Lysine Ratio Research Articles

Relação treonina: lisina para leitões de 6 a 11kg de peso vivo em rações formuladas com base no conceito de proteína ideal

O experimento envolveu 72 leitões, visando a determinar a exigência de treonina e a relação treoninalisina da ração para animais dos 6,04±0,67 aos 11,60±1,22kg. Foi utilizado delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de dietas com diferentes níveis de treonina total (0,86; 1,02; 1,18 e 1,34%) e relação treonina total:lisina (54 , 64; 74 e 84%) e níveis constantes de lisina (1,60%), metionina (0,44%) e triptofano (0,29%). Dos 11,60 aos 21,30kg, os leitões receberam a mesma ração. Não foram observadas diferenças para as variáveis de desempenho (consumo diário de ração, ganho diário de peso, ganho diário de peso ajustado para mesmo consumo de ração e conversão alimentar) e para o teor de nitrogênio da uréia plasmática dos leitões. Esses resultados indicam que leitões de 6,0 a 11,0kg não necessitam mais que 0,86% de treonina total na ração (0,72% de treonina digestível) e relação treonina total:lisina de 54:100 (relação treonina digestível:lisina de 49:100).

Choice Feeding as a Means of Identifying Nutritional Needs With Two Methods of Amino Acid Formulation

Male broilers from 11 to 49 days of age were assigned to one of four feeding treatments: Single diets (control), a choice of starter and finisher diets, a choice of high energy and high protein diets in relation to amino acid: lysine ratio and a choice of high energy and high protein diets in relation to amino acid: protein ratio. Birds fed both energy-protein treatments had worse body weight, feed conversion and carcass characteristics than did birds fed single diets or starter and finisher diets. The high energy-protein diets formulated in relation to lysine had the poorest carcass characteristics for all parameters except for wing and leg quarter yields. Birds given the choice feeding systems selected more high energy diet than high protein diet especially during the period of 11 to 22 days of age. Choice-fed broilers of both energy-protein treatments consumed less protein (total intake or percentage of consumed feed) for all periods, whereas these birds consumed similar energy intake at all age periods except for 42 to 49 days of age and higher energy density than did birds fed the other two feeding systems. As the choice-fed birds grew older, the selected energy content tended to wane while the selected protein contents tended to increase. These data indicate that the high protein diet formulated with amino acids in relation to lysine did not overcome the failure of choice feeding with high energy and high protein diets to sustain productivity since energy may be the driving force for feed selection.

Níveis de treonina digestível em dietas para fêmeas suínas de alto potencial genético em lactação sob condições de alta temperatura ambiente

Foram utilizadas 52 fêmeas suínas em lactação distribuídas em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, composto de quatro níveis de treonina digestível (0,64; 0,67; 0,70 e 0,73%) na dieta e 13 repetições, em que cada unidade experimental foi constituída por uma fêmea. A temperatura do ar no interior das salas foi de 29,7 ± 2,5ºC. Não houve efeito dos níveis de treonina digestível na dieta sobre o peso das fêmeas ao desmame. As perdas total e percentual de peso das fêmeas durante a lactação reduziram de forma linear com o aumento dos níveis de treonina digestível na dieta. Os níveis de treonina digestível influenciaram a espessura de toucinho (ET) ao desmame e afetaram as variações total e percentual de espessura de toucinho. As composições de gordura e proteína corporal à desmama não foram influenciadas pelos níveis de treonina digestível na dieta. Verificou-se redução linear das mobilizações total e percentual de gordura corporal conforme aumentaram os níveis de treonina digestível na dieta. A mobilização de proteína corporal, a produção de leite e o intervalo desmama-estro não foram influenciados pelos níveis de treonina digestível da dieta. Os níveis de treonina digestível não afetaram os consumos de ração, de lisina e de energia digestível. Contudo, verificou-se aumento linear do consumo de treonina digestível conforme aumentou o nível deste aminoácido na dieta. Os níveis de treonina digestível não influenciaram a eficiência energética das fêmeas e o desempenho dos leitões e das leitegadas. Fêmeas suínas de alto potencial genético em lactação sob condições de temperaturas ambientais elevadas exigem 0,73% de treonina digestível, correspondente ao consumo diário de 32,5 g e à relação treonina digestível:lisina digestível de 73%.

Effects of methionine and its ratio to lysine on expression of α<sub>s1</sub> casein gene in cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells

casein gene expression were evaluated in cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells. Methionine was added at levels of 0-100 μg/ml and ratio of lysine to methionine was set at 1-4.5:1. Expression of α

True ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratios in ninety- to one hundred twenty-five-kilogram barrows1

Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimal true ileal digestible (TID) Trp:Lys ratio for 90- to 125-kg barrows. Basal diets contained 0.55% TID Lys and were either corn-based (Exp. 1) or corn- and soybean meal-based (Exp. 2 and 3) diets supplemented with crystalline AA. In addition, each experiment contained a corn-soybean meal control diet. The number of pigs per pen progressively increased, with pigs housed in 2 (n = 82; initial and final BW of 88.5 and 113.6 kg, respectively), 7 (n = 210, initial and final BW of 91.2 and 123.3 kg, respectively), or 20 to 22 (n = 759; initial and final BW of 98.8 and 123.4 kg, respectively) pigs per pen for each successive experiment. Pigs in Exp. 1 were fed 6 incremental additions of L-Trp, equating to TID Trp:Lys ratios of 0.109, 0.145, 0.182, 0.218, 0.255, and 0.290. For the 28-d period, there was a quadratic improvement in G:F (P = 0.05) and ADG (P = 0.08) with increasing TID Trp:Lys, characterized by an improvement in performance of pigs fed the basal diet compared with those consuming diets with a 0.145 TID Trp:Lys ratio, with a plateau thereafter as TID Trp:Lys increased. Pigs fed the control diet had less increase in backfat depth than the average of pigs fed the titration diets (1.30 vs. 4.09 mm, respectively; P = 0.02), but pork quality was unaffected by dietary treatment. Pigs in Exp. 2 were fed 4 incremental additions of L-Trp, equating to TID Trp:Lys ratios of 0.130, 0.165, 0.200, and 0.235. Average daily gain and ADFI increased in a linear fashion with increasing TID Trp:Lys for the 29-d trial (P < 0.01), with quadratic improvements in d-29 BW (P = 0.06) and G:F (P = 0.05). Pigs fed the diet containing a TID Trp:Lys ratio of 0.165 had greater d-29 BW, ADG, G:F, and lower serum urea N concentration than pigs fed the basal diet (P < 0.05), but were similar to pigs fed TID Trp:Lys ratios of 0.200 and 0.235 for all criteria measured. In Exp. 3, TID Trp:Lys ratios of 0.13, 0.15, 0.17, 0.19, and 0.21 were evaluated. The response to increasing TID Trp:Lys was limited to a quadratic (P < 0.10) improvement in G:F with increasing TID Trp:Lys ratios. Maximum G:F was noted at a TID Trp:Lys ratio of 0.17. No relationship was noted between TID Trp:Lys and carcass characteristics. These experiments demonstrate that the minimum TID Trp:Lys ratio for pigs from 90 to 125 kg of BW is at least 0.145, but not greater than 0.17.

Lysine reactivity and starch gelatinization in extruded and pelleted canine diets

Fifteen dry adult canine diets ( i.e., dinners, extrudates, pellets) were collected from retailers in Wageningen, The Netherlands, and chemically and physically characterized. Quality measurements were lysine O-methylisourea (OMIU) reactivity and starch gelatinization degree (SGD). In general, extruded diets had a higher crude fat and starch content than pellets. Mean values for starch gelatinization were higher in pellets and ranged between 0.78 and 0.91. The mean reactive/total lysine ratio in extrudate samples was about 5–10% higher than in pellet samples, suggesting the presence in commercial diets of about 200 g bound lysine/kg in pellets and 120 g/kg in extrudates with bound lysine levels of canine dinners about 170 g/kg. Variation of analysed nutrients in pellets was larger than in extrudates. Inclusion of animal or vegetable ingredients, and the process variables during extrusion or pelleting, are the likely causative factors for the variation in lysine reactivity and starch gelatinization.

Effects of Reduced- Protein Diets at Constant Total Sulfur Amino Acids: Lysine Ratio on Pullet Development and Subsequent Laying Hen Performance

The effect of using a low protein regime in pullet development and subsequent layer performance was studied. The experiment consisted of two periods of rearing and laying. Two hundred and sixty Hy-line W36 chicks were used. In the rearing period, dietary protein level and ME content series of the control group used during starter (18-42), grower (43-63) and developer (64-119d) phases were 20, 2930, 18, 2930, and 16, 3025, respectively. Dietary protein sequence of the low protein group was 18.5, 16.5, and 14.6% during the respective periods. In the laying period lasted from week18 to week32 of age, CP content of the control and reduced-protein diets were 17.8 and 16.3%, respectively. Reduced-protein diets were kept isoenergetic with their corresponding controls in each period and phase and they balanced to keep the same total sulfur amino acid to lysine ratio as well. Results indicated that birds on reduced-protein diet during starter phase of the rearing period consumed less feed (p = 0.003) and as a result they had significantly (p = 0.012) better feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control. However, dietary protein regime had no significant effect on weight gain, feed intake and FCR during grower and developer phases. In the laying period, there was no significant difference in terms of layer performance and egg quality criteria. In conclusion, reduced-CP diets can be satisfactory used for rearing pullets and laying hens up to 32 weeks of age.

Níveis de lisina digestível em rações, utilizando-se o conceito de proteína ideal, para suínos machos castrados de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra na carcaça dos 60 aos 95 kg

Foram utilizados 40 leitões machos castrados (peso inicial de 60,43 ± 1,56 kg e peso final de 95,66 ± 3,22 kg) de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra na carcaça para avaliar o efeito de níveis de lisina digestível, utilizando-se o conceito de proteína ideal, sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração basal com 16,48% de PB, suplementada com L-lisina HCL, resultando em rações com 0,70; 0,80; 0,90 e 1,00% de lisina digestível. As rações foram suplementadas com níveis crescentes de aminoácidos sintéticos, resultando em rações com relações constantes entre os aminoácidos essenciais e a lisina, com base na digestibilidade verdadeira. Não houve efeito dos níveis de lisina digestível sobre o consumo de ração. Observou-se efeito quadrático dos tratamentos sobre o ganho de peso diário e a conversão alimentar, que aumentaram até os níveis estimados de 0,87 e 0,93% de lisina digestível, respectivamente. Os tratamentos afetaram de forma quadrática a concentração de uréia no plasma dos animais, que diminuiu até o nível de 0,83% de lisina digestível. Os níveis de lisina digestível das rações promoveram efeito linear crescente sobre o consumo diário de lisina, mas não influenciaram o comprimento de carcaça pelo método brasileiro, a área de olho-de-lombo, a espessura de toucinho no ponto P2 e os rendimentos de carne magra, gordura, pernil e lombo. O rendimento de carcaça reduziu conforme diminuíram os níveis de lisina digestível da ração. Os tratamentos influenciaram de forma quadrática a conversão alimentar em músculo, que melhorou até o nível de 0,94% de lisina digestível. O nível de 0,94% de lisina digestível verdadeira, correspondente a um consumo de 26,22 g/dia de lisina digestível (2,83 g de lisina digestível/Mcal de EM) proporcionou os melhores resultados de desempenho e características de carcaça em suínos machos castrados dos 60 aos 95 kg.

The effect of extrusion on the nutritional value of canine diets as assessed by in vitro indicators

A 3 × 2 × 2 factorial trial was designed to investigate the effect of different extrusion conditions and product parameters on the nutritional quality as determined by a number of in vitro measurements ( e.g. reactive lysine, and starch gelatinization degree) as well as physical quality of the kibble (durability and hardness) of a canine diet. The parameters investigated were mass temperature (110, 130 or 150 °C), moisture content (200 or 300 g/kg) of the diets prior to extrusion and number of times (once or twice) extruded. Total lysine and other amino acids were unaffected by the extrusion conditions employed. Extrusion conditions had a clear effect on the reactive lysine content with the ratio of reactive to total lysine increasing from 0.71 to 0.80 and higher as a result of extrusion and temperature. After a second extrusion, a decrease was observed from a ratio reaching 1.0 to about 0.9. Initial moisture content affected lysine reactivity. Protein digestibility as measured in vitro was not affected by different extruding conditions. There were no obvious differences in protein dispersibility index (PDI) of all the extrudates. In vitro glucose digestibility coefficients as well as starch gelatinization degree (SGD) showed a tendency to increase with an increase in each individual parameter tested. The increase in temperature from 110 to 150 °C as well as extrusion for a second time decreased kibble durability while increasing moisture content increased durability. Optimisation of extrusion conditions during commercial pet food production should include measurement of the reactive to total lysine ratio.

Níveis de triptofano digestível em rações para suínos machos castrados de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne na carcaça dos 60 aos 95 kg

Foram utilizados 70 suínos machos castrados, híbridos comerciais de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne na carcaça (peso inicial de 60,0 ± 1,34 kg e peso final de 95,00 ± 0,97 kg), para avaliar o efeito dos níveis de triptofano digestível sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça. Adotou-se delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0,128; 0,136; 0,144; 0,152 e 0,160% de triptofano digestível, correspondentes às relações de 16, 17, 18, 19 e 20% de triptofano:lisina digestíveis), sete repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os níveis de triptofano digestível não influenciaram o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, a espessura de toucinho e o rendimento de carne. O consumo de triptofano digestível aumentou linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de triptofano digestível na dieta. O nível de 0,128% de triptofano digestível, correspondente a uma relação triptofano:lisina digestíveis de 16%, atendeu às exigências de suínos machos castrados de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne na carcaça dos 60 aos 95 kg.

The Effect of Dietary Protein Level and Total Sulfur Amino Acid:Lysine Ratio on Egg Production Parameters and Egg Yield in Hy-Line W-98 Hens

A 3 × 3 treatment arrangement varying in dietary protein and TSAA:Lys was used to evaluate the effect of low-protein diets fed to Hy-Line W-98 laying hens. Phase I was 20 to 43 wk of age with 18.9, 17.0, and 14.4 g of protein/hen per day and 0.97, 0.85, and 0.82 TSAA:Lys, whereas phase II was 44 to 63 wk of age with 16.3, 14.6, and 13.8 g of protein/hen per day and 0.92, 0.82, and 0.72 TSAA:Lys. Egg production and feed consumption decreased from 83.7 to 82.2% and 98.8 to 95.6 g, respectively. Feed efficiency improved from 1.680 to 1.645 g of feed/g of egg mass with decreasing dietary protein. Body weight gain was similar for hens fed high or medium protein diets. In phase II, hens consuming 13.8 g of protein/day had significantly reduced egg weight compared with hens consuming 14.6 or 16.3 g of protein/day. Wet and dry albumen percentage, albumen solids, and albumen and yolk protein percentages were significantly decreased with feeding low-protein diets. Yolk protein percentage was increased from 14.85 to 15.11% when decreasing the ratio from 0.97 to 0.82. Hens consuming a low-protein diet produced eggs with the lowest specific gravity. An interaction was observed for protein retention during phase I, feeding 14.4 g of protein/day or a ratio of 0.97 improved protein retention by 9 and 16%, respectively. Overall, hens consuming 16.3 or 14.6 g of protein/hen per day performed similar to hens consuming 18.9 and 17.0 g of protein/hen per day during P1 and P2, respectively. Also, hens consuming diets containing 0.97 and 0.92 TSAA:Lys produced eggs with improved shell quality as compared with other ratios during P1 and P2, respectively.

Effect of Arginine:Lysine Ratios and Source of Methionine on Growth and Body Protein Accretion in Acutely and Chronically Heat-Stressed Broilers

The effect of Arg:Lys, Met source, and time of exposure to heat stress on growth and body protein accretion was tested in acutely heat-stressed (AHS) or chronically heat-stressed (CHS) broilers. Ross 308 1-day-old chickens were raised under normal brooding conditions from 1 to 25 d of age and were then suddenly moved to 32°C (AHS), whereas another group was kept at constant high temperatures throughout the grow-out period (32°C; CHS). From 26 to 33 d of age, both groups were therefore at 32.8 ± 1.0°C. Two rooms were used per environmental treatment. A basal diet deficient in TSAA was supplemented with L-Arg monohydrochloride to achieve Arg:Lys ratios of 0.95 and 1.40. Diets were supplemented with either l-Met, 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMB), or dl-Met (DLM) to a level of TSAA 5% lower than requirements. Each Arg:Lys and Met source combination was diluted with a N-free diet to achieve graded levels of CP (0.0, 3.5, 7.0, 10.5, 14.0, and 17.5% CP) and fed to 18 replicates of 3 chickens (3 replicates per level). Treatment effects were obtained by the slope-ratio technique using average daily BW gain and body CP deposition as dependent variables and protein intake as the independent variable. Protein utilization remained unaffected by Met source when fed at high Arg:Lys for birds under AHS and CHS (P > 0.05). However, lower protein utilization was observed in birds fed l-Met in low Arg:Lys compared with those fed DLM (P < 0.05). Birds fed HMB at low Arg:Lys utilized dietary protein better than those fed L-Met only under CHS conditions (P < 0.05). Protein utilization for birds fed HMB was similar to that of birds fed DLM in all instances. It was concluded that Arg:Lys, Met source, and time of exposure to heat stress affected protein utilization in hyperthermic birds.

Efeitos da relação metionina + cistina: lisina sobre os desempenhos produtivo e econômico e a qualidade interna e externa dos ovos antes e após 28 dias de armazenamento

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes relações metionina + cistina (Met+Cis):lisina (Lis) total sobre o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos para poedeiras semipesadas. Foram utilizadas 120 aves da linhagem Lohmann Brown com 44 semanas de idade, alimentadas com rações isonutritivas (17% PB, 2.774 kcal EMAn, 4,28% de Ca e 0,375% Pd) e distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições e quatro tratamentos, constituídos da seguinte forma: T1 = relação 0,76 ou 0,70% de Met+Cis e 0,92% de Lis total; T2 = relação 0,83 ou 0,71% de Met+Cis e 0,85% de Lis total; T3 = relação 0,85 ou 0,64% Met+Cis e 0,75% de Lis total; T4 = relação 0,86 ou 0,70% de Met+Cis e 0,81% de Lis total. As variáveis de desempenho e o resultado da análise econômica foram estudadas no período de 44 a 56 semanas de idade das poedeiras. Ao término do experimento, dez ovos por tratamento foram coletados e armazenados por 28 dias para avaliação da qualidade interna e externa dos ovos antes e após a armazenagem. À exceção da massa de ovos, os tratamentos não afetaram o consumo de ração, a produção, o peso, a conversão por massa e por dúzia de ovos e a gravidade específica da casca. A relação Met+Cis: Lis de 0,76 ou a estimativa de 0,70% de Met+Cis total e 0,92% de Lis total podem ser recomendadas para alimentação de poedeiras semipesadas. Concluiu-se que o armazenamento afeta a qualidade interna dos ovos.

The dietary valine requirement for prolific lactating sows does not exceed the National Research Council estimate12

Two studies were conducted to determine the effect of increasing the valine:lysine (V:L) ratio in diets of lactating sows above the minimum proposed by the NRC (1998). The first experiment involved 189 PIC, Camborough product sows (parity 1 to 4) that were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments. Diets were formulated to achieve total dietary V:L ratios of 0.90, 1.05, or 1.25:1, respectively, and were corn and soybean meal-based. The second experiment involved 279 PIC, Camborough sows (parity 1 to 5) that were allotted to 1 of 4 treatments. Diets 1 and 3 were formulated using corn and a fixed inclusion of soybean meal (16.7%), with 0.27% L-lysine HCl. The V:L ratios in diets 1 and 3 were 0.73 and 1.25:1, respectively. Diets 2 and 4 were typical corn-soybean meal diets containing 0.05% L-lysine HCl, with a fixed inclusion of soybean meal (22.7%). The V:L ratios in diets 2 and 4 were 0.86 and 1.25:1, respectively. In both experiments, each litter was standardized to a minimum of 10 pigs, which achieved litter growth rates of 2.22 and 2.56 kg/d in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. In Exp. 1, increasing the dietary V:L ratio beyond 0.90:1 did not improve (P > 0.10) the number of pigs weaned, survival rate, or piglet growth rate, even though sows were nursing more than 10 pigs per litter for 19 d. In Exp. 2, total lysine intake was similar among treatments and ranged from 52.1 to 55.3 g/d. Valine intake increased as the diet valine concentration increased (diet 1 vs. 3 and diet 2 vs. 4, P < 0.001), ranging from 40.0 to 66.1 g/d. Litter gain tended to improve (P = 0.14) when the 0.27% L-lysine HCl control (0.73 V:L) was supplemented with valine to achieve a 1.25:1 V:L ratio. In contrast, no aspect of sow or litter response was improved when the practical control diet containing 0.05% L-lysine HCl (0.86 V:L) was supplemented with valine to achieve a 1.25:1 V:L ratio. Collectively, this research shows that a V:L ratio in excess of 0.86 does not conserve maternal tissue loss or improve piglet growth rate, but a V:L ratio of 0.73 may compromise litter growth rate.

Exigências de aminoácidos sulfurados digestíveis para suínos machos castrados e fêmeas de 15 a 30 kg

Cinqüenta leitões mestiços (Landrace x Large White), sendo 25 machos castrados e 25 fêmeas, na fase inicial de crescimento (15 a 30 kg), foram utilizados em um experimento visando determinar a exigência de aminoácidos sulfurados digestíveis. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0,502; 0,530; 0,558; 0,586 e 0,614% de metionina + cistina digestível), cinco repetições e dois animais, um macho e uma fêmea, por unidade experimental. Os níveis de metionina + cistina digestível da ração influenciaram de forma quadrática o ganho de peso diário (GPD) dos animais, que aumentou até o nível de 0,582%; a conversão alimentar (CA), que reduziu até o nível de 0,588%; e o consumo diário de ração (CDR), que aumentou até o nível de 0,579%. Os tratamentos influenciaram a deposição de gordura (DG), que variou de forma quadrática, reduzindo até o nível de 0,556%, mas não alteraram a deposição de proteína (DP). A exigência de aminoácidos sulfurados digestíveis para suínos machos castrados e fêmeas de 15 a 30 kg, para maior ganho de peso, é de 0,582% e, para menor conversão alimentar, de 0,588% de metionina + cistina digestível na ração, correspondendo a uma relação de 63% de metionina + cistina digestível:lisina digestível.

Níveis de treonina digestível em rações para leitoas dos 15 aos 30 kg mantidas em ambiente de alta temperatura

Este estudo foi realizado objetivando-se avaliar níveis de treonina digestível em rações para leitoas em crescimento mantidas em ambiente de alta temperatura. Foram utilizadas 70 leitoas mestiças com peso inicial de 14,9 ± 0,56 kg, distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (níveis de treonina digestível), sete repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos corresponderam aos níveis de 0,538; 0,577; 0,614; 0,651 e 0,688% de treonina digestível na ração. O ganho de peso diário e o consumo médio diário de treonina aumentaram de forma linear com os níveis de treonina da ração, enquanto, o consumo diário de ração não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. Embora a conversão alimentar tenha variado de forma linear com os tratamentos, por meio do modelo "Linear Response Plateau" (LRP), estimou-se em 0,587% o nível ótimo de treonina digestível na ração. As deposições diárias de proteína e gordura na carcaça dos animais não foram influenciadas pelos níveis de treonina da ração, que também não influenciaram os pesos absoluto e relativo dos órgãos avaliados. Concluiu-se que, para leitoas dos 15 aos 30 kg, mantidas em ambiente de alta temperatura, o nível de 0,587% de treonina digestível na ração proporcionou a melhor resposta de conversão alimentar, o que representa uma relação treonina:lisina digestível de 63%.

Optimum tryptophan: Lysine ratio in diets for growing pigs: Analysis of literature data

Optimum tryptophan supply in diets for growing pigs shows considerable variation between studies; therefore, an attempt was made to analyse all available data reported in the literature. Due to the fact that, in most studies, lysine was the second-limiting amino acid, which means that lysine limits growth at a certain level of tryptophan intake, optimum supply has to be expressed as a ratio to lysine. The database was too small to give optimum supply as a concentration in the diet or as a daily amount. In total, 33 experiments were found, where tryptophan intake was offered in graded levels resulting in a tryptophan-dependent and -independent response phase. An additional 13 experiments showed either no dependent or no independent phase, which did not allow an optimum determination. The optimum tryptophan : lysine ratio (T : L opt) was defined as the beginning of the plateau response-phase in feed intake or body weight gain. Mean T : L opt was 0.174 (SD = 0.023; n = 33) and seemed to be unaffected by body weight, growth rate, lysine and protein concentration in the diet, or genetic improvement of the animals. However, precise detection of the optimum ratio is generally restricted due to the relatively large intervals between the ratios tested in the respective studies. Mean difference between T : L opt and the nearest T : L ratio tested below (T : L opt − 1 ) was 0.028 (SD = 0.011; n = 32). Therefore, it is likely that the true optimum ratio is below 0.174, and that the mean of both ratios ((T : L opt + T : L opt − 1 ) / 2) can be taken as a good estimation (mean = 0.160; SD = 0.024; n = 33). With respect to feed formulation for growing pigs, it was concluded that a figure of 0.17 for the optimum T : L ratio includes a safety margin large enough to cover most of the biological variations.

The effect of dietary homoarginine derived from guanidination of synthetic lysine on endogenous amino acid loss and apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibility in the pig

AbstractThese studies were conducted to determine whether dietary homoarginine, derived from guanidination of synthetic lysine, affects the measurement of apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibility in the pig and to determine the optimal ratio of o-methylisourea (OMIU) to free synthetic lysine in the guanidination reaction that produces homoarginine. In two preliminary experiments, specific amounts of lysine were weighed and added to a solution of 0·6 mol/l OMIU to produce OMIU to free synthetic lysine ratios of 2:1, 1·5:1, 1·4:1, 1·3:1, 1·2:1, 1·1:1 and 1·0:1. The mixture was incubated at a pH of 10·5 and a temperature of 20±1°C for 6 days. The highest yield of homoarginine (proportionately 0·995) was produced with an OMIU to free synthetic lysine ratio of 1·5:1. The serum concentrations of homoarginine and lysine were measured in two test pigs at various times after consuming a single meal containing either homoarginine or lysine. Blood samples were taken before and 0·5, 1·5, 2·5, 4·5, 6·0, 7·5, and 11·5 h after feeding. Thirty minutes after feeding the homoarginine-containing diet, the homoarginine concentration in serum was 0·013 mmol/dl, and increased to a maximum of 0·031 mmol/dl 1·5 h after feeding. Thirty minutes after feeding the lysine-containing diet, the serum lysine concentration was 0·011 mmol/dl and also reached its maximum concentration of 0·025 mmol/dl 1·5 h after feeding. The timing of the changes in concentration of homoarginine and lysine related to feeding were similar, which suggests that homoarginine is absorbed and metabolized in a similar manner to lysine. Six Large White×Landrace barrows, weighing 68·5±3·5 kg and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum as well as a jugular vein catheter, were used to determine the effects of homoarginine on endogenous amino acid flows and apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibility. The experimental design was a doubly replicated 3×3 Latin-square design with the three treatments consisting of a lysine-free, zein-based diet and jugular infusion of a lysine solution; a lysine-free, zein-based diet supplemented with homoarginine; and a lysine-free, zein-based diet supplemented with l-lysine. There were no significant differences in endogenous ileal lysine flow for pigs receiving the different treatments (396·6, 407·6, and 360·4 mg/kg DMI, respectively, P=0·71). In addition, with the exception of phenylalanine (P=0·04), there were no significant differences (P&gt;0·10) in the apparent and true ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids among the three treatments. Therefore, it would appear that the presence of dietary homoarginine, derived from guanidination of synthetic lysine, does not affect endogenous amino acid losses or the digestibility of crude protein as well as most amino acids. These results are therefore supportive of the use of the homoarginine method as a means of measuring true ileal lysine digestibility.

Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Nutrient Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Broilers Fed Low-protein Diets Supplemented with Various Ratios of Threonine to Lysine

This study was conducted to evaluate performance, breast (thigh) muscle yield, nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical parameters of broilers fed low-protein diets supplemented with various threonine to lysine ratios (Thr/Lys). Three hundred and twenty four day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment and nine broilers per replicate. Six treatments included one control diet (formulated according to NRC (1994)), and five experimental diets (treatments 1-5). In treatments 1-5, the crude protein level was 2% lower than that of the NRC control diet. The Thr/Lys in treatments 1- 5 was 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80 and 0.85 during the starter and grower phases and 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85 and 0.90 during the finisher phase with other nutrient levels kept consistent. The results showed that: (1) With increasing Thr/Lys, ADG of treatments 1, 3 and 4 were lower (p<0.05) than those of the NRC control diet during the starter phase; ADG of treatments 1-5 were lower (p<0.05) than those of the NRC control during the grower phase, and ADG of treatment 1 was lower (p<0.05) than that of the NRC control during the finisher phase. Average daily feed intake in treatments 1 and 4 were lower (p<0.05) than that of broilers on the NRC control diet during the grower phase. Feed/gain (F/G) of the NRC control diet was lowest (p<0.05) during the starter phase. F/G in treatments 2 and 5 were higher (p<0.05) than that of NRC during the grower phase. (2) Breast muscle proportion on d 21 increased linearly (p<0.05) in response to graded levels of Thr/Lys. (3) No differences were detected for dry matter, energy and crude protein digestibility among all seven treatments. (4) On d 21, serum triglyceride of broilers on dietary treatments 3 and 5 was higher (p<0.05) than that of broilers in control. The results indicate that the low-protein diets supplemented with an appropriate Thr/Lys could not support the same performance that was achieved by the broilers fed the NRC control diet. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2005. Vol 18, No. 8 : 1164-1170)

Exigências de aminoácidos sulfurados digestíveis para suínos machos castrados, mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura dos 15 aos 30 kg

Para determinar a exigência de aminoácidos sulfurados de suínos machos castrados, dos 15 aos 30 kg, mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura, foram utilizados 60 leitões mestiços (Landrace x Large White), com peso inicial de 14,97 ± 0,33 kg e idade de 50,36 ± 3,29 dias. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0,465; 0,511; 0,558; 0,605 e 0,652% de metionina + cistina digestível), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais e a água foram fornecidas à vontade até o final do experimento, quando os animais atingiram o peso de 29,87 ± 0,52 kg. A temperatura no interior da sala foi mantida em 30,9 ± 0,7ºC e a umidade relativa em 67,5 ± 7,2%. O índice de temperatura de globo e umidade calculado no período foi de 81,2 ± 1,2. Os níveis de metionina + cistina digestível da ração influenciaram o ganho de peso diário, que aumentou, e a conversão alimentar, que reduziu de forma linear. Não se observou efeito dos tratamentos sobre o consumo de ração diário. Com relação às deposições de proteína (DP) e de gordura (DG) na carcaça, verificou-se efeito quadrático dos tratamentos sobre a DG, que reduziu até o nível de 0,508%, e efeito linear crescente sobre a DP. Concluiu-se que a exigência de aminoácidos sulfurados digestíveis para suínos machos castrados, mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura, dos 15 aos 30 kg, é de 0,558% de metionina + cistina digestível na ração, que corresponde à relação metionina + cistina digestível:lisina digestível de 60%.