Ratio Of Alginate Research Articles

Processed cheese with inulin and microencapsulated chia oil (Salvia hispanica)

A processed cheese using Grana Padano and Mozzarella cheese shavings with the addition of microencapsulated chia oil and inulin was studied. After the study of microencapsulation of chia oil, 4 processed cheeses were formulated and chemically, microbiologically and sensorially analyzed. The efficiency of microencapsulation of chia oil using ionic gelation was 94.4% with the 3:1 oil:alginate ratio, with a low solubility in water (0.04%) and a particle size of ~195 μm. The formulation with inulin had a 36% fat reduction, with no sensorial differences compared to the standard formulation. Microencapsulation was able to mask the oil taste when compared to the formulation of inulin and microcapsules of chia oil and the formulation of inulin and free-chia oil. The use of Grana Padano, inulin and encapsulated chia oil gave a product with reduced fat content and high acceptability.

Preparation and Evaluation of Ternary Polymeric Blends for Controlled Release Matrices Containing Weakly Basic Model Drug.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a ternary mixture of smart polymers comprised of Eudragit®E100, Eudragit®L100, and sodium alginate to serve as a carrier for sustained drug release for weakly basic drugs. The model drug chosen in this part of the study is Metronidazole. Matrix tablet formulations were prepared by either direct compression or by wet granulation. Dissolution studies were conducted using USP XXΠ rotating paddle apparatus in three different consecutive stages (pH 1.2, 4.8, and 6.8). Tablets made of low to intermediate proportions of sodium alginate and approximately equal proportions of Eudragit®E100 and Eudragit®L100 were found to have a significant modification of drug release rates. Thus, indicating a potential for controlling the drug release for 12 hours depending on polymers ratios in the formulation. The ratio of sodium alginate to total Eudragit® polymers and the ratio of Eudragit®E100 to Eudragit®L100 within the ternary polymeric composition were found critical in determining the controlled release performance. Results of swelling studies were in agreement with the dissolution behaviors of the tablets. The findings suggest the significance of the ternary polymeric compositions in controlling the release of a weakly basic drug, Metronidazole.

Physicochemical and swelling properties of composite gel microparticles based on alginate and callus cultures pectins with low and high degrees of methylesterification

Composite gel microparticles based on alginate and callus culture pectins with low and high degrees of methylesterification or apple pectin were produced. By varying the chemical composition of the pectic samples and the ratio of alginate to pectin, the gel strength, morphology, and swelling properties of composite microparticles can be altered. The inclusion of increasing concentrations of alginate in gel formulations promoted an increase in the microparticle gel strength and the formation of a smoother surface microrelief independently of the pectin chemical composition. Microparticles based on the pectin with a low degree of methylesterification (DM) and a higher concentration of alginate exhibited an increased swelling degree in the simulated digestive fluids. Microparticles based on the pectin with high DM and low alginate concentration were destroyed in the simulated intestinal fluid within 1 h due to the low Ca2+ content, gel strength, and grooved and rough surface of these microparticles. An increase in alginate concentration of gel formulations based on pectin with high DM led to increased stability of the microparticles in the simulated intestinal and colonic fluids due to increased Ca2+ content, microparticle gel strength and degree of crosslinking.

Preparation and characterization of borosilicate-bioglass-incorporated sodium alginate composite wound dressing for accelerated full-thickness skin wound healing

Full-thickness skin injury is a serious and intractable clinical problem. Wound dressing is urgently needed to treat serious skin defects or induce skin reconstruction. For the first time, we demonstrated a borosilicate bioglass (BBG)-incorporated sodium alginate (SA) wound dressing by a simple and effective technique for accelerated wound healing. The physical and chemical properties, in vitro and in vivo properties of SA-BBG composite wound dressing have been investigated. The results show that the SA-BBG composite dressing possesses good water absorption performance. The boron and silicon ions in BBG can maintain stable and sustained release. Most importantly, the SA-BBG composite wound dressing shows outstanding wound healing ability in full-thickness skin defects in rats. The wounds treated with SA-BBG composite dressing groups had almost closed at day 15. When the ratio of sodium alginate to bioglass in the sponge is 3:1, the wound healing effect is the best. In conclusion, the SA-BBG composite dressing shows great potential for application in skin wound healing and SA3BBG works best.

Immobilization of laccase by 3D bioprinting and its application in the biodegradation of phenolic compounds

Due to the increasing quantities of phenolic compounds present in wastewater, the use of enzymatic degradation with the laccase has attracted much attention as a green option for their removal. In this work, we developed a novel immobilization technology using 3D bioprinting for laccase immobilization. The hydrogel mechanism properties were optimized by experimenting with different component ratios of sodium alginate (SA), acrylamide (AM), and hydroxyapatite (HA). The improved mechanism properties were validated by morphology pictures and rheology characteristics. The optimal AM:HA:SA ratio was determined to be 4:1.2:1. We then employed an extrusion-based bioprinting technique to prepare the immobilized laccase. The substrate conversion was increased with the addition of HA, which improved the permeability of the matrix, and proved to be suitable for immobilization. The resulting immobilized laccase was used for the biodegradation of p-chlorophenol. The effects of the initial substrate concentration, pH, and temperature were evaluated. The immobilized laccase exhibited good storage stability and reusability, retaining over 80% of its initial activity after 72 h of storage, and was able to be reused for seven batches. These results highlight that the immobilized laccase prepared by 3D bioprinting has great potential for use in the biodegradation of phenolic compounds.

Preparation, characterization and biodegradation of blend films of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with natural biopolymers

Blending of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) P(3HB-co-3HV) with natural polymer is one of alternative routes to improve the mechanical properties and reduce the cost of raw materials. Such blending is interesting to be implemented in packaging industry due to the low-cost materials, sustainable and eco-friendly. Therefore, in this study, P(3HB-co-6%3HV) copolymers synthesized by Cupriavidus malaysiensis USMAA2-4 were blended with different ratios of starch, cellulose or alginate through solvent casting technique. Hydrophilicity analysis revealed the density, water-absorption capacity and solubility of blend films increased proportionally with the increasing ratio of natural polymers. The degradation of the blend films was investigated in soil and lake. The highest percentage of degradation in the soil and lake were observed on the blend films containing starch and alginate, respectively. Meanwhile, blending of P(3HB-co-6%3HV) with cellulose has shown the lowest percentage of degradation on both locations. The blend films with 50:50 wt:wt% ratio of P(3HB-co-6%3HV): natural polymer from both locations was used for isolation of microbial degraders of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) P(3HB), starch, cellulose or alginate. The PHAs degraders were identified from genus Cupriavidus, Acidovorax, Variovora, Streptomyces and Ideonella and two starch degraders were identified from genus Moraxella and Alcaligenes.

Enhanced electroresponsive and electrochemical properties of the biological gel artificial muscle prepared by sodium alginate and carboxylated chitosan

At present, the Biological Gel Artificial Muscle (BGAM), an emerging chemical actuator, has advantages of large actuation, low driving voltage, excellent biocompatibility and flexibility, so it is widely used in biomedical engineering and soft robots etc. In this paper, effects and enhancement mechanisms of sodium alginate cross-linking carboxylated chitosan on electroresponsive and electrochemical properties of the BGAM were researched under single-cycle or repetition work period. And an experimental platform was established for testing electric conductivity and output force characteristics of the BGAM with different cross-linking mass ratios of sodium alginate and carboxylated chitosan. The results demonstrated that when the cross-linking mass ratio was 5:5, the BGAM was best cross-linked with crystallinity 26.08 %, and its internal polymer structure was fully cooperated by sodium alginate and carboxylated chitosan. Besides, specific capacitance, elastic modulus and internal resistance of the BGAM all reached a maximum value at 99.58 m F/g and the minimum values of 0.207 MPa and 1.616Ω, respectively. Thus, the optimum values of output force density and working life were also obtained for the BGAM, which were 7.213 mN/g and 1020s separately. In summary, these research findings indicate that the developed BGAM hold great promise for further study on high-performance chemical actuators.

Vildagliptin-loaded gellan gum mucoadhesive beads for sustained drug delivery: design, optimisation and evaluation

ABSTRACT The work investigates the design and optimisation of vildagliptin (VLG)-loaded gellan gum beads for sustained release delivery. The VLG beads were prepared by the ionotropic-gelation method. A response surface methodology was used to optimised the effects of independent variables such as gellan gum to sodium alginate ratio () and concentration of CaCl2 (%) on dependent variables such as entrapment efficiency (EE) (%) and drug release (DR) (%). The prepared beads were characterised by employing EE, bead diameter, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and DR. The values of %EE were in ranges of 76.20–91.25% and %DR was in ranges of 76.33 ± 1.64–85.12 ± 1.38% for duration of 12 hours. The optimised beads showed pH-dependent swelling and good mucoadhesivity. The VLG-loaded SA-GG beads were successfully prepared and seem to be promising for sustained release action for 12 hours duration.

Facile synthesis of porous anatase TiO2 nanomaterials with the assistance of biomass resource for lithium ion batteries with high-rate performance

Porous TiO2 nanomaterials assembled by anatase TiO2 nanoparticles are successfully synthesized via a simple method with the assistance of an easily accessed biomass-sodium alginate. The alginate is favorable for the formation of small TiO2 nanoparticles and the presence of SO42- in the precursors could prevent crystal phase transformation from anatase to rutile to a certain extent during high-temperature calcination process. The pyrolysis product of alginate ions could also prevent the formation of large TiO2 nanoparticles. The reactant concentrations and the ratio of sodium alginate and Ti(SO4)2 play important roles in the surface area and pore volume of porous TiO2 nanomaterials. The porous TiO2 nanomaterials are used as anode materials for lithium ion batteries and possess a reversible capacity of 223 mAh g−1 at 1C after 20 cycles. Further increasing the cycling rates, the relatively large reversible capacities still maintain. The efficient nanostructures and good crystallinity of porous TiO2 nanomaterials result in their superior electrochemical behavior.

Stability of 3D printing using a mixture of pea protein and alginate: Precision and application of additive layer manufacturing simulation approach for stress distribution

Printability of materials is the foundation for extrusion-based 3D printing, with residual stress being a major challenge towards the printing of complex geometry. In this report, the analysis of five blend ratios of alginate and pea protein solutions were investigated for an optimum 3D printing material mixture ratio by probing its rheology, thermal, and textural properties. The thermal (enthalpy from 636.20 to 2202.53 J/g), rheology (storage modulus of 633.32–1303.89 Pa at 2 °C/min heating rate) and textural (hardness from 73.06 to 159.85 N) characteristics of the material increased with increasing pea-protein concentration. These properties influenced the extrusion behavior during 3D printing. The optimum 3D printing material (alginate to pea protein 80:20) was used for additive-layer manufacturing (ALM) simulation to investigate the optimum printing conditions. The residual-stress component and total deformation across the printed sample is dependent on the deposit thickness, with its stress value ranging from 3.9×10−3 to 7.1×10−3 Pa for 0.20–1.00 mm deposit thickness, respectively. The stress led to sample deformation that is noticeable in dimensional deviations from the designed model. ALM simulation, therefore, shows a great advantage in optimizing the printing conditions when used for the 3D printing of complex geometries.

Synthesis and application of the calcium alginate/SWCNT-Gl as a bio-nanocomposite for the curcumin delivery

This study focused on preparation of calcium alginate/single-walled carbon nanotube modified by glucose (CA/SWCNT-Gl) and its application as a carrier for the drug delivery system. This bionanocomposite was synthesized by using ultrasonication as a green method. Several quantitative ratios of the SWCNTs-Gl and the alginate were applied to the assessment of formulation for the curcumin entrapment. It was optimized by employing at 1:1 the SWCNTs-Gl to calcium alginate ratio. The structure of calcium alginate/SWCNTs-Gl was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, DLS and TGA techniques. The nanocomposite as a carrier was examined for measurement of entrapment efficiency, loading capacity and release study for curcumin as a hydrophobic drug. The release of curcumin from carrier-curcumin have been measured in the pH 4.5 and pH 7.5 which revealed a fast release during the first hours followed by a gradual drug release. The outcomes indicated that the nanocomposite had great potential as a carrier and enabled for drug delivery systems. Further, the carrier displayed good antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Likewise, better antibacterial activity of carrier-curcumin was observed in comparison with curcumin ones.

Preparation and Evaluation of Sodium Alginate Microparticles using Pepsin

Aim: The main aim of this article is to prepare and evaluate sodium alginate microparticles and evaluate on the basis of their characterization. The drug is dissolved, encapsulated or attached to a microparticles matrix. Depending upon method of preparation microparticles were obtained. Microparticles were developed as a carrier for vaccines and other disease like rheumatoid arthritis, cancer etc. Microparticles were developed to increase the efficacy of active pharmaceutical ingredient to a specific targeted site.
 Material and Method: Microparticles of Sodium Alginate, Pepsin and Calcium Chloride were prepared in six batches (A-F) with different ratio of sodium alginate and calcium chloride respectively i.e. (0.25:2.5), (0.25:5), (0.25:7.5), (0.5:2.5), (0.5:5), (0.5:7.5) by using a homogenizing method. Microparticles were evaluated for particle size distribution, zeta potential and morphology.
 Result and Discussion: The normal particle size of each of the six batches were analyzed by Zeta Sizer (Delsa C Particle Analyzer) and it was found that the Batch B (0.25:5) delivered the best microparticles with size distribution of 1.2731 (µm). All batches were seen under Motic magnifying microscope by using the Sulforhodamine B (M.W. 479.02) color as staining dye. Microparticles was found to be semi spherical in shape.
 Conclusion: Results of all the six batches was contrasted based on particle size investigation, zeta potential and morphology. Batch B (0.25:5) was considered as the best formulation.
 Key words: Micro Particle, Pepsin, Sodium Alginate and Calcium Chloride, Sulforhodamine B, Zeta Sizer.

Microencapsulation and Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Essential Oil Against Ralstonia solanacearum

Ralstonia solanacearum is a common plant bacterium, and the improper use of chemicals to control this bacterium is harmful to the environment. Many undeveloped aromatic plants and green plant waste can be used for the preparation of essential oils (EOs). EOs have various biological activities, such as bacteriostatic, insecticidal and anti-oxidation, and are currently in the exploration stage for the control of R. solanacearum. In the present study, the inhibitory activity of ten EOs against R. solanacearum was determined by an antibacterial test. To prolong the duration of antibacterial activity, microcapsules of EOs were prepared by the complex coacervation method, and the optimal preparation conditions were obtained by central composite design method. The results showed that cinnamon EOs had the strongest antibacterial activity. For GIM1.71, GIM1.74, GIM1.76, GMI1000 and RS-5, the EC50 values of cinnamon EOs were 0.055 mg/mL, 0.071 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mL, 0.067 mg/mL and 0.063 mg/mL, respectively. The preparation condition of cinnamon EOs microcapsules was as follows: the core-wall ratio was 4.35:1, the ratio of chitosan and sodium alginate was 0.15:1, and the calcium chloride concentration was 0.95 wt%. The encapsulation efficiency was 87.32%, and the average particle size of microcapsule was 870.4 μm. The release rate of microcapsule was 44.53% at 100 °C for 6 h and the release of the core materials in microcapsules was in line with Korsmeyer–Peppas release kinetics. Microcapsules placed at room temperature for 7 days still had significant antibacterial activity against five species of R. solanacearum. Due to its good stability and antibacterial activity, cinnamon EOs microcapsules will have great market application prospects as antibacterial agents.

Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo.

Polymer hydrogels have been suggested as dressing materials for the treatment of cutaneous wounds and tissue revitalization. In this work, we report the development of a hydrogel composed of natural polymers (sodium alginate and gelatin) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with recognized antimicrobial activity for healing cutaneous lesions. For the development of the hydrogel, different ratios of sodium alginate and gelatin have been tested, while different concentrations of AgNO3 precursor (1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mM) were assayed for the production of AgNPs. The obtained AgNPs exhibited a characteristic peak between 430–450 nm in the ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectrum suggesting a spheroidal form, which was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Fourier Transform Infra-red (FT–IR) analysis suggested the formation of strong intermolecular interactions as hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attractions between polymers, showing bands at 2920, 2852, 1500, and 1640 cm−1. Significant bactericidal activity was observed for the hydrogel, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 0.50 µg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 53.0 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. AgNPs were shown to be non-cytotoxic against fibroblast cells. The in vivo studies in female Wister rats confirmed the capacity of the AgNP-loaded hydrogels to reduce the wound size compared to uncoated injuries promoting histological changes in the healing tissue over the time course of wound healing, as in earlier development and maturation of granulation tissue. The developed hydrogel with AgNPs has healing potential for clinical applications.

Crosslinked Ionic Alginate and Cellulose-based Hydrogels for Photoresponsive Drug Release Systems

In this work, photosensitive alginate and cellulose-based hydrogels with interpenetrating polymer networks were successfully prepared from alginate, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TEMPO-CNFs) and polyacrylamide, crosslinked by both Fe3+ and N,N′-methylenebis-acrylamide. The obtained hydrogels showed a clear relationship between the mechanical properties and the content of the TEMPO-CNFs. The results indicated that the mechanical properties of crosslinked hydrogels were enhanced with the mass ratio of TEMPO-CNFs and alginate increased from 1/2 to 2. Moreover, the crosslinked ionic alginate and cellulose-based hydrogels with various TEMPO-CNFs contents exhibited an interconnected porous morphology with an average pore size of ca. 130 µm, and demonstrated an increased cumulative release amount of BSA drugs under the ultraviolet irradiation. This study demonstrated that the as-prepared photoresponsive hydrogels would have a potential application as local drug release systems for wound dressings.

Development and Evaluation of Neem Gel Formulation using Gum Karaya as Gelling Agent

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the neem gel formulation using gum karaya as a gel forming agent. The gelling ability of gum karaya and its mixtures with the other gel-forming agents (sodium alginate, carboxymethyl starch and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) were demonstrated by rheology properties. Gum karaya was demonstrated to be a gel-forming agent with the pseudoplastic flow. Of three gelling agents, sodium alginate was selected as the best combined excipient with gum karaya due to the better elasticity improvement of the gum karaya gel in comparison with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethyl starch (CMS). The cause-effect relations between the three independent variables (the ratios of gum karaya, calcium chloride and sodium alginate) and the two dependent variables (spreadability and viscosity of neem gel) were investigated. The optimal neem gel formulation comprised gum karaya, calcium chloride and sodium alginate with the concentrations of 1.6%, 0.0435% and 1%, respectively. The optimal neem gel was evaluated for its various properties such as pH, homogeneity, spreadability, active compound quantitation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and dynamic viscoelasticity behaviours. This study has reported for the first time the application of gum karaya in neem gel preparation. The results of the research may provide the useful data for further studies not only on the gum karaya as the gelling agent but also on the neem gel preparation for the treatment of skin diseases.

Magnesium Alginate in Gastro-Esophageal Reflux: A Randomized Multicenter Cross-Over Study in Infants.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of magnesium alginate in decreasing functional regurgitation symptoms in infants, and to assess the cost–benefit ratio of magnesium alginate compared to a thickened formula. A multicenter perspective cross-over study was conducted in formula-fed infants with persisting regurgitation, randomly assigned to receive two weeks of a magnesium-alginate-based formulation followed by two weeks of thickened formula, or vice-versa. Infants, exclusively breast-fed, were followed up for two weeks while receiving magnesium alginate. Symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) were evaluated through the Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire Revised (I-GERQ-R). Direct cost of treatments was also calculated. Seventy-two infants completed the study. We found a significant reduction of I-GERQ-R scores over time (F = 55.387; p < 0.001) in all groups with no difference between the sequences of administration (F = 0.268; p = 0.848) in formula-fed infants and between exclusively breast-fed and formula-fed infants receiving magnesium alginate (t = 1.55; p = 0.126). The mean cost savings per infant was € 4.60 (±11.2) in formula-fed infants treated with magnesium alginate compared to thickened formula (t = 2.91, p < 0.0005). Conclusions were that the magnesium-alginate formulation reduces GER symptoms both in formula-fed and breast-fed infants. In formula-fed infants, clinical efficacy is similar to thickened formulas with a slightly lower cost of treatment.

Copolymeric Hydrogel-Based Immobilization of Yeast Cells for Continuous Biotransformation of Fumaric Acid in a Microreactor

Although enzymatic microbioreactors have recently gained lots of attention, reports on the use of whole cells as biocatalysts in microreactors have been rather modest. In this work, an efficient microreactor with permeabilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was developed and used for continuous biotransformation of fumaric into industrially relevant L-malic acid. The immobilization of yeast cells was achieved by entrapment in a porous structure of various hydrogels. Copolymers based on different ratios of sodium alginate (SA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used for hydrogel formation, while calcium chloride and boric or phenylboronic acid were tested as crosslinking agents for SA and PVA, respectively. The influence of hydrogel composition on physico-chemical properties of hydrogels prepared in the form of thin films was evaluated. Immobilization of permeabilized S. cerevisiae cells in the selected copolymeric hydrogel resulted in up to 72% retained fumarase activity. The continuous biotransformation process using two layers of hydrogels integrated into a two-plate microreactor revealed high space time yield of 2.86 g/(L·h) while no activity loss was recorded during 7 days of continuous operation.

The Effect of Sodium Alginate, Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose E15 and Ethyl Cellulose N22 as Polymeric Matrices on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Meloxicam Patch

Meloxicam is an NSAID that can cause gastric irritation when orally administered. Transdermal drug delivery system can avoid its side effects and avoid first-pass metabolism in the liver. In this study, matrix type transdermal patches containing meloxicam were prepared using different ratios of sodium alginate, hydroxpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E15, and ethyl cellulose (3:2: 0.5; 2.5: 2:1; 2:2:1.5 and 1.5:2:2). The transdermal patches of meloxicam were prepared by mixing all dispersion polymers matrix and meloxicam. The patches were evaluated for physicochemical assessment (organoleptic, moisture content, surface morphology, drug content, and homogeneity). The result showed that there were differences in both moisture content and mass variation. The percent of moisture content and mass variation were increased as the amount of hydrophilic polymer increases. Formula 1.5:2:2 showed the best characteristic because it had low moisture content, however, it still needs further studies, such as stability, drug release, and penetration studies.

Formation of helical alginate microfibers using different G/M ratios of sodium alginate based on microfluidics

The helical structure is one of the most intriguing structures in nature; such an ingenious structure can be found from macromolecules to macroscopic areas, and the fabrication of helical structures has attracted research interest from mechanisms to applications. However, the fabrication of helical microfiber still remains a big challenge. In this study, a coaxial microfluidic device was made to continuously and controllably fabricate helical hydrogel microfibers with flexible shape by simply adjusting the flowrates. Various experimental conditions that can influence the diameter (d), pitch (p) and amplitude (A) of these formed coiled fibers were discussed. For the first time, the effects of G/M ratio of the alginates on the microfiber coiling phenomenon were examined. Additionally, magnetically responsive helical fibers were synthesized, and it is envisioned that hydrogel helical structure microfibers are highly versatile in different area, such as micro sensors, soft actuators and medical applications.