Ratio Of Fluorescence Signals Research Articles

A fluorescence method based on malachite green/aptamer for detection of ochratoxin A in traditional Chinese medicines

A label-free fluorescence method based on malachite green/aptamer was developed for the detection of ochratoxin A(OTA) in traditional Chinese medicines. Malachite green itself exhibits weak fluorescence. Upon interaction with the aptamer specific to OTA, the G-quadruplex structure of the aptamer provides a protective microenvironment for malachite green, which significantly enhances its fluorescence signal. After OTA is added, preferential binding occurs between the aptamer and OTA, and malachite green will be released from the aptamer, which weakens the fluorescence signal. According to this principle, this paper established a fluorescence method with the aptamer of OTA as the recognition element and malachite green as the fluorescent probe for the detection of OTA in traditional Chinese medicines. The key experimental factors such as the concentrations of metal ions, aptamer, and malachite green were optimized to improve the performance of the method. OTA was detected under the optimal experimental conditions, and the results showed that with the increase in OTA concentration, the fluorescence signal gradually weakened. Within the range of 20-1 000 nmol·L~(-1), the OTA concentration was linearly correlated with the fluorescence signal ratio ΔF/F(ΔF=F_0-F, where F_0 is the fluorescence signal of aptamer/malachite green, and F is the fluorescence signal of OTA/aptamer/malachite green), with R~2 of 0.995. The limit of detection of the established method was 7.1 nmol·L~(-1). Furthermore, three substances structurally similar to OTA and two mycotoxins that may coexist with OTA were selected for experiments, which aimed to examine the cross-reactivity and specificity of the established method. The cross-reactivity experiments demonstrated that the interferers did not significantly affect the fluorescence signal of the detection system. The specificity experiments revealed that when mycotoxins were mixed with OTA, the fluorescence signal generated by the mixture closely resembled that of OTA itself. The results indicated that even in the presence of interferents, the established method remained unaffected and demonstrated excellent specificity. Additionally, this method exhibited remarkable reproducibility and stability. In the case of simple centrifugation and dilution of traditional Chinese medicine samples(Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Sophorae Flavescentis Radix, and Periplocae Cortex), the OTA detection method was applicable, with recovery rates ranging from 91.5% to 121.3%. Notably, this approach does not need complex pretreatment of traditional Chinese medicines while offering simple operation, low detection costs, and short detection time. Furthermore, by incorporating aptamers into the quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines, this method expands the application scope of aptamers.

Measurement of impinging and boiling droplet temperature by two-color/two-dye laser-induced fluorescence technique using continuous-wave laser

The 2-color/2-dye laser-induced fluorescence technique is a non-intrusive method for measuring temperature in millimeter-scale fluids. This study determines optimal conditions for fluorescein disodium (FL) and Sulforhodamine 640 (SRh640) with a low-cost continuous-wave laser to reduce dye saturation and morphology-dependent resonances. The signal images of both dyes, captured by two high-speed cameras, were clearly distinguishable from the background with high contrast under specific concentration conditions. As a result, three concentration combinations were selected based on preliminary experiments, and the fluorescence signal ratio was analyzed to establish a temperature relationship between 32 and 71 °C. The intensities of FL and SRh640 increases and decrease with the temperature, respectively. Errors resulting from laser light attenuation in single-signal images were reduced using the ratiometric method. Solution 1 (CFL = 1.55 × 10−4 / CSRh640 = 3.2 × 10−6 M) exhibited the highest sensitivity at 0.718 (%/ °C) and a strong linear relationship (r2 = 0.997), so it was determined to be suitable concentration for measuring the droplet temperature. The proposed method estimated the temporal temperature variations of ethanol droplets impinging on a heated surface at TW = 80, 150 and 200 °C. At TW = 80 °C, contact boiling initiated without a recoil process, and the heat transfer elevated the droplet's temperature near the surface, leading to bubble formation and growth. As surface temperature increases, the film boiling behavior can be observed. The temporal evolution of the average heat transfer rate was analyzed.

A molecularly imprinted ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on blue/red carbon quantum dots for the visual determination of thiamethoxam

Neonicotinoids such as thiamethoxam (TMX) were widely used in agricultural production and tended to accumulate in the environment, potentially harming human and ecosystem health. To enable widespread monitoring of TMX residues, it was essential to design a reliable and sensitive detection method. Here, we developed a novel smartphone-enablled molecularly imprinted ratiometric fluorescence sensing system for selective on-site detection of TMX. It was based on blue-emission carbon dots (CDs) wrapped with a molecularly imprinted layer (B-CDs@MIPs), which provided the response signal, while red-emission CDs (R-CDs) served as an internal reference. The fluorescence signal ratio of the sensor increased with the TMX concentration, resulting in an obvious fluorescence color change from red to blue. The sensor exhibited a satisfactory limit of detection (LOD) of 13.5 nM in fluorescence analysis while LOD of 70.1 nM in visual determination. In addition, the sensing system was validated using food and environment samples, exhibiting recoveries from 91.40% to 105.7%, indicating excellent reliability for TMX detection in actual samples. Thus, the sensing system developed in this study offered promising prospects for visual detection of pesticide residues in complex environmental samples.

A novel two-channel ratio fluorescent probe for monitoring intracellular pH fluctuations

Accurate measurement of pH is of great significance in the research of biology and medicine sciences. Cell is the basic unit of living organism and the proper pH of cytoplasm and organelles such as lysosome is the precondition to maintain its function. Alteration of pH may impair the normal process of cells and lead to occurrence of diseases. Sensitively sensing the pH of cytoplasm and organelles is of great value for biomedical research. Due to the complexity of biological microenvironment, it is still challenging to simultaneously detect the pH changes of cytoplasm and lysosome. Here, we reported a ratiometric pH probe with NIR fluorescence termed as PCHC, which realized sensitive cytoplasmic and lysosome pH detection. The probe was prepared by connecting coumarin with dicyanmethylene-4H-pyran via amidation reaction, and displays large Stoke-shift, good biosafety and pH selectivity. After entering the cell, the probe shows blue in cytoplasm and NIR fluorescence in lysosome due to respective pH. The ratio of blue and NIR fluorescence signal can be served as indicator to monitor pH change of cytoplasm and lysosome simultaneously, which has potential application for investigation of pH alteration related diseases.

Dual-Wavelength Fluorescence Monitoring of Photodynamic Therapy: From Analytical Models to Clinical Studies.

Simple SummaryFluorescence imaging is an efficient tool in monitoring photodynamic therapy procedures allowing us to track accumulation and photobleaching of a photosensitizer (PS). Chlorin-based PSs feature high absorption in the red and blue bands of visible spectrum. Due to spectral dispersion of light penetration depth in biotissues, fluorescence signals registered upon excitation by red or blue light are formed in different measurement volumes. We present analytical and numerical models of dual-wavelength fluorescence imaging for evaluation of PS localization depth in the cases of topical administration and intravenous injection. The results of analytical and numerical simulations are in good agreement with the phantom experiments, and are translated to the in vivo imaging, which allows to interpret experimental observations in animal trials, human volunteers, and clinical studies. The proposed approach allows us to noninvasively estimate typical accumulation depths of PS localization which are consistent with the morphologically expected values.Fluorescence imaging modalities are currently a routine tool for the assessment of marker distribution within biological tissues, including monitoring of fluorescent photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Conventional fluorescence imaging techniques provide en-face two-dimensional images, while depth-resolved techniques require complicated tomographic modalities. In this paper, we report on a cost-effective approach for the estimation of fluorophore localization depth based on dual-wavelength probing. Owing to significant difference in optical properties of superficial biotissues for red and blue ranges of optical spectra, simultaneous detection of fluorescence excited at different wavelengths provides complementary information from different measurement volumes. Here, we report analytical and numerical models of the dual-wavelength fluorescence imaging of PS-containing biotissues considering topical and intravenous PS administration, and demonstrate the feasibility of this approach for evaluation of the PS localization depth based on the fluorescence signal ratio. The results of analytical and numerical simulations, as well as phantom experiments, were translated to the in vivo imaging to interpret experimental observations in animal experiments, human volunteers, and clinical studies. The proposed approach allowed us to estimate typical accumulation depths of PS localization which are consistent with the morphologically expected values for both topical PS administration and intravenous injection.

Time-gated interferometric detection increases Raman scattering to fluorescence signal ratio in biological samples.

Attainable levels of signal-to-background ratio (SBR) in Raman spectroscopy of biological samples is limited by the presence of endogenous fluorophores. It is customary to remove the ubiquitous fluorescence background using postacquisition data processing. However, new approaches are needed to reduce background contributions and maximize the fraction of the sensor dynamical range occupied by Raman photons. Time-resolved detection using pulsed lasers and time-gated measurements can be used to address the signal-to-background problem in biological samples by limiting light detection to nonresonant interaction phenomena with relaxation time scales occurring on sub-nanosecond time scales, thereby excluding contributions from resonant phenomena such as fluorescence. A time-gated Fourier-transform spectrometer was assembled using a commercially available interferometer, a single channel single-photon avalanche diode and time tagging electronics. A time gate of 300 ps increased the signal-to-background-ratio of the 1440 cm-1 Raman band from 36% to 69% in an olive oil sample hereby demonstrating the potential of this approach for autofluorescence suppression.

Aggregation-induced emission of 4-formyl-3-hydroxybenzoic acid for the ratiometric fluorescence detection of tetracycline antibiotics

In this work, 4-formyl-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (FHBA), which does not contain a large conjugated ring structure, exhibited aggregation-induced emission (AIE) in aqueous solvents. On this basis, FHBA and a metal-organic framework material (i.e., ZIF-8) form into a complex (FHBA@ZIF-8), which presents the AIE characteristics of FHBA. Then, lanthanide metal (i.e., Eu3+) coordinates with guanosine 5′-monophosphate disodium (GMP) salt to synthesize a coordination polymer (LnCP), which combines with FHBA@ZIF-8 do afford a novel double-emitting fluorescence probe (FHBA@ZIF-8@Eu-GMP, FZE) for tetracycline antibiotics (TCAs). TCAs coordinate with Eu3+ and act as antenna ligand. Thus, an “antenna effect” comes into being and effectively enhances the emission intensity of Eu3+ at 616 nm. Moreover, the UV–vis spectra of TCAs largely overlap with the excitation spectrum of FHBA, resulting in an inner filter effect (IFE) and quenching of blue-green fluorescence from FHBA molecules at 473 nm. The ratio of fluorescence signal (F616/F473) showed a good linear relationship with the concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) in the range of 0.1–200.0 μM, and the detection limit was 60 nM (S/N = 3). This fluorescence probe can also effectively respond to oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) and chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC). The probe was applied to determine TC in milk, and the recoveries ranged from 94.0% to 101.4%, indicating the application potential of this method. This study provides a novel idea for the construction of ratiometric fluorescence sensing platforms and shows the application potential of the AIE effect of FHBA.

Temperature field acquisition by planar laser induced fluorescence using the two-color/two-dye technique for liquid flows in a millimetric zigzag channel

The acquisition of local temperature fields in compact reactors is essential to understand the heat transfer mechanisms in these often-complex geometry devices, and to detect the presence of any dead zones where hot or cold spots can appear during implementation of reactions. In this work, thermometry by PLIF method (Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence) is implemented in a square millimetric zigzag channel of 4 mm depth. The two-color/two-dye method is used. The advantages of this technique are that it is non-intrusive and it presents a very good spatial and temporal resolution. The method is first calibrated capturing temperature fields in flowing water at constant temperature. The sensitivity of the implemented method is good, equals to 3.3%.C−1 in terms of fluorescence signal ratio. Uncertainty of 0.6% of the measured temperature is due to the noise of the acquired images, and the global uncertainty of the measurement is estimated to be lower than 3% in the temperature range of 17–60°C. The PLIF technique is then applied during heat transfer to obtain temperature fields at different positions and heights in the channel. The average temperatures measured from the local temperature fields are close to the temperature profiles calculated with a 1D heat transfer model. The obtained results show the potential of the PLIF technique to detect temperature heterogeneities in compact devices for the study and the design of intensified reactors.

A Ratio Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Bisulfite and Its Application in Living Cells

AbstractSulfur dioxide derivatives play excellently vital roles in numerous essential physiology and pathology processes of living systems. The abnormal levels of bisulfite/sulfite (HSO3−/SO32−) may cause the occurrence of a series of diseases, including acute symptoms of respiratory disease, brain damage, neurological disorders, cardiovascular disease, and even cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to develop simple and effective methods to monitor the fluctuation of HSO3−/SO32−. Herein, a novel ratiometric fluorescent probe ((E)‐3‐(2‐(4‐formylstyryl)‐3,3‐dimethyl‐3H‐benzo[g]indol‐1‐ium‐1‐yl)propane‐1‐sulfonate, Cy‐DBPS) is devised to trace HSO3−/SO32− in living cells. In the presence of HSO3−/SO32−, the large conjugated system is destroyed by triggering the Michael addition reaction, which further induce the probe to emit a ratio of fluorescence signal. Furthermore, the probe can quickly respond to HSO3−/SO32− within 120 s and exhibits low detection limit, which provides the possibility of sensitive and real‐time detection of HSO3−/SO32− in living cells. Based on the unique advantages of high selectivity, negligible cytotoxicity and great biocompatibility, Cy‐DBPS can effectively detect exogenous and endogenous HSO3−/SO32− in HepG2 and HeLa cells. The outstanding properties of the probe Cy‐DBPS provided a great potential for the further valuable application in living cells and even deeper biological applications for HSO3−/SO32− detection.

Reaction-based chemosensor as dual-channel indicator for visualizing and bioimaging of exogenous hypochlorite concentrations in living cells, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and zebrafish

Tracking and quantifying hypochlorite (ClO−) in biological systems and environments remain challenging tasks, and many efforts have been made to improve ClO− recognition performance by modifying the sensor structure. In this study, a pre-designed coumarin/furanohydrazide-based sensor (CMFH) with the coumarin moiety as the building block (fluorogen) was rationally prepared as a ratiometric and colorimetric chemosensor for ClO− recognition. As expected, CMFH demonstrated excellent sensitivity and selectivity for ClO− detection. The fluorescence signal ratio (F466/F556) showed strong ClO− dependency, and the sensor exhibited ultrafast detection (within 60 s) and a low detection limit of 563 nM. Due to its low cytotoxicity and good tissue permeability, CMFH was demonstrated as a dual-channel sensor for ClO− bioimaging and visualization in cells, zebrafish, and even bacteria. Furthermore, CMFH-loaded paper strips were successfully applied to the colorimetric and fluorescent visualization of ClO−. The results demonstrate that CMFH has potential application value for tracking ClO− in various biosystems and environments.

A novel mitochondrial targeting fluorescent probe for ratiometric imaging SO2 derivatives in living cells

As an important endogenous signaling molecule, SO2 plays a key role in many physiological processes. However, excessive intake of SO2 and its derivatives lead to serious health complications of various diseases. In order to study the role of SO2 and its derivatives in the biological environment, it is of great significance to develop new and effective monitoring methods. Here, a new red emission fluorescent probe (TNPI) based on pyrazoline and hemicyanine dyes for the high selective detection of SO2 derivatives was developed. The probe TNPI showed some advantages such as long emission wavelength (640 nm), obvious color and fluorescence changes after reaction with SO2 derivatives, high selectivity and sensitivity toward SO2 derivatives (detection limit = 80 nM), and large fluorescence emission shift (160 nm) and signal ratio change (from 0.45–445, about 989 times). Intriguingly, the probe was successfully exploited for the fluorescence imaging of SO2 derivatives in the mitochondria of living cells with low cytotoxicity.

Rapid detection of avian leukosis virus using a fluorescent microsphere immunochromatographic test strip assay

We developed a rapid fluorescent microsphere immunochromatographic test strip (FM-ICTS) assay for the quantitative detection of avian leukosis virus (ALV). A monoclonal antibody specific for the ALV major capsid protein encoded by the gag gene was coupled to label fluorescent microspheres. ALV antibodies were coated on a nitrocellulose membrane to prepare a test line for sample detection. The fluorescence signals of the test and control lines can be read either visually by exposure to UV light or using a fluorescence analyzer. ALV could be detected quantitatively using the ratio of fluorescence signals of the test and control lines (T/C). The assay threshold was determined as a T/C value of 0.0606. The fitting curve equation was established between 1 and 2,048 ng/mL P27 protein with an r2 value of 0.9998. The assay showed no cross reactivity with Newcastle disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, Marek's disease virus, infectious bursal disease, Reoviridae virus, or avian influenza virus. The repeatability was satisfactory with an overall average CV of 8.65%. The Kappa coefficient between a commercial ELISA kit was 0.7031 using clinical chicken meconium samples. Thus, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific fluorescent microsphere immunochromatographic test strip was developed based on specific anti-capsid protein p27 monoclonal antibodies.

A novel retroviral vector system to analyze expression from mRNA with retained introns using fluorescent proteins and flow cytometry

The ability to overcome cellular restrictions that exist for the export and translation of mRNAs with retained introns is a requirement for the replication of retroviruses and also for the expression of many mRNA isoforms transcribed from cellular genes. In some cases, RNA structures have been identified in the mRNA that directly interact with cellular factors to promote the export and expression of isoforms with retained introns. In other cases, a viral protein is also required to act as an adapter. In this report we describe a novel vector system that allows measurement of the ability of cis- and trans-acting factors to promote the export and translation of mRNAs with retained introns. One reporter vector used in this system is derived from an HIV proviral clone engineered to express two different fluorescent proteins from spliced and unspliced transcripts. The ratio of fluorescent signals is a measurement of the efficiency of export and translation. A second vector utilizes a third fluorescent protein to measure the expression of viral export proteins that interact with some of the export elements. Both vectors can be packaged into viral particles and be used to transduce cells, allowing expression at physiological levels from the integrated vector.

Quantitative measurements of preferential evaporation effects of multicomponent gasoline fuel sprays at ECN Spray G conditions

A two-tracer laser-induced fluorescence technique is used to quantify the effects of preferential evaporation of multicomponent fuels on the fuel component distribution. The technique is based on the simultaneous detection of the fluorescence of two aromatic tracers with complementary evaporation characteristics matched to different components of a multicomponent fuel. Relative variations in the spatial distribution of tracer distribution as a consequence of preferential evaporation are determined from the ratio of laser-induced fluorescence signals measured within two distinct spectral bands. A thermodynamic model is then used to relate the ratio map with the fuel component map. The accuracy and precision of the method are characterized from determining the laser-induced fluorescence signal ratio within two identical spectral bands. Measurements are performed in a high-pressure high-temperature vessel equipped with an eight-hole injector. The Engine Combustion Network Spray G target conditions are chosen as reference conditions at injection. The only difference with these target conditions is the use of a multicomponent surrogate fuel. Parametric variations around these target conditions are also performed in order to investigate their effect on the preferential evaporation effect. The ambient temperature is varied between 525 and 625 K and the injection pressure is reduced from 200 to 100 bar. The impact of ethanol addition is also studied with two different fuel mixtures in addition to the reference surrogate fuel: E20 and E85 which feature 20% and 85% of pure ethanol within surrogate, respectively. A significant preferential evaporation effect is observed in this condition representative of engine applications and results in a spatial segregation between low- and high-volatility fuel components, respectively, at the tail and tip of the plumes. This effect is enhanced by the addition of ethanol and the decrease in ambient temperature and injection pressure.

Monitoring of chlorin-based photosensitiser localisation with dual-wavelength fluorescence imaging: numerical simulations

An approach to the estimation of chlorin-based photosensitiser localisation with dual-wavelength fluorescence imaging after topical application or intravenous injection is developed based on numerical simulations. Fluorescence imaging, which is commonly used for the monitoring of photosensitiser distribution within tissue, does not allow for its depth-resolved imaging. Chlorin-based photosensitisers feature two peaks in their absorption spectra corresponding to 402 and 662 nm, which allows for fluorescence excitation at two wavelengths with significantly different light penetration depths into biotissues. The ratio of fluorescence signals detected upon irradiation at different excitation wavelengths is shown to provide the information about photosensitiser localisation. The cases of exponential in-depth decay of the photosensitiser concentration and uniform photosensitiser distribution within the layer at a certain depth within the medium are analysed. These cases simulate topical application of photosensitiser and its intravenous injection and further accumulation in tumour, respectively.

Novel Immunochromatography Assay Based on Background Fluorescence Quenching for the Sensitive Determination of Serum Cystatin C

It is recognized that cystatin C is an effective marker for monitoring the glomerular filtration rate and the clinical diagnosis of various diseases. In this study, a novel immunochromatographic method has been established to achieve quantitative detection of serum cystatin C. Unlike conventional and traditional gold immune chromatographic assays (GICAs), a uniform layer of a fluorescent film was added to the solid phase, which has been designated as the background fluorescence quenching immune chromatographic assay (bFQICA). Under the optimized conditions, there was a good correlation between the fluorescence signal ratio (F1/F2) of the background fluorescence (F1) to the fluorescence signal at the detection line (F2) for cystatin C at concentrations from 0.0 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9977. The detection limit was 0.69 ng/mL, and the recovery values were 87.9–105%. The differences between the intra- and interbatch precision were less than 15% in three batches. In addition, after 120 serum samples were detected, there were no significant differences in the results obtained by bFQICA and immunoturbidimetry (t = 0.963, p = 0.338 > 0.05). This work demonstrates that bFQICA is a simple, sensitive, and accurate approach for the determination of serum cystatin C, providing a new approach for the clinical diagnosis of cystatin C.

Estimation of chlorin-based photosensitizer penetration depth prior to photodynamic therapy procedure with dual-wavelength fluorescence imaging

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modern treatment technique employed as an antitumor, antibacterial, or rejuvenation aid in superficial tissues. The use of fluorescent photosensitizers (PSs) implements the principles of theranostics when the applied medical agents serve both for diagnostic and treatment purposes. For efficient PDT performance it is important to evaluate the in-depth distribution of PSs in tissues prior to irradiation. Fluorescence imaging is a common technique to monitor the distribution of PSs in tissue. However, in-depth resolution is challenging. Chlorin-based PSs reveal two narrow fluorescence excitation peaks at 405 and 660 nm providing additional diagnostic opportunities. We demonstrate that the ratio of the fluorescence signals upon excitation at these wavelengths provides the evaluation of the PS penetration depth after topical application. The study is based on Monte Carlo simulations that are in agreement with phantom experiments. The effect of medium optical properties on the depth-dependent fluorescence signal ratio is analyzed.

SURG-09. AGENTS FOR FLUORESCENCE GUIDED GLIOMA SURGERY: REVIEW OF PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL RESULTS

Gross total resection (GTR) of gliomas is associated with improved survival. Fluorescence guided surgery (FGS) is a technique used to enhance visualization of tumor margins in order to increase the extent of tumor resection. The aim of this paper was to systematically review all pre-clinical and clinical studies that investigated fluorescent agents for application in FGS of gliomas. We searched Pubmed and Embase databases for all potentially relevant studies up to march 2016. We compared the usefulness of the fluorescent agents by assessing the following outcomes: GTR rate, overall and progression free survival, sensitivity and specificity in discriminating tumor and healthy brain tissue, tumor-to-normal ratio (TNR) of fluorescent signal and incidence of adverse events. The search strategy resulted in 1696 articles that were screened by titles and abstracts. After full-text screening, 98 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Clinically, forty-four studies, including two randomized control trails (RCTs), tested 5-ALA, eleven studies tested fluorescein, two studies tested indocyanine green, one study tested hypericin and five studies tested endogenous fluorophores in FGS of gliomas. Twenty-four other fluorescent agents were identified that have only been tested pre-clinically. Overall, 5-ALA and fluorescein offer the best improvement in GTR and survival of all clinically tested agents. Molecular targeting agents (e.g. fluorophore labeled anti-EGFR antibodies) offer promising results on histological accuracy but are still in the pre-clinical phase. For FGS in glioma surgery, 5-ALA and fluorescein offer the best improvement in GTR rate and survival. However, several pre-clinically tested agents may be interesting future alternatives.

Effects of forsythia suspense on the liver gene expression levels of rats with sepsis model

To study the effects of forsythia extract on the liver gene expression levels of rats with sepsis model. The 90 Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham operation group (n=30) , sepsis model group (n=30) and forsythia group (n=30). The survival rates at 48 h and 72 h were observed for all groups. The sepsis model and forsythia group rats were prepared by "CLP" method. 72 h later the rats were sacrificed by removed the vertebra. Under sterile conditions,cut the size of about 10 mm×10 mm×3 mm rat liver tissue and placed in liquid nitrogen for use. The same with the sham operation group. The gene expression levels of livers in all groups were detected by the Applications Rat Genome 230 2.0 microarray,and the relative strength of both the fluorescence signal ratio>2 or <-2 screening significantly different genes, by the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database query gene function and classify. Forsythia group 48 h, 72 h rat mortality rates were 30% and 50%, the sepsis model group 48 h, 72 h rat mortality rates were 46.7% and 70%, two groups 48 h, 72 h mortality rates were compared, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). 72 hours after CLP, the genes with up-regulation in sepsis model group/sham operation group and with down-regulation in Forsythia group/sepsis model group were 14. The genes with down-regulation in sepsis model group/sham operation group and with up-regulation in Forsythia group/sepsis model group were 11. The genes involves immune-related genes 8, metabolism genes 5, material transport two related genes, cell adhesion two related genes, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis related genes 4, transcriptional regulation genes 2and other related gene. Forsythia can reduce the 48, 72 h mortality of rats with sepsis and can regulate abnormal sepsis liver genes which associated with tissue immunity, inflammation, metabolism occur regression expression.

Biodistribution of Amine-Amide Chlorin e6 Derivative Conjugate with a Boron Nanoparticle for Boron Neutron-Capture Therapy

derivative conjugate with cobalt bis-dicarbollide was administered intravenously, the dose being 5 and 10 mg/kg body mass. The sampling for microscopic study of the drug uptake in ex vivo organs and tissues was performed 3 h after the administration.Results. Characteristic nanoconjugate fluorescent peak was found in most organs under study, significant selectivity of the compound being noticed. A high uptake level was recorded in the liver, spleen and lung tissue. At the dose of 5 mg/kg, the drug content in a tumor was not different from that in muscular tissue and skin; maximum uptake was found in the liver. If the dose was increased up to 10 mg/kg, the nanoconjugate content in a tumor appeared to be comparable with that in the liver, the tumor/muscle ratio of fluorescent signals was ~3.Conclusion. The study showed the prospects for using photosensitizer conjugate (chlorin е