Acetone Ratio Research Articles

The influence of PO4 to bio-silica catalyst on synthesis benign additive fuel

Fuel additive solketal can be produced through acetalization reaction of biodiesel by-product (glycerol) and acetone. This reaction was conducted over acidified silica derived from sustainable bioresource rice husk in a batch reactor under the solvent-free condition. The chemical and structural properties of the prepared catalyst were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on this paper, the optimized conditions using 15% phosphoric acid acidified silica extracted from rice husk ash (10 wt.% PO4 loaded SiO2) are 50 °C (lower temperature) with the molar ratio of acetone: glycerol= 2. Reusability test used to examine the stability of the catalytic activity was investigated. This effort is a serious step for development and taking apart of solketal as the main product from glycerol and acetone by using waste resources.

Synthesis and structural characterization of xanthate ligated hydrido Cu(I) clusters and Cu(I) coordination polymer

Reactions of Cu(I) salts with KS2COR (R = iPr, nPr) and NaBH4 in 7:6:1 ratio in acetone at room temperature yield xanthate ligated heptanuclear copper (I) hydride clusters [Cu7(H)(S2COR)6] [R = iPr (1H), nPr (2H)]. Their deuteride analogs [Cu7(D)(S2COR)6] [R = iPr (1D), nPr (2D)] have been obtained from NaBD4. The clusters are structurally characterized by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), NMR, and X-ray crystallography (1H, 2H). Structural elucidations reveal that clusters 1H and 2H feature a tricapped triangular pyramid copper arrangement with an interstitial hydride. To the best of our knowledge 1H and 2H are the largest Cu(I) clusters stabilized by xanthate ligands. Similarly the 1:1 ratio reaction of Cu(I) salts with KS2COR in the absence of hydride sources results in [Cu3(S2COiPr)3]∞ (3), a linear chain coordination polymer. Interestingly a new coordination mode (κ4: μ3-S, μ1-S) has been observed in 3 for the first time in xanthate chemistry.

Separation and Purification of Wax from Nyamplung (<i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>) Seed Oil

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) is a multi-functional plant which is spread widely over the coast of Indonesia. Its seed produces a high content of oil, but its utilization is still limited. It is because C. inophyllum seed oil contains toxic compounds. Therefore, C. inophyllum seed oil has been used as a biodiesel raw material for many years. It was reported that C. inophyllum seed oil contains wax, but its percentage remains unknown. Wax has been used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, foods, and coatings industries as oil binder, water repellent, scratch resistance, and dispersion medium. In this work, wax was separated from C. inophyllum seed oil by solvent crystallization with and without separating non-polar lipid fraction (NPLF) from crude oil. Non-polar lipid fraction was separated by batch-wise solvent extraction using petroleum ether to methanol mass ratio of 3:1 (w/w) for eight stages. After eight stages, non-polar lipid fraction was collected for further separation by solvent crystallization method. The ratios of non-polar lipid fraction to acetone were 1:10, 1:20, and 1:40 (w/v). Then, the isolated wax was analyzed by gas chromatography. It was found that wax (purity of 40% and yield of 0.35%) was successfully isolated by separating non-polar lipid fraction from crude oil (batch wise solvent extraction for eight stages) and followed by solvent crystallization (non-polar lipid fraction to acetone ratio of 1:40 (w/v)).

Influence of different parameters on reverse micelle extraction combined with acetone precipitation to purify sn-1,3 extracellular lipase from Aspergillus niger GZUF36

There are few reports on the feasibility of combined reverse micelle extraction and acetone precipitation to obtain electrophoretic pure enzymes. We aimed to purify a sn-1,3 extracellular lipase from a novel Aspergillus niger GZUF36 through this combination in this work. This lipase preliminarily purified by controlling the volume ratio (1:2.5) of crude enzyme solution and acetone. Then, we studied effects of different parameters on reverse micelle extraction. The suitable surfactant, pH, salt and cosolvent and extraction time for forward extraction were 125mM cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 9.0, 0.075M NaCl, 10% n-hexanol and 30min, respectively. Under these conditions, the forward extraction rate reached 90.3% ± 3.2%. The suitable salt, pH, extraction time and short chain alcohol for backward extraction were consecutively 1.5M KCl, 6.5, 60min and 10% ethanol. Adding 10% ethanol shows a significant advantage of improvement the extraction rate. Under these optimal conditions, the total extraction rate and purification factor of lipase reached 76.8% and 10.14, respectively. SDS-PAGE showed that molecular weight of the pure protein was 42.7kDa and TLC exhibited sn-1,3 selectivity of this lipase. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the lipase had 297 amino acid residues and was likely to glycosylate. Through the study of different parameters, it demonstrated that the new and simple combination of reverse micelle extraction using CTAB as surfactant and n-hexanol as cosolvent for forward extraction and adding ethanol for backward extraction and acetone precipitation is a promising method to get almost an electrophoretically pure sn-1,3 lipase.

Study on preparation and properties of polyimide lithium battery separator

Soluble polyimide was synthesized from 4, 4’-(4, 4’-Isopropylidenediphenyl-1, 1’-diyldioxy) dianiline (BAPP), 4, 4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA) and 4, 4’-Oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) in a certain proportion. The porous polyimide (PI) membranes were prepared by phase transfer method. The molecular structure, pore size, contact angle and thermal stability were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), contact angle measuring instrument. The results show that the prepared porous polyimide membranes have three-dimensional network of microporous structure with a surface pore diameter of 0.5-1 μm; The porosity increases with the increasing quality ratio of anhydrous ethanol and acetone in the solution, which reaches more than twice of the conventional Celgard 2400 membrane;The contact angles of the porous polyimide membranes are smaller than that of separator of the Celgard 2400 membrane and showing better lyophilicity, which were all take distilled water as the test solution. The porous polyimide membranes have better heat resistance, and the size does not change significantly after heat treatment at a maximum of 180°C for 0.5 h.

Heterogeneous catalytic reaction of glycerol with acetone for solketal production

The rapid growth of biodiesel industries has also increased the production of glycerol as side product. Without proper treatment, glycerol may cause serious problem for the environment. Glycerol can be reacted with acetone to produce solketal as a fuel additive. The aim of this research was to study the glycerol ketalization with acetone using Amberlyst-15 as catalyst. Experiments were undertaken in a batch reactor. A set of experiment was conducted at varying temperature (35 to 60oC), initial mole ratio of acetone to glycerol (2 – 6) and catalyst loading (1,3,5 and 7% w/w). Sample was analyzed every 30 minutes. The results showed that optimal condition was achieved at temperature of 60 °C, initial mole ratio of acetone to glycerol of 3, and the catalyst load of 3%. The highest glycerol conversion achieved was 87.41 % at 60oC for 3 hours reaction. The Pseudo Steady State Hypothesis (PSSH) has been developed as rnet =k4.CG.CAC/1+k5.CG. Parameter estimation of k4 and k5 were evaluated from experimental data at various temperatures. It appears that the model predicted the experimental data well at high conversion (above 80 min) and showed relatively poor prediction below 80 min.

The effect of solution conditions on the crystal morphology of β-HMX by molecular dynamics simulations

To research the influence of solution conditions on β-HMX crystal morphology in acetone-ethyl acetate-water ternary system, attachment energy (AE) model was adopted to simulate the morphology of β-HMX with the water mass fraction of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. In acetone-ethyl acetate-water ternary system, the ratio of acetone and ethyl acetate was fixed on 4:3. Moreover, the effects of different temperatures and supersaturations on β-HMX morphology in acetone-ethyl acetate-water ternary system (5% water) were also examined. In addition, the influence of model dimension on the attachment energy was studied, and a reasonable model size was obtained. The simulated results reveal that the difference of water ratio, temperature and supersaturation can affect β-HMX morphology. The simulation results will provide some guidance for the crystallization process of β-HMX.

Irreversible Swelling Behavior and Reversible Hysteresis in Chemically Crosslinked Poly(vinyl alcohol) Gels.

We report the swelling properties of chemically crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gels with high degrees of polymerization and hydrolysis. Physical crosslinking by microcrystallites was introduced in this chemical PVA gel by a simple dehydration process. The equilibrium swelling ratio was measured in several mixed solvents, which comprised two-components: a good solvent (water or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)), and a poor organic solvent for PVA. In the case of aqueous/organic solvent mixtures subjected to a multiple-sample test, the swelling ratio decreased continuously when the concentration of the organic solvent increased, reaching a collapsed state in the respective pure organic solvents. In the case of DMSO, starting from a swollen state, the swelling ratio rapidly decreased by between 15 and 50 mol % when the concentration of the organic compound increased in a single-sample test. To understand the hysteresis phenomenon, the swelling ratio was measured in a DMSO/acetone mixed solvent, starting from a collapsed state in acetone. The reversibility of swelling in response to successive concentration cycles between DMSO and acetone was examined. As a result, an irreversible swelling behavior was observed in the first cycle, and the swelling ratio in acetone after the first cycle became larger than the initial ratio. Subsequently, the swelling ratio changed reversibly, with a large hysteresis near a specific molar ratio of DMSO/acetone of 60/40. The microstructures were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy during the cycles. The irreversible swelling behavior and hysteresis are discussed in terms of the destruction and re-formation of additional physical crosslinking in the chemical PVA gels.

Measurement of breath acetone in patients referred for an oral glucose tolerance test

Breath acetone concentrations were measured in 141 subjects (aged 19–91 years, mean = 59.11 years, standard deviation = 12.99 years), male and female, undergoing an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), having been referred to clinic on suspicion of type 2 diabetes. Breath samples were measured using an ion-molecule-reaction mass spectrometer, at the commencement of the OGTT, and after 1 and 2 h. Subjects were asked to observe the normal routine before and during the OGTT, which includes an overnight fast and ingestion of 75 g glucose at the beginning of the routine. Several groups of diagnosis were identified: type 2 diabetes mellitus positive (T2DM), n = 22; impaired glucose intolerance (IGT), n = 33; impaired fasting glucose, n = 14; and reactive hypoglycaemia, n = 5. The subjects with no diagnosis (i.e. normoglycaemia) were used as a control group, n = 67. Distributions of breath acetone are presented for the different groups. There was no evidence of a direct relationship between blood glucose (BG) and acetone measurements at any time during the study (0 h: p = 0.4482; 1 h: p = 0.6854; and 2 h: p = 0.1858). Nor were there significant differences between the measurements of breath acetone for the control group and the T2DM group (0 h: p = 0.1759; 1 h: p = 0.4521; and 2 h: p = 0.7343). However, the ratio of breath acetone at 1 h to the initial breath acetone was found to be significantly different for the T2DM group compared to both the control and IGT groups (p = 0.0189 and 0.011, respectively). The T2DM group was also found to be different in terms of ratio of breath acetone after 1 h to that at 2 h during the OGTT. And was distinctive in that it showed a significant dependence upon the level of BG at 2 h (p = 0.0146). We conclude that single measurements of the concentrations of breath acetone cannot be used as a potential screening diagnostic for T2DM diabetes in this cohort, but monitoring the evolution of breath acetone could open a non-invasive window to aid in the diagnosis of metabolic conditions.

Nano3YSZ electrophoretic deposition from acetylacetone + ethanol solvent on the surface of AZ91 magnesium alloy

In the present work, the conditions for electrophoretic deposition of yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) nanopowder have been investigated. For this purpose, the mixture of acetyl acetone and ethanol with different mixing ratios was used as solvent with iodine as a dispersant. To achieve a smooth, homogeneous and crack-free coatings, the following parameters were chosen to be optimised: the mixing ratio of acetyl acetone and ethanol, voltage and duration of deposition. The obtained coatings were observed by scanning electron microscope and optical microscope. The weight of deposits was also measured in different deposition conditions to observe the effects of above-mentioned parameters on the weight and consequently the quality of green coatings. All in all, the suspensions which composed of 50 vol% acetylacetone + 50 vol% ethanol led to more uniformity and fewer cracks/pores in deposits. The other parameters were optimised as follows: deposition voltage of 40 V and deposition time of 3 min. The results of polarisation test showed an improved corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy with the application of YSZ coating, so that the Icorr value decreased from 1.16 to 0.088 mA.

Structural deformation of PVDF nanoweb due to electrospinning behavior affected by solvent ratio

Abstract In this study, we investigated the effects of solution characteristics on electrospinning behavior and nanoweb structure. We prepared a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) solution by varying the ratios of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetone in the solvent and fabricated nanowebs by electrospinning. We determined the solution characteristics of the PVDF solution with respect to the acetone ratio in the solvent. The effects of the solution characteristics on the electrospinning behavior were confirmed using a high-speed camera. We found significant differences in the electrospinning behavior. Thus, we investigated the effect of this difference on the morphology and structural properties of the fabricated nanoweb.

The Effect of Acetone Amount Ratio as Co-Solvent to Methanol in Transesterification Reaction of Waste Cooking Oil

The production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by transesterification reaction using acetone as co-solvent has been carried out. This research studied the optimal amount ratio of acetone as co-solvent to methanol in the transesterification process using homogeneous alkaline catalyst KOH 1% (w/w) of waste cooking oil at room temperature for 15 minutes of reaction time. Mole ratio of waste cooking oil to methanol is 1:12. Acetone was added as co-solvent in varied amount ratio to methanol are 1:4, 1:2, and 1:1, respectively. The results of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were analysed using GC-MS instrument. The results showed that the optimal ratio is 1:4 with 99.93% of FAME yield.

TATP isotope ratios as influenced by worldwide acetone variation

Isotope ratio analysis has been shown to discriminate samples of forensic interest and to link many synthesized and natural materials to their precursors when traditional chemical and physical analyses cannot. Successful application of stable isotope analysis to chemicals of interest requires a background of likely variations in stable isotope ratios; often, this background population can be generated from analysis of possible precursors and the relationships of stable isotopes of precursor(s) to product(s), which may depend on synthesis techniques. Here we measured the carbon (13C/12C) and hydrogen (2H/1H) isotope ratios of the oft-illicitly manufactured explosive triacetone triperoxide, TATP, and one of its precursors, acetone. As acetone is the sole source of carbon and hydrogen to TATP, a survey of acetone from 12 countries was conducted to explore the breadth of 13C/12C and 2H/1H variation in the precursor, and therefore, its product. Carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios were measured using continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) techniques. We observed greater ranges in both C and H isotope ratios of acetone than previously published; we also found that country-of-purchase was a large contributing factor to the observed variation, larger than acetone grade and brand. Following clandestine production methods, we observed that the stable isotope ratios of TATP retained the stable isotope signatures of acetone used in synthesis. We confirmed the robustness of TATP carbon isotope ratios to both recrystallization and time-dependent sublimation, important considerations when faced with the task of practical sampling of potential unexploded TATP from a crime scene.

Influence of Polar Solutions on the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Capulín Fruits (Prunus serotina)

The phenolic compounds extraction of Prunus serotina Erhr with different ratios of acetone:water, methanol:water and ethanol:wa-ter was optimized using the Taguchi method. The factors evaluated were the solvent mixture and stirring time. The total phenolic content in extracts was assessed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method using gallic acid (GA) as the standard. The maximum value was 20.3 ± 0.86 mg GAE g–1db using acetone:water (7:3, v/v) and 30 min of stirring time.

Improvement of lysozyme recovery method from the precipitate of protein-anionic surfactant complexes

ABSTRACTA new protein separation process using a surfactant and a polar organic solvent consists of a precipitation step and a recovery step. In the precipitation step, a protein-surfactant complex is precipitated from an aqueous solution, when an ionic surfactant, sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), is added to an aqueous solution, including protein (lysozyme). In the recovery step, the precipitate is dissolved in a polar organic solvent, such as acetone, and the protein is recovered as precipitates when a very small amount of salt solution was added to remove surfactants from the protein-surfactant complex. However, the details of the protein recovery step from precipitate have not been studied yet. In this study, the improvement of the protein recovery step was examined from the viewpoint of a recovery ratio of protein and a remaining ratio of surfactant. The optimum NaCl concentration in the feed for the protein recovery was in the range of 0.05–0.2 kmol/m3. As the NaCl concentration in the feed increased to more than 0.2 kmol/m3, the precipitation ratio decreased due to the electrostatic screening effect of NaCl. It was found that the addition of a very small amount of NaCl solution to acetone was unnecessary when NaCl was included in the feed lysozyme solution. On the other hand, as the NaCl concentration decreased to less than 0.05 kmol/m3, the precipitation ratio was decreased due to the low re-precipitation of protein by the addition of a small amount of NaCl solution in acetone. In the case of the feed containing no salt, the desired NaCl concentration added to acetone was in the range above 0.2 kmol/m3. In addition, the most suitable volume ratio of acetone to feed was found to be 0.2.

Grafting from versus Grafting to Approaches for the Functionalization of Graphene Nanoplatelets with Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) were exfoliated using a nondestructive chemical reduction method and subsequently decorated with polymers using two different approaches: grafting from and grafting to. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with varying molecular weights was covalently attached to the GNP layers using both methods. The grafting ratios were higher (44.6% to 126.5%) for the grafting from approach compared to the grafting to approach (12.6% to 20.3%). The products were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis–mass spectrometry (TGA-MS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The grafting from products showed an increase in the grafting ratio and dispersibility in acetone with increasing monomer supply; on the other hand, due to steric effects, the grafting to products showed lower absolute grafting ratios and a decreasing trend with increasing polymer molecular weight. The exc...

Superhydrophobic electrospun membrane for heavy metals removal by air gap membrane distillation (AGMD)

This paper presents a novel approach to fabricate superhydrophobic membranes by using environmentally friendly and cost effective superhydrophobic nanoparticles to enhance nanofibrous membrane performance in term of flux and rejection of heavy metals in membrane distillation applications. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were fabricated using an electrospinning technique, in which electrospinning parameters such as polymer concentration, voltage, solvent ratio, and cationic surfactant were studied to optimize the membrane fibre diameters and produce beadless nanofibrous membranes. The nanofibrous membranes were characterized in terms of pore size, porosity, liquid entry pressure, contact angle, permeate flux and rejection percentage, and were compared to a commercial membrane. Air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) was used to demonstrate the improved ability of superhydrophobic PVDF membranes for removing heavy metals (such as lead) in comparison with pristine and commercial membranes. The results showed that pristine beadless membrane mat can be fabricated by using 15wt% polymer concentration, 0.05wt% cationic surfactant with 6:4 DMF to acetone ratio and 14 KV with lead rejection rate of 72.77%, liquid entry pressure (17psi) and water contact angle of 132°. In comparison, the composite 11wt% PVDF membranes with 20wt% of functionalized alumina (Al2O3) showed 150° WCA and 27psi as liquid entry pressure which led to 99.36% of heavy metal rejection and 5.9% increase in permeate flux.

Growth Mechanism of Hollow Sodium Chloride Single Crystals Grown from a Mixed Solvent of Cyclohexane and Acetone

AbstractRecently, hollow sodium chloride crystals have been proposed as potential high‐value‐added crystals. The crystal growth mechanism of such crystals is elucidated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopic imaging, and analysis of both the chloride ions and water content in the mixed solvent of cyclohexane and acetone. A series of experimental conditions, including the stirring time after injecting the aqueous sodium chloride solutions into the mixed solvent and the ratio of cyclohexane and acetone, are evaluated in detail. Based on experimental data, possible growth mechanisms are proposed to explain the formation of hollow sodium chloride crystals.

Resorcinol Formaldehyde Based Electrospun Carbon Fibers As High Capacity Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

Introduction Resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) polymer derived carbon gels have been widely used as active electrode material in energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries due to their tunable surface area by varying drying conditions.1 In addition to the easily tunable surface area, morphology can also be modified by changing the synthesis parameters and methods.2,3 However, RF xerogel derived carbon nanofibers were not studied as anode material for Li-ion battery due to its non-electrospinnability. Recently, RF-based electrospun carbon nanofibers were prepared by blending it with stretchable Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).4 In this work, we have synthesized RF xerogel and PMMA blend based carbon nanofibers and used them as potential anode material for lithium ion battery. These RF xerogel derived electrospun carbon nanofibers show larger lithium ion intercalation capacity not only as compared to RF xerogel derived other carbon morphologies such as powder, interconnected carbon nanoparticles but also other carbon nanofibers based electrodes.5 , 6 Experimental RF sol was prepared by mixing resorcinol and formaldehyde (4:1 molar ratio) in acetone and HCl. Thus prepared RF sol was blended with templating PMMA polymer (1:2 Vol. ratio). A blend of this solution was used as precursor material for electrospinning. Electrospinning process parameters were tuned to yield long, continuous fibers. Controlled two step pyrolysis of these RF xerogel/PMMA electrospun fibers yielded carbon nanofibers. Results and discussions: RF-PMMA blend polymer fibers were electrospun directly on stainless steel wafer used as a substrate cum current collector. Average diameter of RF-PMMA electrospun RF-PMMA nanofibers as shown in Figure 1a was found to be 2.3 µm. These fibers were then pyrolyzed at 900 ⁰C to obtain carbon fibers with average diameter 1.4 µm. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy studies were done in order to confirm the glassy nature of as-derived carbon nanofibers. These RF-PMMA derived carbon nanofibers based electrode was then used as working electrode in Li (reference electrode) based half-cell. Galvanostatic charge discharge experiments were carried out at 37.2 mA/g current density. An initial reversible capacity of 620 mAh/g (Figure 1b) was observed for these carbon nanofibers which was significantly higher than reported values in literature for RF based powder, RF based graphitic powder and carbon nanoparticles. Further, cyclic stability and coulombic efficiency were found to be excellent. A detailed characterization of these carbon nanofibers and their electrochemical performance at different current densities will be presented during the conference.

Synthesis of nanocomposites based on carbon nanotube/smart copolymer with nonlinear optical properties

In this study new nanocompoites based on polyglycidylmethacrylate grafted 4-[(4-methoxyphenyl) diazenyl] phenol (Azo-PGMA) and Carboxylicacid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) were prepared. The nanocomposites structure was characterized by FT-IR, TGA and SEM. The Z-scan technique was applied for measuring the nonlinear parameters of nanocomposites. The samples after solving in AWM solution (equal ratio of acetone, deionized water and methanol) were investigated by using closed aperture Z-scan technique and a diode-pumped laser at the line 532 nm. All the nonlinear refractive index of the samples at three concentrations of carbon nanotubes in three different intensities of the laser beam were investigated and the nonlinear optical response of them are compared under the same condition. Because of high order of nonlinear refractive coefficient and good nonlinearity, these compounds are suitable candidate for optical switching, optical limiting and electro-optical devices.