementation of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alleviates offspring nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice

AbstractExposure to nutritional or environmental factors in early life determines susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The effect of paternal preconceptional n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFAs) on offspring NAFLD development remains unknown. Herein, a mouse model that weaning male mice (F0) received diet supplementation of normal n‐3 PUFA content (n‐6:n‐3 PUFA ratio = 4.3:1) or high n‐3 PUFA content (n‐6:n‐3 ratio = 1.5:1) for 12 weeks, and an n‐3 PUFA‐deficient diet as control, was used for the production of next generation. The F1 and F2 offspring were generated by mating F0 and F1 male mice with virgin female mice, respectively, and after weaning, were fed a high‐fat diet to induce NAFLD. The paternal n‐3 PUFA supplementation improved the scores of steatosis, inflammation and ballooning, and the fibrosis in the liver of two generations, with expressional upregulation of genes associated with fat oxidation (Atgl, Ppara, or Cpt1a), and downregulation of inflammatory genes (Ccl2, Tnf‐α, F4/80, CD206, or CD11c) and fibrosis genes (Tgf‐β, Timp1, or Col1a1). The lessened brown adipose tissue whitening, altered gut bacterial compositions, and altered expression of the imprinted genes (H19, Igf2, and Plagl1) might mediate the impact of paternal n‐3 PUFAs on offspring's NAFLD development, which was dose‐dependent. The data indicate that preconceptional higher paternal intake of n‐3 PUFAs might have intergenerational and transgenerational alleviating impact on obesity‐associated NAFLD development in the offspring through multiple pathways.

Seasonal changes in the fatty acid profile of Cystoseira crinita Duby, 1830, distributed on the Sinop Peninsula Coast of the Black Sea

This study aimed to determine the fatty acids profile and seasonal change in Cystoseira crinita Duby, 1830 from the Sinop Peninsula coasts. The fatty acids profile was analyzed by GC/MS and their seasonal variation was studied. Along the sampling, it was possible to identify 37 different fatty acids in C. crinita, from C4 to C22. It was determined that palmitic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in all seasons, and further, the season which provided the highest contents of SFA, PUFA, and MUFA was winter. As a matter of fact, in our study, it was determined that the highest PUFA values ranged from 40.63% in winter to 32.23% in summer. It has been determined that the MUFA value varies between 25.88% in winter and 30.79% in summer, and the SFA value varies between 33.50% in winter and 35.98% in summer. In this study, the PUFA/SFA ratio of C. crinita was determined to change between 1.01% - 1.21% from winter to summer. In addition, the total -6/-3 PUFA ratio was found to be greater than 1 and ranged from 1.61 (winter) to 2.07 (summer). The atherogenicity and thrombogenicity index and h/H ratio were calculated from the fatty acid profiles of C. crinata, and the AI index was determined to change from 0.71 (winter) to 0.74 (autumn), TI index was 0.44 winter) to 0.58 (in summer). The h/H ratio of 1.71 (summer) to 2.00 (winter) was calculated. These results of our study showed that the seasons have a significant effect on the fatty acid profile and the fatty acids in C. crinita may have important contributions to human nutrition. For this reasons, it is thought that it is extremely important to reveal the nutritional content of different seaweed species that spread in the seas of Turkey and to observe the seasonal changes in their contents.

Associations of diet quality and food consumption with serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism in Finnish children: the PANIC study.

To investigate the associations of overall diet quality and dietary factors with serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism in a general population of children. We studied 194 girls and 209 boys aged 6-8years participating in the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children study. Food consumption was assessed by 4-day food records and diet quality was quantified by the Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI). Fasting serum fatty acids, amino acids, apolipoproteins, as well as lipoprotein particle sizes were analyzed with high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using linear regression adjusted for age, sex, and body fat percentage. FCHEI was directly associated with the ratio of polyunsaturated (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) (PUFA/SFA), the ratio of PUFA to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (PUFA/MUFA), the ratio of PUFA to total fatty acids (FA) (PUFA%), the ratio of omega-3-fatty acids to total FA (omega-3 FA%), and inversely associated with the ratio of MUFA to total FA (MUFA%), alanine, glycine, histidine and very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle size. Consumption of vegetable oils and vegetable-oil-based margarine (≥ 60% fat) was directly associated with PUFA/SFA, PUFA/MUFA, PUFA%, the ratio of omega-6 FA to total FA (omega-6 FA%), and inversely associated with SFA, MUFA, SFA to total FA (SFA%), MUFA%, alanine and VLDL particle size. Consumption of high-fiber grain products directly associated with PUFA/SFA, PUFA/MUFA, omega-3 FA%, omega-6 FA%, PUFA% and inversely associated with SFA and SFA%. Fish consumption directly related to omega-3 FA and omega-3 FA%. Consumption of sugary products was directly associated with histidine and VLDL particle size. Vegetable, fruit, and berry consumption had direct associations with VLDL particle size and the ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1. Consumption of low fat (< 1%) milk was directly associated with phenylalanine. A higher consumption of high-fat (≥ 1%) milk was associated with lower serum MUFA/SFA and higher SFA%. Sausage consumption was directly related to SFA% and histidine. Red meat consumption was inversely associated with glycine. Better diet quality, higher in intake of dietary sources of unsaturated fat and fiber, and lower in sugary product intake were associated with more favorable levels of serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism independent of adiposity. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01803776, registered March 3, 2013.