Green Space Ratio Research Articles

The Distribution and Accessibility of Urban Parks in Beijing, China: Implications of Social Equity.

As public service facilities, urban parks offer many benefits for daily life and social activities for residents. However, the accessibility of public parks to urban residents is often unevenly distributed in spaces that cannot be utilized fully. Here, we used the urban parks in Beijing, China as a case study and examined the relationship between urban park accessibility and population distribution at different administrative levels. Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve were used to evaluate the social equity of urban park accessibility, and the location quotient was used to identify the spatial difference between urban parks and resident population. The results of our study show that the urban park accessibility varies at district and subdistrict levels and that places with more urban parks usually have higher accessibility. Very importantly, the spatial equity is different from the social equity, a mismatch exists between the spatial distribution of urban parks and population, particularly for the elderly residents. These results generate valuable insights, as, in China and many developing countries, current urban public green space planning only uses the ratio of public green space to urban construction land and the per capita public green area.

Evaluation of Schoolyards with Ecological Indicators: Kilis Case, Turkey

Hızlı kentleşme ile birlikte değişen yaşam koşulları, kent kullanıcılarını ve aynı zamanda çocukların oyun alanlarını da olumsuz etkilemektedir. Günümüzde artan yapı yoğunluğu, trafik ve kentlerdeki göç alımı ile kentlerde değişen insan profiline bağlı olarak azalan güven duygusu, okul çağındaki çocukların sokak ve çevreyle olan bağlantısını koparmıştır. Ayrıca kentlerde açık ve yeşil alanların azalması nedeniyle çocukların oyun alanları kısıtlanırken, eğitim alanları içerisinde bulunan okul bahçeleri de bu açığı kapatmak amacıyla daha fazla önem kazanmıştır. Çocukların ve gençlerin çevre bilinci kazanma noktasında da önemli aktörlerden biri olan okul bahçelerinin ekolojik bazı göstergelere göre düzenlenmesi son derece önemlidir. Bu göstergelerden en önemlileri; yeşil alan oranları, kullanılan bitkilerin doğallık değerleri ve alanlardaki bitki örtüsü çeşitliliğidir. Çalışmanın amacı Kilis kent merkezinde bulunan okul bahçelerinin söz konusu bu göstergelere göre değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışmada Kilis kent merkezinde yer alan 8 anaokulunun, 36 ilköğretim okulunun ve 14 lisenin açık ve yeşil alanları değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma alanında yeşil alan oranı ve kişi başına düşen yeşil alan miktarının en az olduğu eğitim kurumları ilköğretimler; en fazla olduğu kurumlar ise liseler olarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm okullardaki ortalama doğallık değeri % 40’ın üzerinde olup; okul bahçelerindeki bitki örtüsü çeşitliliğinin yeterli olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

How to attract customers to buy green housing? Their heterogeneous willingness to pay for different attributes

To promote the green housing (GH) diffusion, the paper analyzes the customers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for GH. Especially, it divides them into clusters by two-step cluster to understand the heterogeneity in WTP. Moreover, instead of concentrating on the whole GH, it calculates the WTP for different attributes of GH by discrete choice model. 313 respondents are involved and divided into three clusters. And then, their heterogeneous WTP for attributes are calculated. It finds that: (i) The customers could be classified according to their socio-demographic and knowledge of GH, whereas the environmental concern could not be used to divide them; (ii) In general, the most attractive attributes are accessibility within 400 m to the service facilities and the comfortable indoor air quality, which could earn extra 381.63 and 375.5 RMB/m2 respectively; (iii) Recently, people in the upper-middle class are the target customers for GH, since they are attracted by most of the green-related attributes and have the largest WTP(1233.60 RMB/m2). They most want to pay for indoor air quality and higher green space ratio. People in the middle class are the potential customers for GH, while the lower-middle class does not prefer to GH. Accordingly, it further proposes suggestions for developers and government in terms of which cluster is the target group and what attributes are the most important to different customers.

Do Sociodemographic Factors and Urban Green Space Affect Mental Health Outcomes Among the Urban Elderly Population?

The mounting mental health issues faced by elderly urban residents increase the social and economic costs to society associated with dementia and depression. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the characteristics of elderly urban residents suffering from mental health issues, to address these issues more effectively. We used 2015 Community Health Survey data from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to identify the demographic and social characteristics of 11,408 elderly urban residents in relation to stress levels and symptoms of depression in seven metropolitan areas in Korea, and to calculate the odds ratio for urban green space. We found that the prevalence of these mental health issues generally decreased in relation to the ratio of green space of an area. These findings suggest identifying elderly people who are vulnerable to certain mental health issues based on demographic and social characteristics and demonstrate that the ratio of urban green space within a community is an important component in improving mental health outcomes for elderly urban residents. These findings have policy implications for assisting elderly people vulnerable to certain mental health issues and for establishing a green welfare policy targeting this population.

The influence of city planning on the emergence of heat islands in megacities with a tropical climate (Hanoi)

Introduction. Rapid urbanization causes critical changes in global, as well as changes in earth surface temperature. The transformation of land use purposes significantly affects the surface temperature and exacerbates the effect of the negative heat island. Therefore, it is important to conduct a study to optimize urban cooling. Gives town-planning recommendations for limiting the negative impact of urban heat islands (UHI) on human. Analyzing urban and suburban planning in the city of Hanoi, the author proposes the use of certain town-planning principles that contribute to reducing the effect UHI. Materials and methods. This study is focused on green space using as a means of combating environmental problems due to the effect of urban heat island and creating a favorable urban ecological environment. The definition of the relationship between the ratio of green spaces and a decrease in temperature is given. The analysis was taken from 21 green spaces of the city of Hanoi. Results. The study showed a relationship between the intensity of heat reduction and the shape indicator of green space - a linear inverted system and the positive effect of the green zone on reducing the effects of heat island. Conclusions. One of the most important tasks of a city planner is the placement and adjustment of industrial zones of the city, the main transport arteries of the city, meaning that the placement and planning of industrial, residential and public territories, and also the system of roads depends on the formation of “heat islands”, which in the tropical climate of Vietnam, adversely affects human health.

Impacts of Urban Green Landscape Patterns on Land Surface Temperature: Evidence from the Adjacent Area of Olympic Forest Park of Beijing, China

Urban green space has been considered as an ecological measure to mitigate urban heat islands (UHI). However, few studies investigate the cooling effect of the adjacent area of the urban park; as the transition region from a green space to a hardened surface where more complex heat exchange occurs, it deserves to be paid more attention. This paper examines the relationship between the urban greening patterns and the cooling effect in the surrounding areas of the Olympic Forest Park in Beijing. Results showed that the forestland and waterbodies could cool 6.51% and 12.82% of the impervious surface temperatures, respectively. For every 10% increase in the green space ratio, the land surface temperature drops by 0.4°C, and per kilometer increase in the distance from the forest park, the land surface temperature increases by 0.15 °C. The aggregation index (AI) and largest patch index (LPI) of the green space patterns presented a strong negative correlation with surface temperature. This study confirms the cooling effects in the adjacent area of the urban park and highlights their dependence on urban greening patterns. Therefore, we should not only develop more green spaces but also scientifically plan their spatial configuration in the limited urban land for the improvement of the cooling effect.

주거단지계획요소와 일조 만족률의 상관관계 분석

This study aims to research on investigation and analysis of sunshine environment which is the most important factor of a unit residence among various indicators that determine the quality of residential environment. In Korea, the sunshine environment is stipulated in ‘Limits on Heights of Buildings for Securing Sunshine, etc.’, Article 61 of Building Act and Article 86 of Enforcement Decree of the Building Act and is enforced in deference to the precedent set by the Supreme Court on May 18, 2000. Other related laws do not have special regulations for the sunshine environment. Therefore, a research on this study would select the case-sites by conducting the following investigations and analyses. Firstly, it was analyzed whether all units in the sites secure the sunshine for at least two hours on the day of the winter solstice in applying the ‘limits on heights of buildings for securing sunshine etc.’ Secondly, a satisfaction rate of sunshine to improve it in the sites was investigated and analyzed for each complex, block and unit according to site planning factors that can affect the right to sunshine when planning a site. Thirdly, the analysis was conducted on the influences of the construction-scale elements among site planning factors (such as site area, site area per unit, coverage ratio, floor area ratio, number of floors, number of unit), outdoor space elements (such as street ratio, green space ratio, outdoor living space ratio, outdoor space area) and elevation blockage ratio and facade area ratio which are used in index-based standards in order to determine the correlation between sunshine environment and site planning factors. For a quantitative analysis of the collected data on this study, adopted by the site block planning and computer simulation techniques using AutoCAD 2008 and Photoshop CS2 and the Sunshine analysis was conducted using by Sun Sketch in particular parts.

Field measurement study on the impacts of urban spatial indicators on urban climate in a Chinese basin and static-wind city

Harm due to global warming and the heat island effect to the urban environment has attracted scholarly attention. To explore differences in the thermal environment in the city and the reasons for these, we chose 55 fixed sample points from 7 land-use categories in Xi'an City and conducted a 3-year field measurement on the meteorological data of summer. In this research, 21 sample sites with different urban spatial features were screened and the temporal and spatial variability of the heat island intensity and physiological equivalent temperature in the summer daytime analyzed. Then 15 urban spatial indicator values of the research sample sites were calculated and bivariate correlations and regression analyses employing meteorological parameters conducted to probe their relationship. Results confirm building footprint ratio as the strongest predictive factor, explaining around 66% of the air temperature variability in the city. The green cover ratio is also a strong predictive factor, explaining approximately 50% of the variability of the heat island intensity. Finally, the reasonable range of urban planning indicator values were determined according to the threshold of designer indicators in China's Design Standard for the Thermal Environment of Urban Residential Areas. Accordingly, building footprint ratio should not be greater than 23.8%, the green cover ratio should not be less than 30%, and the green space ratio should not be lower than 19.5%. This study provides recommendations for developing environmental urban planning strategies.

Does economic development improve urban greening? Evidence from 289 cities in China using spatial regression models.

Significant differences in urban greening have occurred in Chinese cities, accompanied by China's rapid urbanization. However, there are relatively few studies on the spatial differentiation of urban greening in China at the city level. In addition, there is no unanimous conclusion on the main factors influencing the spatial differentiation of urban greening. Based on 2014 emission inventory data from 289 cities, the spatial differentiation pattern and spatial correlation characteristics of the urban green space ratio, urban green coverage rate, and public green area per capita were calculated and analyzed using global and local Moran's I. We then used ordinary least squares, spatial error model, spatial autoregression, and geographically weighted regression to quantify the impact and spatial variations of China's economy on urban greening. The results showed (1) a significant spatial dependence and heterogeneity existed in urban greening values, and the patterns showed influences of both the stage of economic development and spatial agglomeration; (2) regression models revealed per capita GDP had a positive effect on the urban green space ratio and public green area per capita while the urbanization rate, secondary industry, urban land, and population density had opposite effects on these two greening indexes; and (3) geographically weighted regression revealed per capita GDP had a greater influence on urban greening in the northwestern region than in the southeastern region. The study could constitute a valuable reference for mid-to-long-term green space planning policy in diverse parts of China and could further assist in coordinating the development of urban greening and economic growth.

Creating a low-carbon campus in Chaoyang University of Technology (CYUT)

Founded in 1994, the campus of Chaoyang University of Technology (CYUT) is located in the suburban area of Taichung, Taiwan. In 2009, the president of CYUT signed the Talloires Declaration to show his commitment for promoting environmental sustainability on campus. In 2012, CYUT and many other universities in Taiwan cofounded the Green University Union of Taiwan (GUUT) to collaboratively promote the concept of environmental sustainability. Following the announcement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations in 2015, CYUT has been putting a lot of effort into converting itself into a green university. Four different fields of management, which are energy and resources management, accident prevention and rescue management, occupational safety and health management, and environmental management, have been promoted in the campus of CYUT for this cause. Furthermore, four management practices including implementing management systems, organizing green courses, promoting green activities and creating green environment, have been applied to improve the effectiveness of the campus management. In the case of energy and resources management in particular, not only ISO 50001 and 14001 management systems were implemented but also an intelligent energy network (iEN) was established for maintaining effective usage of the campus energy. For years of striving in creating a green university, CYUT had several remarkable accomplishments. The green open space ratio in campus is 94.43%. Water-saving equipment was installed in the whole campus and reclaimed water is collected for urban reuse. Garbage reduction and classification have been enforced to make ease for later treatments. For issues related to energy and climate change, strategies, such as renewal of high energy consuming facilities, installation of green roofs, utilization of recycle energy and education of staffs were enacted and the consumed energy in campus gradually decreased in recent years. For example, the electricity and oil (including gasoline and diesel) consumption in campus of 2017 were 7.59% and 14% lower than those of 2016, respectively. In order to overcome the challenges from climate change, CYUT will continue on its process of creating a low-carbon campus focusing on energy sustainability.

Typologie Et Répartition Des Espaces Verts Publics Dans Le Grand Nokoué (Sud Bénin)

Urban green spaces are essential to ensure the quality of life and the fulfillment of town-dwellers. The objective of this research is to assess the richness of public green spaces in the great Nokoué cities (AbomeyCalavi, Cotonou, Ouidah, Porto-Novo and Sèmè-Podji). The itinerary method was used to find the greens spaces whose list was obtained in the town halls. For each public green space found, the geo-referencing (tracking), the determination of the area of the public places and the measurement of the length of the tracks were made. The results revealed that the great Nokoué cities have 114 public green spaces which can be classified in four types (green Spaces of Tribes 4,39 %, Green Spaces of Pathways 13,16 %, Parks and Squares 26,32 % and Public Roads Alignment Trees 58,77 %). Cotonou is the city of the great Nokoué richest in public green spaces (61,95 %) whereas Ouidah has the highest ratio of public green spaces per inhabitant (Ouidah, 0.27 m2 /hbt, Porto-Novo, 0.18 m2 /hbt , Cotonou, 0.12 m2 /hbt Abomey-Calavi 0,06 m2 /hbt and Sèmè -Podji, 0,06 m2 /hbt ). No city of the great Nokoué has reached the ratio of 10 m2 of public green space per inhabitant as recommended by OMS. It is therefore important that urban authoritys give far greater attention to public green spaces (gardens, parks, squares, etc.) in future development plans.

The effect of natural and anthropogenic factors on haze pollution in Chinese cities: A spatial econometrics approach

The haze pollution accompanies rapid urbanization and industrial development is the central environmental problem for academia, the government, and the public in China today. Recent studies have investigated the different aspects of haze, but no holistic research has yet been conducted that includes both natural and anthropogenic factors and spatial effects. This study used the Air Quality Index (AQI) as the measure of haze pollution and 14 natural and anthropogenic factors as explanatory variables. We applied exploratory spatial data analysis and the spatial Durbin model (SDM) to analyze the spatial distribution and variation pattern of the AQI and to quantitatively estimate the contributions and spatial spillovers of different natural and anthropogenic factors on the air quality of 289 prefecture-level cities in 2014. The results show that approximately 1.255 billion people in 280 Chinese cities were exposed to an unhealthy atmospheric environment. A significant positive spatial autocorrelation of AQI values was identified, with the influence of urban air pollution extending, on average, between 600 and 800 km. The AQI of a city increased by more than 0.45% for every 1% increase in the average AQI of neighboring cities. The most heavily polluted regions are mainly located in urban agglomeration areas–the areas with the highest population densities. Urbanization, urban population aggregation and industrialization had a significant positive impact on the AQI. The spillover effect of car density is also significant. Except for temperature, all the natural factors that we studied have a negative effect on the AQI, with vegetation cover having a significant spatial spillover effect around cities. Only the ratio of green space to urban built-up areas has a significant local effect, while wind speed has a more significant effect locally than on neighboring areas. The amount of urban land, per capita gross domestic product, elevation, and relative humidity have no significant effect. The final remarks of this paper suggest three strategies to prevent haze and to develop more sustainable cities.

Observing and Monitoring the Urban Expansion of Makkah al-Mukarramah Using the Remote Sensing and GIS

This study aims at surveying and recording land cover changes as well as urban changes in the city of Makkah al-Mukarramah throughout the period between 1992 and 2016. To achieve this purpose, the study relies on the inductive approach to monitor the urban developments, population growth and land uses through the structural schemes of Makkah al-Mukarramah along with the official reports issued from the Secretariat of Holy Makkah Municipality, the High Commission for the Development of Makkah al-Mukarramah and scientific research. It also endorses spatial analysis as its approach to extract digital data from satellite imagery to survey the temporal changes to the land covers in Makkah al-Mukarramah. These digital data, along with the final output map compositions, have been processed through the employment of two specific mapping software: ArcGIS v10.3 and ERDAS IMAGINE v14. The study at hand reached the conclusion that most of the urban developments in the city, particularly the housing and commercial developments, is centered around the Holy Mosque and in the neighboring districts in a way that demonstrates the influence of the mountainous terrain on the urban sprawling of the city across the narrow valleys to the flat urban outskirts. The study has further shed light on the changes that affected the percentage of land covers in the city throughout the period of the study. Urban use[1] of land covers in the city rose significantly from 12% of its total area in 1992 to 22.13% in 2016. On the contrary, ratio of undeveloped lands to the total area has plummeted from 42.7% in 1992 to 35.36% in 2016. This fall is due to the rise in the urban exploitation of lands and the urban growth towards the low-lying areas in the outskirts of the city, particularly the lands that circle regional highways and ring roads. With regards to the mountainous areas, it fell in ratio to the total area of the city from 41% in 1992 to 39.2% in 2016 thanks to the development projects which necessitated removing and flattening some of the rocky areas near parts of the most important sites in the holy city. Whereas the ratio of green spaces to the total area of the city has oscillated from one image to another, it hit a percentage of 3.83% in 1992 falling to 3.27% in 2016. In fact, this fluctuation stems from the variance of months that passed between the satellite imagery collection. The researchers, who conducted this study, seek to highlight the significance of employing GIS and remote sensing technologies in executing subsequent studies that are concerned with planning and predicting land cover changes and land uses in the city of Makkah al-Mukarramah.

Automatic Assessment of Green Space Ratio in Urban Areas from Mobile Scanning Data

In this paper, we propose a method for using mobile laser-scanning data to estimate the green space ratio (GSR), a landscape index that represents the proportion of green area to the whole-view area. The proposed method first classifies and segments vegetation using voxel-based and shape-based approaches. Vertical planar-surface objects are excluded, and randomly distributed objects are extracted as vegetation via multi-spatial-scale analysis. Then, the method generates a map representing occlusion by vegetation, and estimates GSR at an arbitrary location. We applied the method to a data set collected in a residential area in Kyoto, Japan. We compared the results with the ground truth data and obtained a root mean squared error of approximately 4.1%. Although some non-vegetation with rough surfaces was falsely extracted as vegetation, our method seems to estimate GSR to an acceptable accuracy.

Impacts of urban built environment on empty taxi trips using limited geolocation data

This study identifies the determinants of the empty taxi trip duration (ETTD) by combining three high-resolution databases—geolocation data in New York City, geodatabase of urban planning data, and transportation facilities data. Considering the nature of duration data, hazard-based duration model is proposed to explore the relationships between causal factors and ETTD, coupling with three variations of baseline hazard distribution, i.e., Weibull distribution with heterogeneity, Weibull distribution, and log-logistic. Furthermore, the likelihood ratio test is presented to implement comparisons of three baseline hazard distributions, as well as spatial and temporal transferability of causal factors. The results show significant complementary effects by subway system and competitive effects by city bus and bicycling system, as well as significant impacts of trip length, airport trip, average annual income, and employment rate. Urban built environment, for instance, density of road, public facilities, and recreational sites and ratio of green space, has various impacts on ETTD. The elasticity estimations confirm significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in impacts on ETTD. In addition, the analysis on elasticity also reveals the considerable impacts of severe traffic congestion on ETTD within Manhattan. The modeling can assist stakeholders in understanding empty taxi movements and measuring taxi system efficiency in urban areas.

全方位緑視率を用いた緑地環境に対する印象評価推定モデル作成と検証

In recent years, there have been a number of social initiatives related to improving the environment in city landscapes. Green space is becoming a tool to enhance the comfort of city space. "The Basic Plan for Green of Kyoto City" is one such example, where the ratio of visible green space is being used as a tool to improve the city environment. Many studies are being carried out to support this initiative and this study is one of them. The purpose of this study was to: 1) present a method to measure the location/angle specific ratio of green spaces in the omnidirectional visibility rate using a three-dimensional model of the target location, 2) create a perception deduction model based on Self-organizing Maps and 72 variables of visible green space in omnidirectional visibility rate, and 3) statistical verification of the accuracy of the perception deduction model. There are 72 categories of green space in the omnidirectional visibility rate. These categories are based on the location- and angle specific ratio of these spaces. Six of these categories were used for the location specific measurement, namely, "tall trees", "medium trees", "shrubs", " implantable ", "ground cover", and "others". Twelve angle specific measurements for every fifteen degrees were used and eight perception estimation parameters were selected. The perception estimation parameters included: “many or less", "satisfied or not satisfied", "pleasant", "serene", "covered (wrapped)", "close by or far", " surrounded by", "refreshing” and “widely spread". In this paper, we present results from the "ratio of visible green space in the omnidirectional visibility rate map”, the “self-organizing map" and the "perception estimation value map”. During the verification of the perception estimation model (the primary objective of this study), we compared the estimated perception values with the survey based observed values associated with a location of green space that was not included in the model creation. When we compared them statistically, we confirmed a significant correlation (n=32, p<0.05) between the estimated values and observed values (Pearson's correlation). We noted that the strength of the correlation was moderate but significant (correlation coefficient values around 0.6), with when we used the lower significance level (p<0.001). Taking into account effect size from psychological statistics, the average difference between the estimated and observed values of perception can be considered small for the parameters "many or less" "satisfied or not satisfied", "pleasant", "serene", "covered (wrapped)", "close by or far" and" surrounded by". However, the average difference was moderate for “Refreshing” and “Widely spread” and a significant difference between observed and estimated perception values was noted for these parameters in a paired t-test. Consequently, this perception deduction model is able to predict low and high values of “Refreshing” and “Widely spread", however, we need to be aware of the one degree difference, which happens to be the width of the confidence interval and may affect the estimated values.

A satisfaction analysis of the infrastructure of country parks in Beijing

The city of Beijing began its “country parks circle projects” in 2007; since then, more than 50 country parks have been built to provide recreational facilities and to improve the quality of the landscape surrounding the city. As this fast-paced and massive construction of country parks has been put into public use, many problems that are associated with infrastructure and support services have arisen. In this study, we analyzed the infrastructure status of 38 built-up country parks and performed a cluster analysis to determine the correlation and characteristics of the parks. Meanwhile, a public opinion survey was conducted on infrastructure support. The results indicate that the parks had an average green space ratio (green space area over park area) of 91.0%. The average road density was less than 200m/ha. The public restroom service radii ranged from 178m to 480m. The average density of waste disposal bins was 1.3 pcs/100m, and the average density of resting facilities was 32.3pcs/km. Twenty-one percent of the country parks were equipped with sports, fitness and children's entertainment facilities, and 19 of the country parks were equipped with a complete signage system on the roads and plants. Using a cluster analysis, the 38 country parks were classified into four clusters (cluster 4 had only one park). However, the results of the public acceptance survey in eight of the parks indicated an overwhelming dissatisfaction by park visitors toward the park facilities. These findings reveal a clear picture that the massive build-up of the county parks system faces massive management challenges in the present and future. A large amount of work on public facilities is needed in order to improve the fundamental services in these parks.

도시 열환경을 고려한 녹지관리방안 수립 연구

This study suggests plan of green space management based on the result of research apprehending the characteristic through sorting types of city thermal environment targeting summer which thermal pollution is the most serious. Considering anthropogenic heat, development level of wind road, thermal environment, as a result of types of thermal environment process, it is appeared 36 types, and 10 types is relevant of this research subject. Type I-1, size of building is large, artificial covering area is wide, and thermal load of anthropogenic heat is high, type II-1, development condition of wind road is incomplete as IIlevel, entering cold air is difficult and thermal management and improvement is needed area. Type III-1, scale is large and it is area of origin of cold air, development level of wind road is mostly favorable, type III-2 is revealed as smaller scale than III-1, and small area of origin of cold air. Type IV, anthropogenic heat is <TEX>$81{\sim}150W/m^2$</TEX>, average, but development function of wind road is very favorable. Type V, large area of thermal load and the origin of cold air are distributed as similar ratio, and level of development function of wind road is revealed as II level. According to standard of type classification of thermal environment, as a result of suggesting plan of green space management and biotops area ratio, type I-1 is buffer green space and waterway creation, goal biotops area ratio 35%, type II-1 afforestation in site and goal biotops area ratio 40%, type III-1, preservation plan to display the current function continuously is requested. Type IV suggests afforestation of stream current, and type V suggests quantitative increase of green space and goal biotops area ratio 45%.

영남지역의 토지피복에 따른 열쾌적성평가도 구축

The purpose of this study is to analyze the thermal comfort in Yeongnam area using climatic data and GIS data in order to determine regions necessary to improve thermal environment policies. The results of the calculated PET show that Daegu city is high and Bonghwa-gun is low compared to other regions. PET was compared with the typical classification according to regional characteristics. As a result, PET value of rural areas such as Changnyeong-gun, Haman-gun and Goryeong-gun was high but Green space was too low compared to other rural areas. Yeongnam area was classified according to the value of PET using cluster analysis. As a result, more low grade areas show that green space ratio was low and facility area was high. It is determined that there is a relationship between thermal comfort and land cover. The thermal comfort evaluation map in Yeongnam area will be useful for urban planning in order to establish a sustainable city in climate change.

Effect Analysis on Rainwater Conservation Benefit of Concave Herbaceous Field in Jinan City

Effects of promoting rainwater infiltration and the impact factors of concave herbaceous field were analyzed in urban area of Jinan at different scenarios of designed rainfall frequencies, greening rates and concave depths. The capability of rainwater storage and infiltration is correlated negatively with designed rainfall frequency, and positively with concave depth, greening rate and soil infiltration coefficient. The results show that when the ratio of green space is 30% and the concave depth is 100mm, the rainwater collection rate of concave herbaceous field is 76.55% and 63.45% respectively under the rainfall of 1-year and 3-years return periods.