Ratio Of LDL Research Articles

Mendelian Randomization of Blood Metabolites Suggests Circulating Glutamine Protects Against Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease.

Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) represents a growing health burden. Previous studies suggest that blood metabolite levels influence risk of LOAD. We used a genetics-based study design which may overcome limitations of other epidemiological studies to assess the influence of metabolite levels on LOAD risk. We applied Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate bi-directional causal effects using summary statistics from the largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 249 blood metabolites (n = 115,082) and GWAS of LOAD (ncase = 21,982, ncontrol = 41,944). MR analysis of metabolites as exposures revealed a negative association of genetically-predicted glutamine levels with LOAD (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73, 0.92) that was consistent in multiple sensitivity analyses. We also identified a positive association of genetically-predicted free cholesterol levels in small LDL (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.36, 2.22) on LOAD. Using genetically-predicted LOAD as the exposure, we identified associations with phospholipids to total lipids ratio in large LDL (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.94, 0.98), but not with glutamine, suggesting that the relationship between glutamine and LOAD is unidirectional. Our findings support previous evidence that higher circulating levels of glutamine may be a target for protection against LOAD.

Influence of Abdominal Obesity on the Relationship of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol with Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Methods. Coronary artery calcium, number of coronary plaques, and extensive ( 5 plaques) or obstructive (>50% stenosis) disease was evaluated with computed tomography angiography in 150 patients at baseline and 101 patients 6.9±0.4 years later. Cardiovascular events were recorded. Oxidized LDL was measured with monoclonal antibody E06. Serum cholesterol loading capacity on macrophages was measured as intracellular cholesterol content with a fluorometric assay. Results. Abdominal obesity was not associated with per-patient number of coronary plaques or coronary artery calcium score at baseline. Low LDLc positively associated with number of plaques (b 2.13 [95% confidence interval 1.03 to 3.22]), likelihood of extensive or obstructive plaque (odds ratio 6.58, 95% confidence interval [1.63 to 26.46]), and log-transformed CAC (b 1.90 [0.89 to 2.91]) exclusively in nonobese patients (p-for-interaction <0.001, 0.061, and 0.001 respectively). Low LDLc associated with increased likelihood of >median oxidized LDL and higher ratio of cholesterol loading capacity to LDLc in nonobese patients (p-for-interaction 0.041 and 0.001 respectively). Abdominal obesity negatively associated with likelihood of plaque stenosis progression (odds ratio 0.19 [0.07 to 0.54]). Low LDLc associated with greater likelihood of per-segment plaque formation (OR 4.68 [2.26 to 9.66]) and increased stenotic severity (odds ratio 5.35 [1.62 to 17.67]) only in nonobese patients (p-for-interaction 0.002 and 0.040 respectively). Abdominal obesity was not linked to cardiovascular risk (Hazard Ratio 1.57, 95% confidence interval [0.66-3.73]). Low LDLc associated with higher cardiovascular risk in nonobese (Hazard Ratio 7.94 [1.52 to 41.36]) but not obese patients (p-for-interaction=0.017). Conclusion. Abdominal obesity was not linked to plaque progression or cardiovascular risk in RA. Only in nonobese patients, low LDLc associated with higher atherosclerosis burden, plaque progression and cardiovascular risk. This may reflect higher oxidation and macrophage cholesterol loading capacity of LDL when LDLc is <70mg/dl.

Management of Patients with Hypertension at Family Medicine Practices at the Community Health Centre Ljubljana (Slovenia): A Protocol of a Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide due to rapid urbanization, an aging population, and the global spread of unhealthy lifestyles. In 2011, model primary care practices were established in Slovenia to improve hypertension care at the primary level. Patients with hypertension undergo a standardized examination by a nurse practitioner every year. However, a proportion of patients with hypertension still do not meet the criteria for controlled disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the bottlenecks of current hypertension care in family medicine practices in Slovenia in order to improve it for the future.
 Aim: The aim of this study is to develop a research protocol to evaluate the current management (both process and outcome) of patients with hypertension in family medicine practices in Community Health Centre Ljubljana (CHCL).
 Methods: A cross-sectional study will be conducted. First, the list of patients with hypertension aged 30 years or older who were treated in primary care practices at CHCL in 2019 will be collected from the health information system. Individual clinical and demographic data will then be collected from clinical protocols of the same patient population. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression analysis, and linear regression analysis will then be performed to assess various aspects (parameters) of hypertension care.
 Results: Data from a total of 15,186 patient visits will be analyzed. (1) The process of care will be assessed by the ratio of performed hypertension-specific visits, blood pressure measurement, screening for hypertension complications (nephropathy, peripheral arterial disease, and ECG signs of heart failure), and screening for hypertension comorbidities (hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and depression). (2) Treatment outcomes will be assessed by the ratio of blood pressure values, fasting glucose, LDL, and depression values in the target ranges. (3) The above variables will also be stratified by patient lifestyle factors (BMI, smoking status, physical activity, eating habits, and alcohol consumption), sociodemographic factors (age, gender, education, employment, and subjective assessment of financial status), treatment adherence assessment (regularity and correctness of medication intake, and dietary errors), and treatment motivation and empowerment assessment.
 Conclusions: The proposed research protocol will provide evidence of bottlenecks in current hypertension care in family medicine practices in CHCL and identify potential opportunities for future expansion. It will also isolate the key (patient-related) determinants that lead to suboptimal management of the disease.

Rice Bran’s Effect on Total Cholesterol, HDL, and LDL/HDL Ratio on Hypercholesterolemia Rats

Abstract: Hypercholesterolemia is a metabolism disorder characterized by increased or decreased lipid fraction in plasma. The of this research was to prove the effect of Rice bran to decrease of total Cholesterol rate, ratio of LDL / HDL and increase rate of HDL in hypercholesterolemia male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The Research of the study was pure experiment by using post test randomized control design. Research Sample divided into five groups. The first group as a negative control, the second group as a positive control, and another groups were given rice brand, with various dose: 0,54 ml/a/day, 1,08 ml/a/day, 1,62 ml/a/day. The results of this research is rice brand can decrease of total cholesterol rate ( r2=0,964), decreased of ratio of LDL / HDL (r2=0,836), and increase of rate of HDL (r2=0,951) (ANOVA P=0,000). Rice bran can decrease total cholesterol rate, ratio of LDL / HDL and increase rate of HDL blood.

Abstract P421: Eggs as Part of a Healthy Eating Pattern Are Not Adversely Associated With Dyslipidemia in the Framingham Offspring Study

Background: For decades, dietary guidelines have recommended restricting egg consumption out of concern about the high content of dietary cholesterol and potential effects on LDL cholesterol levels and, in turn, cardiovascular risk. However, the evidence supporting these recommendations has been increasingly questioned. Objective: To examine the association of egg consumption with plasma lipid levels and risk of dyslipidemia in adults in the Framingham Offspring Study, and to determine whether these effects are modified by other dietary factors. Methods: We included 1,852 adults aged 30-64 years with available 3-day food records, and without prevalent CVD or use of lipid-lowering or glucose-lowering medications. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for risks of elevated fasting LDL-C and triglycerides after adjusting for confounding. Analysis of covariance models were used to estimate sex-specific mean plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL, the ratio of LDL:HDL, and triglycerides associated with categories of egg intake. Confounding factors retained in the final models included age, BMI, and other dietary factors. Stratified analyses were used to evaluate effect modification by several dietary factors. Findings: Over approximately 6 years of follow-up, 372 adults developed new-onset elevated LDL and 306 adults developed new-onset elevated triglycerides levels. Overall, those with higher egg consumption (vs. lower) had very similar intakes of other healthy foods at baseline (e.g., whole grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy, and fish). Men and women consuming ≥5 eggs per week (vs. <0.5) had no increased risk of elevated LDL (HR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.59-1.22) or triglycerides (HR=1.25, 95% CI: 0.83-1.86). In fact, men with higher egg intakes (≥5 vs. <0.5 per week) had a total cholesterol level that was 8.6 mg/dL lower, an LDL level that was 5.9 mg/dL lower, and a log-transformed triglyceride level that was 0.13 units lower (p<0.05 for all differences) after 4 years of follow-up. Further, participants with higher egg consumption in combination with higher fiber intake had lower levels of all lipids (p<0.05 for total cholesterol, LDL, and LDL:HDL for the category of higher egg & higher fiber vs. lower egg & lower fiber). Moreover, consumption of >5 eggs/week (vs. <0.5) combined with either higher intakes of total fish or fiber was also associated with statistically significant reductions in LDL levels. Conclusions: This study suggests that higher egg intakes had no adverse effects on serum lipids in healthy adults and may be beneficial as part of a healthy eating pattern.

To assess the role of HDL to triglycerides ratio VS LDL to triglycerides ratio as an indicator in coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease is the buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart. Plaque causes a narrowing or blockage that could result in a heart attack. Symptoms include chest pain or discomfort and shortness of breath. Treatment includes lifestyle changes and medication that target your risk factors and or possible surgery. Coronary artery disease is caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque inside your arteries. Plaque consists of cholesterol fatty substance, waste products, calcium and the clot making substance fibrin. As plaque continues to collect on your artery walls, your arteries narrow and stiffen. Plaque can clog or damage your arteries, which limits or stops blood flow to your muscle. If your heart does not get enough blood, it can’t get the oxygen and nutrients it needs to work properly. This condition is called ischemia. Not getting enough blood supply to your heart muscle can lead to chest discomfort or chest pain called angina. It puts you at risk for a heart attack. The present study aims to assess the role of HDL to triglycerides Vs LDL to triglycerides as an indicator in coronary artery disease. Quantitative experimental research was conducted among 60 coronary artery disease. A Purposive sampling technique was used to select the samples. Self-structured questionnaires were used to collect demographic data. The study results show, LDL to triglyceride had significant role as an indicator in coronary artery disease., p<0.001. Thereby, this indicates that this ratio of LDL to triglycerides as an indicator of coronary artery disease.

Oxidized LDL and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease

Oxidized LDL cholesterol (ox-LDL) is considered to be a key factor of initiating and accelerating coronary heart disease CHD and diabetes Mellitus DM , is associated with several mechanisms one of them Oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to find the association between ox- LDL ,HDL-C , TG , LDL-C and arylesterase , with CHD risk in different age groups in males and females , the difference in these risk factors can explain the sex difference and how much the changes in the risk factors levels in CHD and CHD with DM patients between age groups.
 Methods: determination biochemical parameters of serum blood of ox-LDL , TG , TC , HDL-c , LDL-c , S. Glucose and arylesterase activity were measured in cases male and females were carried CHD and CHD with DM .The cases divided in different the age groups (40-49) , (50-59) and (60-69) years and compered the result with control groups .
 Results: mean Value of ox-LDL and oxidation ratio of LDL show significantly higher at (p<0.05) in CHD and (p<0.001) in CHD with DM patient for females in the age group (40-49) years but in the males show the results significant decrease and different significant in others groups ,beside to effect Sex and age some the studied biochemistry parameters levels and signification decrease in HDL-C and arylesterase levels as antioxidant enzymes in females and male patient selected compared with control groups.

LDL retention time in plasma can be -based on causation- estimated by the lipid composition of LDL and other lipoproteins.

IntroductionInformation on LDL’s dynamic behaviour of LDL (i.e. production rate and fractional catabolic rate) are of interest if pathologies, lipid-lowering strategies or LDL-metabolism itself are investigated. Determination of these rates is costly and elaborate. Here we studied the interrelationship of LDL mass, its composition and other lipoproteins. Based on this data, we deducted information about LDL’s dynamic behaviour.MethodsLipoprotein profiles of n = 236 participants are evaluated. Plasma was separated by sequential ultracentrifugation into VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL. Additionally, LDL and HDL were separated into subfractions. Stepwise multiple linear regressions were used to study LDL’s ApoB mass and lipid composition. Relying on these results and on causation, we constructed a mathematical model to estimate LDL’s retention time.ResultsThe ApoB mass in LDL correlated best among all measured parameters (including corresponding lipid compositions but using no LDL-associated parameters) with the cholesterol ester content in IDL. TG/CE ratios in LDL’s subfractions were strongly correlated with the corresponding ratios in IDL and HDL. The constructed mathematical model links the TG/CE ratio of LDL and HDL to LDL’s ApoB concentration and enables a good estimate of LDL’s retention time in plasma.DiscussionRelying on our statistic evaluations, we assume that i) the production of nascent LDL via IDL as well as ii) LDL’s prolonged retention are mapped by the TG/CE ratio in LDL subfractions. HDL’s TG/CE ratio is associated with the change in LDL’s TG/CE ratio during its retention in plasma. Our mathematical model uses this information and enables–by relying on causation- a good estimation of LDL’s retention time.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with opium consumption in the Rafsanjan cohort study

The potential effects of opium consumption on lipid profile remain unquantified. We considered the association between opium use and dyslipidemia. In this cross-sectional study, we used data obtained from the Rafsanjan cohort study, as a part of the prospective epidemiological research studies in IrAN (PERSIAN) with detailed and validated data on opium consumption and selected other exposures. A total of 9932 adults were included in the study. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships of opium consumption with the prevalence of dyslipidemia and lipid disorders. In this population, 73.33% had dyslipidemia and the prevalence rates of high TC, high TG, high LDL and low HDL were 54.24%, 47.45%, 34.43% and 11.91% respectively. After adjustment for all confounders, opium users compared with non-users had lower odds ratios (OR) of high TC and high LDL [0.81 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.71–0.92) and 0.80 (95% CI 0.69–0.93) respectively] and greater OR of low HDL [1.30 (95% CI 1.04–1.62)]. Longer duration of opium consumption resulted in lower ORs of high TC, 0.68 (95% CI 0.55–0.84) and high LDL, 0.82 (95% CI 0.67–0.99), and shorter duration of opium consumption resulted in increased odds of low HDL, 1.30 (95% CI 1.02–1.66). High dose of opium consumption was associated with an OR of dyslipidemia of 0.80 (95% CI 0.65–0.97), high TC of 0.80 (95% CI 0.67–0.95), and high LDL of 0.78 (95% CI 0.64–0.96) and low dose of opium consumption, with an OR of low HDL of 1.30 (95% CI 1.02–1.65). In relation to route of consumption, opium smoking was a risk factor for low HDL with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.31 (1.04–1.63). Opium use was associated with selected changes on serum lipid levels, but opium users had higher frequency of cardiovascular disease history.

Antioxidant Efficacy of a Spirulina Liquid Extract on Oxidative Stress Status and Metabolic Disturbances in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome.

Lipid peroxidation is associated with the development of some pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases. Reduction in oxidative stress by antioxidants, such as Arthrospira (formely Spirulina), helps improving this redox imbalance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the Arthrospira liquid extract “Spirulysat®” on oxidative markers—in particular, oxidized LDL (oxLDL)/total LDL cholesterol—and isoprostanes and to investigate its impact on lipid and glucose metabolism in the metabolic syndrome subject. A controlled, randomised, double-blind design was conducted in 40 subjects aged 18 to 65 years with metabolic syndrome after a daily intake of Spirulysat® or placebo for twelve weeks. Blood and urinary samples were collected at three visits (V1, V2, V3) in the two groups for parameters determination. Although the Spirulysat® group showed a decrease at all visits of the oxLDL/total cholesterol ratio, there was no significant difference compared to the placebo (p = 0.36). The urinary isoprostanes concentration in the Spirulysat® group was reduced (p = 0.014) at V3. Plasma triglycerides decreased at V3 (p = 0.003) and HDL-cholesterol increased (p = 0.031) at all visits with Spirulysat®. In conclusion, Spirulysat® did not change the oxidized LDL (oxLDL)/LDL ratio but decreased the urinary isoprostanes, plasma triglycerides and increased HDL cholesterol, suggesting a beneficial effect on metabolic syndrome.

The Effect of Lifestyle Modification on Lipid Profile and Body Weight in Obese Subject

Background. The lifestyle modification (LSM) programs program addresses diet, exercise, stress management, and nutritional depletion using cognitive-behavioral approaches to improve the causes of chronic disease. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect before and after three months of LSM on lipid profile and body weight parameters of obese subjects Method. The participants of age 25-50 years recruited through personal contact consisted of 20 obese subjects who appeared to engage in diet and regular exercise (get at least 150 minutes of exercise a week). The types of physical exercise aerobic (walking, swimming, jogging) were included in the study. The anthropometric measurements and blood sample was taken before and after three months of LSM. Height (m) is measured using a wall-mounted height bar and body weight (kg) is measured using a scale and its value is used in BMI calculations. The serum of profile lipid was determined by enzymatic colorimetric method and sd-LDL examination was performed indirectly in which the ratio of LDL /Apolipoprotein B. Result. After 3 months of LSM, there was a significant decrease in serum LDL, ApoB, BMI, WC, and FPG (p < 0.05) in the obese subject. However, no significant difference was observed in TG, HDL, sd-LDL, PPG, and HbA1C (p>0.05). Conclusion. Lifestyle modification of obese subjects for three months can decrease parameters of body weight and profiles lipids, which means it can prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Improving Emotional Well‐Being and Cardio‐Metabolic Health with Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is extensively used in diabetic populations but understudied in non‐diabetic patients. Glycemic variability is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and emerging evidence suggests close monitoring of glycemic control may have a positive impact on chronic disease. CGM increases awareness of glycemic dysregulation and empowers patients to create sustainable changes in eating behaviors. The purpose of this study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04920058) was to determine if access to continuous blood glucose data using a CGM‐Levels software system improves cardiometabolic health, sleep quality, and emotional well‐being in nondiabetic patients undergoing a comprehensive wellness program.In this 12‐week randomized clinical trial, patients enrolled in a low carbohydrate‐based wellness program were randomly assigned to monitor glucose using a CGM with Levels software (CGM, N=14) or classic glucometer (Ctrl, N=11). Weight, BMI, waist circumference, liver fat (via abdominal ultrasound), and a cardiometabolic blood panel were measured pre‐and post‐program. Ketones were tested weekly, and glucose tested daily using a glucometer in both groups (CGM and Ctrl). Psychological measures of emotional well‐being, depression, anxiety and sleep quality were performed with a subjective well‐being survey, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ9), generalized anxiety disorder‐7 (GAD‐7) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively, pre‐program, week 6, and post‐program.Differences were observed between the groups for liver fat which decreased over time in the CGM but not Ctrl group (p<0.05). Other cardio‐metabolic biomarkers improved in both groups over the course of the study, including weight loss, BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, VLDL, and fasting insulin, but no differences between groups were observed. Total cholesterol, Non‐HDL, LDL, and HDL ratio increased in both groups over time, but did not differ between groups. Assessments of emotional well‐being, depression, anxiety, and sleep quality also improved in both groups over time, again with no intergroup differences.In a non‐diabetic population, a 12‐week comprehensive wellness program inclusive of glycemic monitoring using CGM was effective at improving liver fat while several biomarkers of cardio‐metabolic health, sleep quality, and emotional well‐being improved regardless of the type of glycemic monitor used. CGM was endorsed by patients to be more comfortable and easier to use than finger stick glucometers, and its use did not impair trial results compared to Ctrl. Thus, CGM with Levels software appears to be a viable and effective method for monitoring glycemic variability in a non‐diabetic population seeking to improve cardio‐metabolic health.

The efficacy of probiotics supplementation on the lipid profiles of obese adolescents : a randomized trial

Background: Obesity is defined as a medical condition characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat and is associated with an increased prevalence of dyslipidemia. Probiotics are living microorganisms, which upon consumption in sufficient numbers, exert health benefits. One of the benefits that has been studied is improving blood lipid profile. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of probiotics supplementation on obese adolescents’ lipid profiles. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial involving 58 obese adolescents aged 12-15 years in Denpasar City was performed. After the physical activity, nutritional intake, and lipid profile were assessed, subjects were randomized with random block into two groups: the treatment group who received sachet containing probiotics with five strains bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum) and the control group who received placebo for eight weeks. During the study, there were six drop out subjects, and the final analysis was performed on 52 subjects. The data was analyzed using MANCOVA test, with p value of <0,05 considered significant. Results: In the supplementation group, total cholesterol was decreased by 22,6 mg/dL (95% CI: -33.3 to -12.1, p = 0.0001), LDL was decreased by 16.9 mg/dL (95%CI: - 26.7 to -7.1, p = 0.001), and TG was decreased by 30.8 mg/dL (95%CI: -55.3 to -6.4, p = 0.014). Probiotic supplementation was not proven to increase HDL levels and HDL: LDL ratio with p values of 0.370 and 0.374, respectively. Conclusion: Probiotics supplementation in obese adolescent could reduce total cholesterol, LDL, TG, but had no effect on improving HDL levels and HDL: LDL ratio.

Evaluation of soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (sLOX-1) and sLOX-1/oxidized LDL ratio as novel biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome.

The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). In patients with acute coronary syndrome, circulating soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) levels are dramatically elevated. This study aimed to assess sLOX-1 levels in acute coronary syndromes and determine the ratio of sLOX-1 and oxidative LDL in cases of myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris and the ROC curve for this ratio sLOX-1. A case-control study was conducted at the department of chemistry and biochemistry, college of medicine, Al- Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, from September 2020 to January 2021. In a total of 90 subjects (30 patients with myocardial infarction within the first six hours of chest pains, 30 patients with unstable angina pectoris, and 30 healthy donors). The ELISA technique measured concentrations of sLOX-1 and oxidized LDL. In addition, Troponin and highly sensitive C reactive protein were measured by the same technique (Fluorescence immune assay), and lipid profile was measured using the Spectrophotometer technique. The median level of sLOX-1 in MI group was 476.17 pg/ml (90.88-675.4 pg/ml) which was significantly higher than that of UA patients (median=289.1 pg/ml [62.74-585.43 pg/ml]) and controls (median=144.52 pg/ml [79.17-283.83 pg/ml]) with highly significant differences and the median sLOX-1/OX-LDL ratio in patients with MI was 64.6 (range 15.17-100.15) which was significantly higher than either patients with UA (median=37.6 [7.06-88.65]) or controls (median=25.29 [12.7-43.04]). There were elevated levels of sLOX-1 in acute coronary syndromes. The sLOX-1/oxidized LDL ratio also strongly indicated the diagnosis and a discriminatory force on the ROC curve for myocardial infarction.

EFFECT OF VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION ON LIPID PROFILE IN PATIENTS OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Background: Association studies have proposed a link between vitamin D levels and lipid profile. Deranged lipid profile is hallmark of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. The present study was aimed to determine the role of vitamin D supplementation in improving the lipid profile of ACS patients. Methods: A total of 40 patients diagnosed with ACS were included in the study. They were divided into control (n=20) and experimental group (n=20). Experimental group received vitamin D supplementation as a single dose of 200,000 IU orally. Baseline vitamin D levels and lipid profile were done. Post sampling was done after an interval of 2 months for the same parameters. Results: The serum levels of cholesterol were decreased significantly in the experimental group (p=0.05) while TG levels showed trend towards a decrease (p=0.084). Serum HDL was increased (p=0.03), while serum LDL (p=0.04) and cholesterol ratio (p=0.012) were decreased significantly. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation improved lipid profile in ACS patients, and can be used as adjunct therapy in ACS patients. Pak J Physiol 2022;18(1):32?5

Skeletal Muscle Mass is Associated with HDL Cholesterol Levels and the Ratio of LDL to HDL Cholesterol in Young Men: A Pilot Study

Background: It is unclear whether greater skeletal muscle mass is beneficial for improving cardiometabolic health in young individuals. Our purpose was to investigate the association between skeletal muscle mass and cardiometabolic risk factors in young males. Methods: Data were collected from thirty-seven young males (23.2 ± 0.3 years). Participants were categorized based on skeletal muscle mass (skeletal muscle index-percentile score, SMI-PS) assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. They were divided into two group: standard skeletal muscle mass group (SMG, n = 17, SMI-PS = 102.2 ± 1.0%), high skeletal muscle mass group (HMG, n = 20, SMI-PS = 120.5 ± 1.8%). Arterial stiffness assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and blood parameters including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), fasting glucose (FG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were assessed. Results: The level of HDL-C in HMG was significantly higher compared to SMG (p < 0.001), whereas the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C in HMG was significantly lower compared to SMG (p < 0.001). However, no changes in baPWV, TC, LDL-C, TG, FG, and HbA1c were found between groups. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between SMI-PS and HDL-C (r = 0.469, p = 0.003), whereas there was a negative correlation between SMI-PS and LDL-C/HDL-C (r = –0.38, p = 0.02). Conclusions: This study suggests that an increase in skeletal muscle mass may have an additive benefit on improving lipid components through the increased HDL-C level and decreased the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C in young men.

Correlation Between Lipid Profile and Kidney Function in Ambulatory Heart Failure Patient

Heart failure contributes to a high number of hospitalizations. Currently, the number of outpatients is more dominant than hospitalized heart failure patients. Unfortunately, a study in the outpatient setting is still limited. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between lipid profile and kidney function in ambulatory heart failure patients. This study is a single-center cross-sectional study. Data were collected from August to September 2020. Data were extracted from 62 medical records of heart failure patients with ejection fraction 45%. Exclusion criteria were life-threatening comorbidity and patient with routine hemodialysis. Data were analyzed with Pearson or Spearman correlation test. Most of the heart failure patients in our outpatient clinic are elderly (60 years old) and male (58%). The researchers found positive correlation of total cholesterol (r 0.39; p 0.001) and triglyceride (r 0.59; p 0.001) to serum creatinine. On the other hand, LDL and blood cholesterol ratio negatively correlated with serum creatinine, r - 0.31; p 0.016; and r - 0.46; p 0.001; respectively. All of this analysis was statistically significant. It concluded that lipid profiles were correlated with kidney function in heart failure patients

Trends in LDL Ratios across the Age Span

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> Low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) cholesterol has been strongly associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. This study aimed to examine the trends in serum LDL-C levels across the age span. <h3>Design</h3> This is an observational study. <h3>Setting</h3> General community. <h3>Participants</h3> Data from 39,757 noninstitutionalized participants, aged 12 to 80, were obtained from the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study. We described the distributions of LDL values by gender, age group (12-15, 16-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-80 yr) and race (Mexican, White, Black), and compared the trends in three distinct cross-sectional surveys during 2007-2010, 2011-2014, and 2015-2018. <h3>Interventions</h3> N/A. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Blood lipid measurements. <h3>Results</h3> LDL-C changed by age and differed by sex. LDL-C levels increased with age through middle age and then decreased with age. Males had higher LDL values at age group 20-49 yr, while females had higher LDL values 50 years and older. Mean LDL values (mg/dL) declined from 104 (95% CI, 103-105) in 2007-2010, to 100 (95% CI, 100-101) in 2015-2018 (p < .05 for linear trend) in male; mean LDL values (mg/dL) declined from 110 (95% CI,109-111) in 2007-2010, to 106 (95% CI, 105-107) in 2015-2018 (p < .05 for linear trend) in female. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Between 2007 and 2018, favorable trends in LDL values were observed among noninstitutionalized residents in the US. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Influences of Ketogenic Diet on Body Fat Percentage, Respiratory Exchange Rate, and Total Cholesterol in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

(1) Background: The purpose of the current meta-analysis was to investigate any positive or negative effects of ketogenic diets in athletes and provide an assessment of the size of these effects. (2) Methods: Databases were used to select relevant studies up to January 2021 regarding the effects of ketogenic diets in athletes. Inclusion criteria were as follows: data before and after ketogenic diet use, being randomized controlled trials and presenting ketogenic diets and assessments of ketone status. Study subjects were required to be professional athletes. Review studies, pilot studies, and studies in which non-athletes were included were excluded from this meta-analysis. The outcome effect sizes in these selected studies were calculated by using the standardized mean difference statistic. (3) Results: Eight studies were selected for this meta-analysis. Athletes who consumed the ketogenic diet had reduced body fat percentages, respiratory exchange rates, and increased total cholesterol compared to athletes who did not consume this diet. However, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, heart rate, HDL cholesterol, glucose level, and insulin level were unaffected by the diet. (4) Conclusions: Ketogenic diets had a beneficial effect by decreasing body fat percentage, but athletes with high total cholesterol level need to be monitored when instituting a ketogenic diet. Our study sample size was limited; therefore, additional studies may be needed to confirm the current findings. Further studies need to be conducted on changes in LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol.

Oxidized LDL, insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in newborns

IntroductionOxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), a biomarker of oxidative stress, itself possesses proatherogenic and proinflammatory effects. Elevated circulating OxLDL levels have been consistently associated with insulin resistance and diabetes in adults....