K2O Ratio Research Articles

ChemInform Abstract: VISCOSITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF MIXED‐ALKALI SODIUM‐POTASSIUM BORATE GLASSES

AbstractSowohl die Viskosität als auch die thermischen Expansionskoeffizienten ′von Na‐ K‐Boratgläsem sind eine Funktion des Na2O/K2O‐Verhältnisses.

Viscosity and Thermal Expansion of Mixed‐Alkali Sodium‐Potassium Borate Glasses

The transformation‐range viscosity and thermal expansion be‐havior of sodium‐potassium borate glasses were studied. The results indicate that negative deviations from additivity in the viscosity of these glasses are a function of the Na2O to K2O ratio and that the magnitude of these deviations increases with alkali oxide content. The thermal expansion coefficient exhibits a maximum deviation from additivity as a function of the Na2o to K2O ratio. The magnitude of this deviation increases with increasing total alkali oxide content. The results indicate that there is little, if any, interaction between the factors which lead to the mixed‐alkali effect and the changes in the structure of the vitreous network which occur as the alkali oxide content of the glasses increases.

Phytoplankton Response to Liquid Fertilizers

Abstract A liquid fertilizer (Poly N; Allied Chemical Corportion) with an N:P2O5:K2O ratio of 10-34-0 and a granular fertilizer (fish pond fertilizer, 20-20-5) were applied to fish ponds. Poly N at 6.6 kg/ha per application and fish pond fertilizer at 45 kg/ha per application were both effective in promoting phytoplankton growth in sportfish ponds. Nutrient inputs were much lower with Poly N, and a savings of $9.50/ha per application was achieved.

北上山地白亜紀深成岩類のＫ，Ｒｂ，Ｓｒ，Ｔｈ，Ｕ

The Cretaceous plutonic rocks in the Kitakami Mountains, 110 to 125 Ma in K-Ar ages on biotite, etc., can be petrographically and petrochemically classified into seven groups: Zones I, II, III, IV, V, VIa and VIb. Some of them are arranged in the east to west direction. The plutons of Zones II and V are mainly felsic. They are of comparatively big dimension reaching 600 square kilometers. The plutons of other zones are composed of felsic and mafic rocks. They occur on a small scale. The plutonic rocks have been chemically analysed for CaO, K2O, Rb, Sr, Th, and U. In the mafic rocks of CaO>8.2 percent, the contents of CaO and Na2O are nearly equal in each zone throughout the Kitakami Mountains. K2O, Rb, Th, and U contents, however, generally increase westward. Sr also does. In the westernmost zone, Zone IV, the mafic rocks resemble shoshonite concerning their major elements. Some of the plutons, especially in Zones II and V, are zonally divided into marginal and central facies. The two facies are different in their K2O, Rb, etc. contents, and K/Rb and other ratios. In the marginal facies K2O and Rb are richer and K/Rb is smaller than those in the central facies. This fact suggests the different processes of magmatic differentiation in the two facies. Intrusion of the marginal facies have successively followed by that of the central facies.

Petrology of a lamprophyre sheet in Tanegashima Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

A large lamprophyre sheet, about 10-20m thick and almost 20km long is exposed within the Tertiary formations of Tanegashima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu. Although the sheet is fairly homogeneous throughout the outcrop, minor-scale crystallization differentiation in situ is observed, forming chilled contacts and coarse-grained inner parts, associated with transitional parts. The constituent minerals include plagioclase, anorthoclase, kaersutite, titan-biotite, augite, magnetite, apatite and secondary minerals, such as chlorite, epidote, zoisite, calcite, etc. Quartz and olivine are entirely absent. Chemical composition of various parts of the sheet shows rather wide variation, ranging from 49.7 to 56.8% SiO2. With decreasing soldification index, SiO2, Al2O3 and K2O increase, FeO, MgO, Fe2O3 and TiO2 decrease, while Na2O and CaO remain more or less constant. Although K2O is always less than Na2O, a rather high K2O/Na2O+K2O ratio is noticed. Petrochemical features are discussed compared with alkalic rocks in Japan and the surrounding areas. From the mineralogical composition it is estimated that the rock was formed under moderate water pressure from alkali basaltic magma, resulting in the formation of kaersutite and biotite, in place of olivine and titan-augite.

Neogene Carpathian Arc: A continental arc displaying the features of an ‘island arc’

The Carpathians consist of a series of structural zones closely comparable to the following zones of island arc regions: ocean floor, trench, folded arc, magmatic arc, retroarc basin, and continental margin. The K2O and SiO2 ratio of the magmatic rocks suggests the dipping of a Benioff plane along which the floor with a crust of oceanic character was subduced and is replaced by the modern Carpathian marginal trench. Melting of part of the plate led to the formation of the Carpathian magmatic arc and to the crustal spreading of some retroarc basins (Pannonian basin, Transylvania basin). The Transylvania basin may be interpreted as an interarc basin according to Karig's hypothesis regarding the formation of the retroarc basins.

Reactions between Vapors from Molten Mixed Alkali Salts and Refractory Materials

As a fundamental study on corrosion of refractories by alkali-containing vapor, the present study has been made for the purpose of researching the reactions occurred in the refractory materials such as corundum, mullite and forsterite when they were exposed to vapors from the melt of mixed salt, K2CO3-Na2CO3, at 1200°C and from the melt of mixed salt, K2SO4-Na2SO4, at 1300°C.In the tests with carbonate vapor, the reactions took place through two stages under the condition held in a steady vapor composition and at a constant temperature. At the early stage the mole ratio of K2O to Na2O found in the reaction products was almost the same as that in the vapor, whereas at the later stage the products were altered progressively into those richer in Na2O by replacing K in the products by Na in the vapor. In the respective cases of corundum, mullite and forsterite, the solid solutions of K- and Nacompounds as shown by the following formulas were formed, namely, (K, Na) AlO2, (K, Na)3Al3SiO8 and (K, Na)2xMgxSi10-xO20 (4≤x≤5). During cooling, however, the solid solutions were separated into two phases of K- and Na-compounds. Consequently, the amount of Na-compounds in the reaction products increased with increasing time of reaction.In comparison to the tests with carbonate vapor, the reaction velocity observed when tested with sulphate vapor were very sluggish, nevertheless, at the early stage of reaction the mole ratio of K2O to Na2O in the product was almost the same as that vapor also in this case.

On the Compound K<sub>2</sub>O⋅Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>⋅SiO<sub>2</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>O⋅Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>

Two compounds, K2O⋅Al2O3⋅SiO2 and K2O⋅Al2O3, were studied in order to identify the corrosion products of the mullite exposed to K2CO3 vapor. The compounds of various ratio of K2O⋅Al2O3⋅SiO2 and K2O⋅Al2O3 were prepared from the fired mixtures of K2O⋅Al2O3 and SiO2. From the results of the powder X-ray diffraction analysis, the following were obtained. The K2O⋅Al2O3⋅SiO2 and K2O⋅Al2O3 were cubic. Their lattice constants were 7.650±0.005Å and 7.720±0.005Å, respectively, and between these compounds a complete series of solid solution was formed. The corrosion products of the mullite consisted mainly of this solid solution and with prolonged time of exposure to the K2CO3 vapor, the solid solution changed into that rich in K2O⋅Al2O3.

Effects on barley and kale of NPK fertilizers containing differing proportions of urea and ammonium nitrate, and either triple superphosphate or mono-urea phosphate

SUMMARYOf eight experimental fertilizers (with %N; %P2O5; %K2O ratios of 2:1:1) obtained, four contained triple superphosphate and four mono-urea phosphate; all contained muriate of potash. In the first four, urea supplied either 100, 66, 33 or 0% of the total N (ammonium nitrate supplied the remainder); in the second four, urea and ammonium nitrate supplied only the balance of the N, but in the same proportions.For barley, each fertilizer was combine-drilled to give 0·5 or 1·0 cwt N/acre. In 1965, much rain fell after drilling, early growth was not harmed and yields from each fertilizer were the same. In 1966, dry weather followed sowing and all fertilizers checked growth; those containing urea killed many plants and diminished yields. Also, yields from the fertilizers containing urea phosphate were larger than from those containing superphosphate; thus urea phosphate was safer than urea alone. For kale, the fertilizers were broadcast in May to give 1·25 or 2·50 cwt N/acre. None seriously diminished plant number and yields from all were similar.Increasing the proportion of urea in the fertilizers greatly increased %N in the barley grain in 1966, but not in 1965. The crops recovered more N from ammonium nitrate than from urea.

The K2O : Na2O ratios of ancient volcanic arcs in New Zealand

Ratios of K2O : Na2O in Permian and Cretaceous basic igneous rocks of New Zealand show that two distinct belts of volcanic rocks can be defined in both the Permian and Cretaceous. In the Permian, a western belt, characterised by high K2O : Na2O ratios, can be traced along the western margin of the Southland — Key Summit and Nelson synclines, and an eastern belt, with low K2O : Na2O ratios occupies the eastern margin of these synclines. Close agreement of ratios between the Brook Street Volcanics and Eglinton Volcanics of the western belt, and the Lee River Group and Livingstone Volcanics of the eastern belt, supports correlation of these groups across the Alpine Fault.In the Cretaceous, a western belt, with high K2O : Na2O ratios can be traced from Mount Somers — Malvern Hills and Mandamus, to the Awatere Valley and Inland Kaikoura Range. An eastern belt extends from the Kaikoura coast through the eastern Wairarapa to East Cape.Comparison with present-day volcanic arcs shows similarities in the increase in K2O : Na2O ratios in going from the oceanic to the continental side of the arc. This supports the concept of a continental land mass to the west of New Zealand during the Permian and Cretaceous, and the existence of oceanic troughs to the east.

Weathering in Surface Horizons of Illinois Soils

AbstractLines analogous to isohyets were drawn with respect to molar ratios of CaO, K2O, and Fe2O3 to ZrO2. The resulting maps demonstrate the close relationship of loess thickness to intensity of soil development and identify a north‐south band of soils in southern Illinois that are the most intensely weathered soils in the state. The youngest or least developed soils identified by the lines occur in thick loess deposits of extreme northwestern Illinois. Isoweathering lines cannot be drawn in the area of Wisconsin drift because of the penecontemporaneity of loess on the drift and many local sources within the drift sheet area.

Studies on the Nutrition of Rice Plant with Reference to Helminthosporium Leaf Spot (Preliminary report) : XI Absorption and translocation of nutrients as influenced by soil moisture and air humidity

To make clear the effect of soil moisture and air humidity on the absorption and translocation of nutrients, two experiments were carried out : in one experiment, plants were grown at various levels of soil moisture by sand culture method, and in another experiment, plants were grown under different air humidity during ripening period just after heading. The results obtained are as follows : : (1) Decrease in soil moisture retarded the absorption of SiO2 and P2O5, and increase in air humidity diminished the absorption of SiO2 and K2O. (2) It was inferred that both low soil moisture and high air humidity retarded the upward translocation of SiO2 and K2O within the plant through the decreased transpiration, causing the decrease in the ratio of SiO2 or K2O content of leaf blade to that of leaf sheath and also in the ratio of SiO2 or K2O content of leaf to that of stem and resulted in the decrease of SiO2 or K2O content of leaf blade. (3) The increased susceptibility to Helminthosporium leaf spot caused by low soil moisture and high air humidity was assumed to have an intimate relation with the low ratios of SiO2 and K2O to N in leaf blade tissue.

Effect of Increasing Fertilizer Concentration on Exchangeable Cation Status of Soils

AbstractIn a 10‐year experiment, comparisons were made of the effects of fertilizers of 1‐2‐2 N, P2O5, and K2O ratios, applied at the rate of 1 ton of 4‐8‐8 an acre annually, or its equivalent in higher grades up to and including the 12‐24‐24, on the exchangeable cation status of two soils. The most significant general effects of all these grades were the lowering of pH values, increase in exchangeable H, reduction in exchangeable Ca and Mg, and increase in exchangeable K. There was little in the evidence to indicate any bad effects that could not readily be overcome by the use of Mg‐containing liming materials as correctives.