Mass Ratio Research Articles

Research on the properties of brucite-based magnesium phosphate cement fire resistive coating for steel structures

Magnesium Phosphate Cement (MPC) exhibits high strength, exceptional high-temperature resistance, and outstanding adhesion properties at the steel interface, rendering it an ideal material for fire resistive coatings on steel structures. In this study, natural brucite powder was employed as the magnesium source, while hollow glass microspheres (HGM) were utilized as functional modifiers to formulate brucite-based MPC fire resistive coatings for steel structures. This research explored the influence of the mass ratio of brucite powder to ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (M/P), the brucite particle size, and the addition of HGM on the physical, mechanical, and fire-retardant properties of the coatings. The microstructure of the brucite-based MPC before and after fire testing was examined using SEM, XRD, TG-DTG, and X-CT. The results indicated that with an M/P ratio of 2.5:1 and a brucite particle size of 75-150 μm, the material exhibited optimal overall performance and was suitable as a matrix material for MPC. The incorporation of an appropriate amount of HGM increased the compressive strength of brucite-based MPC by 33.4%, reduced the dry density by 20.5%, extended the fire resistance of the structure, and decreased the thermal conductivity by 48.2%. This can be attributed to: (i) HGM filling the pores in brucite-based MPC, creating a denser microstructure; (ii) HGM forming a closed porous structure with the MPC matrix, reducing thermal conductivity and increasing thermal resistance; (iii) The low thermal diffusivity of HGM/MPC impeded heat transfer, thereby decelerating thermal decomposition and flame propagation.

Constructing multi-path channels in graphene oxide-based membrane for high-efficiency oil/water separation

Graphene oxide (GO) membranes have demonstrated significant potential for effective wastewater treatment; however, their tortuous and irregular water transport pathways through stacked nanosheets pose considerable challenges. In this study, we present a novel approach for fabricating faveolate-structured graphene oxide nanomesh (GONM) membranes, enhanced by the in situ growth of Co(OH)2 nanosheets to facilitate oil–water separation. The incorporation of in-plane pathways through the porous GONM, alongside the enlargement of interlayer pathways from Co(OH)2 growth, significantly improves water permeance. The nanopores present in the holey GONM reduce diffusion pathways, while intercalation of Co(OH)2 nanosheets increases channel sizes and stabilizes the GONM structure. By manipulating the mass ratio between GONM and cobalt salt, we optimized the membrane, achieving an exceptional water permeance of 224.2 L m-2h−1 bar−1, surpassing GO membranes. Additionally, the resultant membranes exhibit remarkable underwater anti-oil adhesion performance and efficient separation capabilities for a wide variety of oil-in-water emulsions, with separation efficiencies exceeding 99.1 %. This work provides valuable insights into the intentional manipulation of surface topography and hierarchical nanochannels in membrane materials, paving the way for high-efficiency water treatment solutions.

Net primary productivity of Betula platyphylla woodland and the response of current-year shoots to vegetation degradation in Mongolian forest steppe

At the southern margin of forest steppe vegetation in Mongolia, Betula platyphylla woodlands occur on north-facing slopes and hill tops, where congeneric shrub Betula fusca often coexists. Woodland degradation results in B. fusca scrub with scattered B. platyphylla trees. We studied structure and productivity of a B. platyphylla woodland and the current-year shoot allometry in the Hustai National Park of central Mongolia. For the B. platyphylla woodland examined, stand basal area and estimated aboveground biomass for stems ≥ 3 cm diameter were 3.9 m2 ha–1 and 13.3 Mg dry mass ha–1, respectively. Leaf area index was 0.93 indicating open canopy layer. Aboveground net primary productivity as the sum of coarse wood production and current-year shoot mass amounted to 1.89 Mg dry mass ha–1 year–1, which was high relative to small aboveground biomass. Analysis of current-year shoot allometry demonstrated that B. platyphylla had more xeromorphic shoots in the scrub, with smaller specific leaf area, lower mass ratio of leaf laminae to supporting parts, and smaller lamina mass against sum of petiole basal area, than in the woodland. Our results indicate that current-year shoot allometry characterizes tree response to woodland degradation at the dry margin of forest steppe.

Binding mechanism and structural characteristics of alloyed protein complex for enhanced solubility of hemp protein isolate

Despite the numerous health benefits and high digestibility of hemp protein isolate (HPI), its low solubility at neutral pH limits its utilization in the food industry. Therefore, we subjected insoluble HPI and soluble mung bean protein isolate (MBPI) to pH co-shifting under extremely alkaline conditions to form an alloyed protein complex (A-HM). At a mass ratio of HPI:MBPI of 50:50, A-HM exhibited the highest solubility (95.30 ± 0.99 %), and also had high resistance to heat treatment. Native PAGE demonstrated the formation of alloyed protein complexes, and particle size analysis revealed that A-HM exhibited small particle sizes and dispersion in water without aggregation of HPI. Owing to their small size, numerous hydrophobic residues and aromatic ring of HPI were exposed on the surface. Hydrophobic interactions predominantly governed the binding force involved in the formation of A-HM. Our findings may enhance HPI applications in the food industry, particularly in plant-based beverages.

Synergistic adsorption–photocatalytic degradation of the emerging contaminant hydroxybenzotriazole by a 3D sponge-like easy separation polypyrrole/TiO2 composite

Herein, a 3D sponge-like polypyrrole/TiO2 (Ppy-TiO2) composite aerogel was developed for the first time to remove hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) from water. Mesoporous TiO2 was prepared via a sol–gel method, and then the Ppy-TiO2 composite hydrogel was prepared by oxidative polymerization and converted to aerogel by freeze-drying. The morphological, compositional, and surface characteristics of the prepared materials were detailly characterized. The characterization studies revealed that pure anatase mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully prepared and incorporated into amorphous 3D Ppy with a porous chain-like network structure. Coupling Ppy and TiO2 extended the light absorption to the visible region and decreased the electron/hole recombination rate. The performance studies revealed that the Ppy-TiO2 composite has higher adsorption and photocatalytic activities than the sum of the individual components. Optimum performance was obtained at pH 5.3 using 0.25 g/L of the Ppy-TiO2 composite with a Ppy: TiO2 mass ratio of 1:1. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding was pivotal in the adsorption process which was multilayer. The degradation of HOBt occurs primarily by holes, then superoxide anion radicals. The total organic carbon (TOC) analysis showed a 90% reduction in carbon content after 30 min of treatment. The toxicity study indicated that the photocatalytic process decreased the toxicity of the HOBt solution. The synergism between adsorption and photocatalysis, easy separation, and reusability promote the application of Ppy-TiO2 composite aerogel for water treatment.

Research on combustion stability characteristics of scramjet combustor equipped with strut injector

The combustor is the core component of the scramjet engine, and stable combustion is the prerequisite for the efficient operation of the scramjet engine. At present, researchers premix the fuel and oxidant to improve the combustion performance of the combustor, thereby reducing the mixing time and improving the combustion efficiency. This study proposes a new method of supplementing oxygen at the trailing edge of the strut to enhance mixing and combustion. This paper studies the combustion stability of the combustor equipped with this strut. This paper conducts a series of large eddy simulations under the combustor inlet conditions of Ma = 2.8, Tt = 1680 K, and Pt = 1.87 MPa, and obtains non-reactive flow field and reactive flow field data. The results show that the injection of oxygen at the trailing edge of the strut has a significant positive effect on fuel mixing and combustion. The non-reactive flow field results show that the injection of oxygen dilutes the kerosene at the trailing edge of the strut and improves the mixing efficiency. The reactive flow field results show that only when the oxygen supplement mass ratio is above 0.03 can a stable overall flame be formed inside the combustor, and oxygen supplementation enhances the heat release of premixed combustion. The Ret-Da distribution shows that due to the good mixing at the trailing edge of the strut, mixing is no longer the reason that restricts the combustion process, the heat release increases significantly, and the high-temperature heat release zone at the trailing edge of the strut ignites other fuels to form a stable flame in the combustor.

The mass of the white dwarf in YY Dra (=DO Dra): Dynamical measurement and comparative study with X-ray estimates

We present a dynamical study of the intermediate polar cataclysmic variable YY Dra based on time-series observations in the K band, where the donor star is known to be the major flux contributor. We covered the 3.97-h orbital cycle with 44 spectra taken between 2020 and 2022 and two epochs of photometry observed in 2021 March and May. One of the light curves was simultaneously obtained with spectroscopy to better account for the effects of irradiation of the donor star and the presence of accretion light. From the spectroscopy, we derived the radial velocity curve of the donor star metallic absorption lines, constrained its spectral type to M0.5–M3.5 with no measurable changes in the effective temperature between the irradiated and non-irradiated hemispheres of the star, and measured its projected rotational velocity vrot sin i = 103 ± 2 km s−1. Through simultaneous modelling of the radial velocity and light curves, we derived values for the radial velocity semi-amplitude of the donor star, K2 = 188−2+1 km s−1, the donor to white dwarf mass ratio, q = M2/M1 = 0.62 ± 0.02, and the orbital inclination, i = 42°−1°+2°. These binary parameters yield dynamical masses of M1 = 0.99−0.09+0.10 M⊙ and M2 = 0.62−0.06+0.07 M⊙ (68 per cent confidence level). As found for the intermediate polars GK Per and XY Ari, the white dwarf dynamical mass in YY Dra significantly differs from several estimates obtained by modelling the X-ray spectral continuum.

Biotransformation of ginsenoside compound K using β-glucosidase in deep eutectic solvents.

Ginsenoside compound K (CK) holds significant potential for application in the pharmaceutical industry, which exhibits numerous pharmacological activity such as cardioprotective and antidiabetic. However, the difficult separation technique and limited yield of CK hinder its widespread use. The study investigated the process of converting ginsenoside CK using β-glucosidase. It aimed to determine the specific site where the enzyme binds and the most favorable arrangement of the enzyme. Molecular docking was also employed to determine the interaction between β-glucosidase and ginsenosides, indicating a strong and spontaneous contact force between them. The effectiveness of the conversion process was further improved using a "green" deep eutectic solvent (DES). A univariate experimental design was used to determine the composition of DES and the optimal hydrolysis conditions for β-glucosidase to convert ginsenoside Rb1 into ginsenoside CK. The employment of β-glucosidase enzymatic hydrolysis in the synthesis of rare ginsenoside CK applying the environmentally friendly solvent DES is not only viable and effective but also appropriate for industrial use. The characterization methods confirmed that DES did not disrupt the structure and conformation of β-glucosidase. In ChCl:EG = 2:1 (30%, v/v), pH 5.0 of DES buffer, reaction temperature 50 ℃, enzyme substrate mass ratio 1:1, after 36h of reaction, the CK yield was 1.24 times that in acetate buffer, which can reach 86.2%. In this study, the process of using β-glucosidase enzymatic hydrolysis and producing rare ginsenoside CK in green solvent DES is feasible, efficient and suitable for industrial production and application.

Synthesis, Microstructural Investigation, and Mechanical Behavior of AA5083/Boron Nitride Nanocomposite

The as‐received aluminum alloy (AA5083) powders (44 μm) and hexagonal boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles (65–75 nm) are used to fabricate AA5083‐BN nanocomposites with varying BN content (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 wt%). A powder metallurgy solid‐state method is employed, involving ball milling for 20 h at 100 rpm with a ball‐to‐powder mass ratio of 10:1. The processed powders are then consolidated through forging–sintering at 550 °C for 30 min, followed by hot forging at 225 MPa. The microstructure is examined using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, transmission electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction to understand the effect of processing variables. The compaction behavior is investigated both experimentally and empirically, revealing a relative green density exceeding 88% at 500 MPa. The empirical models display coefficients of determination (R2 values) exceeding 99% for predicting the compaction behavior. Compression tests on bulk samples show that BN reinforcement significantly enhances ultimate compressive strength, with values reaching 473.256 ± 5.54, 536.374 ± 2.87, 567.694 ± 4.22, and 601.911 ± 6.54 MPa for TRB‐3, TRB‐6, TRB‐9, and TRB‐12, respectively. The developed composites achieve relative densities greater than 97%, indicating promising applications in the aerospace, automotive, and marine industries.

Two-step machine learning-aided two-stage hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass for bio-oil upgrading to lower nitrogen content: Experimental verification and parameter optimization

The two-stage hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising process for converting biomass into low-nitrogen bio-oil. However, for two-stage HTL, there is a considerable lack of application of artificial intelligence tool. In this study, a two-step machine learning (ML) model was developed to optimizing bio-oil production of two-stage HTL. A total of 644 data points was collected, and a novel feature NH2-C (the mass ratio of amino to carbon) was used to enhancing ML models using Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) algorithms. The XGB multi-task model demonstrated the best performance (train R2 of 0.98, test R2 of 0.94 and 0.83). The nitrogen content in feedstock is the decisive factor for total nitrogen and nitrogen recovery rate of aqueous phase in HTL stage Ⅰ, while NH2-C for yield and nitrogen content of bio-oil in stage Ⅱ. The two-step ML model performed excellently in 22 validation experiments (with all errors ≤13.68%), and guided the bio-oil preparation with lower nitrogen content (5.46%) from Chlorella. This study provides a new approach for the application of multi-step ML in biomass HTL.

H2O2-assisted room temperature preparation of crystalline TiO2 and Ti3C2Tx-derived C-doped amorphous TiOx homojunction for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline

The light absorption, active sites, and charge carriers separation of photocatalysts are extremely important factors in the field of photocatalysis. Near-perfect lattice-matched homojunction constructed using disorder engineering and doping strategies is an effective strategy to improve photocatalytic activity. Herein, we developed crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and Ti3C2Tx MXene-derived C-doped amorphous TiOx homojunction (TCT) at room temperature. In this homojunction, TiO2 NPs are evenly distributed on the surface of the C-TiOx nanosheet to form a type-II structure, which promotes the separation of photogenerated carriers. The light absorption range of TCT extends to 550 nm due to the presence of intermediate energy levels in C-TiOx, which increases its photon absorption capacity. Moreover, TCT possesses a large number of oxygen vacancies, which are beneficial for improving the adsorption and degradation of pollutants. These characteristics of TCT could significantly improve its photodegradation performance for tetracycline. Interestingly, the precursor mass ratio of TCT with the best degradation efficiency is different under different illumination conditions, which is attributed to the different band gaps of C-TiOx and TiO2 NPs resulting in different light absorption ranges. This work provides a new approach to rationally designing crystalline and amorphous homojunction for photocatalytic applications.

Correlation between extracellular mass to body cell mass ratio and nutritional, cognitive and functional status in elderly

Correlation between extracellular mass to body cell mass ratio and nutritional, cognitive and functional status in elderly

Preparation of Titanium Dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) from Waste of Polymetallic Ore Processing <i>via</i> Sulfurization Treatment

Various experimental conditions were applied to extract titanium oxide from the waste of polymetallic ore. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms that the waste of polymetallic ore contains including various minerals such as almandine (Fe,Mg,Ca)3Al2Si3O12, brownmillerite (FeAlO3(CaO)2), quartz (SiO2), magnetite (Fe3O4). Using H2SO4 acid with a concentration of 93% in the S/L mass ratio of 1:1.5 at 140 °C is suggested as an optimum reaction condition. Its hydrolysis subsequently leads to the formation of the titanyl sulfate (TiOSO4), and relatively pure titanium oxide is obtained through precipitation and calcination at 600 °C. The observed band gap value of 3.2 eV for the obtained TiO2 corresponds to the typical band gap value of anatase-type TiO2. We calculated the crystallite size of extracted anatase-type titanium oxide according to the Debye-Scherrer equation it was determined to be 96.35 nm. Fully reflecting X-ray fluorescence (XRF) determined that the purity of extracted TiO2 is 93.18%. This report presents a newly developed process that enables the production of relatively high-purity TiO2 (93.18%) from the waste of polymetallic ore (TiO2 5.39%) by a simple sulfurization process.

Optimization of solvent cooling crystallization process for separating phenanthrene from 9-fluorenone by COSMO-RS and solubility calculation approach

Phenanthrene (Phe) and fluorene (Flu) are crucial chemical intermediates with applications in materials, medicine, and pesticides. However, conventional separation methods struggle to effectively isolate phenanthrene from fluorene due to their similar physical properties. To address this challenge, a reaction–separation coupling technique was employed to convert fluorene into 9-fluorenone (9-Fluo), followed by the separation of phenanthrene from 9-fluorenone using solvent-cooling crystallization. Initially, the relative solubilities of phenanthrene and 9-fluorenone in 2072 solvents were calculated using COSMO-RS for preliminary screening. Among various conventional short-chain aliphatic alcohols and low-carbon saturated hydrocarbons, methanol, and cyclohexane were identified as the most effective solvents based on their solubility selectivity (SS). The molecular interactions between phenanthrene or 9-fluorenone and these solvents were analyzed using theoretical methods such as σ-potential/profile, infinite dilution activity coefficients in COSMO-RS, and Hansen solubility parameters, with further confirmation from FTIR tests. The optimal liquid–solid ratios were determined using both phase diagram measurements and solubility calculations. The reaction conversion of fluorene to 9-fluorenone was complete regardless of the raw material used. phenanthrene and 9-fluorenone were effectively separated using methanol and cyclohexane with optimum liquid–solid mass ratios of 1.6:1 and 2.8:1, respectively. In the model mixture, the contents of phenanthrene and 9-fluorenone exceeded 98 wt%, with yields above 91 wt%. For anthracene residue, the content of 9-fluorenone reached 93.98 wt% with a yield of 84.52 wt%, while its content was only 76.58 wt% due to the accumulation of other components in phenanthrene.

Application of the Thermal Analysis of Frozen Aqueous Solutions to Assess the Miscibility of Hyaluronic Acid and Polymers Used for Dissolving Microneedles

Background: The combination of multiple polymers is anticipated to serve as a means to diversify the physical properties and functionalities of dissolving microneedles. The mixing state of components is considered as a crucial factor in determining their suitability. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether thermal analysis of frozen aqueous solutions can appropriately predict the miscibility of hyaluronic acid (HA) and other polymers used for dissolving microneedles prepared by a micromolding method. Methods: Aliquots of aqueous polymer solutions were applied for thermal analysis by heating the samples from −70 °C at 5 °C/min to obtain the transition temperature of amorphous polymers and/or the crystallization/melting peaks of polymers (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG)). Films and dissolving microneedles were prepared by air-drying of the aqueous polymer solutions to assess the polymer miscibility in the solids. Results: The frozen aqueous single-solute HA solutions exhibited a clear Tg′ (the glass transition temperature of maximally freeze-concentrated solutes) at approximately −20 °C. The combination of HA with several polymers (e.g., dextran FP40, DEAE-dextran, dextran sulfate, and gelatin) showed a single Tg′ transition at temperatures that shifted according to their mass ratio, which strongly suggested the mixing of the freeze-concentrated solutes. By contrast, the observation of two Tg′ transitions in a scan strongly suggested the separation of HA and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or HA and polyacrylic acid (PAA) into different freeze-concentrated phases, each of which was rich in an amorphous polymer. The combination of HA and PEG exhibited the individual physical changes of the polymers. The polymer combinations that showed phase separation in the frozen solution formed opaque films and microneedles upon their preparation by air-drying. Coacervation occurring in certain polymer combinations was also suggested as a factor contributing to the formation of cloudy films. Conclusions: Freezing aqueous polymer solutions creates a highly concentrated polymer environment that mimics the matrix of dissolving microneedles prepared through air drying. This study demonstrated that thermal analysis of the frozen solution offers insights into the mixing state of condensed polymers, which can be useful for predicting the physical properties of microneedles.

Angular Momentum Loss during Stable Mass Transfer onto a Compact Object: The Effect of Mass Loss via Accretion Disk Winds

We use an analytic framework to calculate the evolution of binary orbits under a physically motivated model that accounts for angular momentum loss associated with winds from an accretion disk around the compact-objected accretor. Our prescription considers wind mass ejection from the surface of an accretion disk, accounting for a radial mass-loss dependence across the disk surface. We compare this to the standard prescription of angular momentum loss associated with isotropic mass loss from the vicinity of the accretor. The angular momentum loss from a disk wind is always larger. For mass ratios, q, between 2 and 10, angular momentum loss via a disk wind can be ≃3–40 times greater than the standard prescription. For the majority of mass ratios and disk properties, accounting for the disk wind can result in considerably smaller orbital separations compared to the standard formalism, the differences being ≃60% depending on how long the effect is integrated for. We conclude that it is important to consider the effects of angular momentum loss from a disk wind when evolving binary orbits.

AI-driven optimization of dynamic vibration absorbers with hydraulic amplifier and mechanical inerter integration

Dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs) have been widely employed in vibration suppression applications for decades. While DVAs offer an effective solution, they are limited by the need for a high mass ratio between the DVA and the primary system to achieve significant vibration attenuation. To overcome this, researchers have introduced lever mechanisms, allowing for enhanced vibration suppression without increasing the mass ratio. However, levers, commonly used as amplification mechanisms, suffer from high inertia and limited amplification, particularly in larger applications. Another limitation is when DVAs are employed for energy harvesting as a secondary objective, they exhibit high sensitivity to system parameter variations, requiring extensive optimization. Various optimization techniques have been applied to DVAs for multi-objective optimization, including fixed-point theory, which is complex and requires intensive mathematical derivation, and simple metaheuristic techniques such as genetic algorithms (GA). This study proposes four novel DVAs using a hydraulic amplifier (HA) to address the limitations of traditional lever mechanisms and a mechanical inerter to improve the vibration damping. Also, multi-objective optimization was performed using particle swarm optimization (PSO) which is considered innovative in this application and compared with commonly used genetic algorithms (GA). The governing equations were derived using Newton’s second law and solved numerically with the Runge-Kutta method. An AI-based approach was utilized for HA design. The results show that integrating HA and mechanical inerters significantly enhances vibration attenuation and broadens the frequency response. Additionally, the location of the mechanical inerter is critical in reducing vibration amplitude. Also, the multi-objective PSO outperforms GA in solution diversity and quality. The proposed integration of HA in DVAs offers potential applications across various engineering fields.

Annual Variations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 Fraction at an Urban Site in Ansan, Korea

This study examines particulate matter (PM) concentrations, specifically PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0, at an urban site in Ansan, South Korea. Three BAM-1020 continuous monitors measured PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0 hourly from January to December 2021, with data acquisition rates of 97.1%, 97.3%, and 93.4%, respectively. Average annual concentrations were 45.7±48.4 µg/m³ (PM10), 26.4±22.7 µg/m³ (PM2.5), and 18.5±14.5 µg/m³ (PM1.0). PM10 was 91% of the annual air quality standard, while PM2.5 exceeded this standard by 176%, indicating severe pollution. Statistical analyses using probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) showed 98.5% of data converged at 150 µg/m³ (PM10), 75 µg/m³ (PM2.5), and 50 µg/m³ (PM1.0), with the remaining 1.5% corresponding to approximately 131 hours, annually. In 2021, all six observed yellow dust events occurred in spring (March to May). PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0 concentrations increased from January to March, peaked in March, decreased until September, and rose again. The coarse fraction ratio increased stepwise from February to May, likely due to yellow dust and episodes of high PM concentration in the spring. The PM1.0 concentration was higher in summer and fall compared with that in spring and winter. The PM1.0/PM2.5 ratio was highest in summer and fall even though the annual PM1.0concentration was lowest, suggesting a higher secondary formation rate of fine particles during these periods. This underscores the need for further scientific investigation on PM1.0. The study provides insights into the simultaneous observation and distribution characteristics of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0, highlighting the mass concentration, distribution, and ratio of PM1.0. These findings are crucial for understanding PM distribution in Ansan, an industrial complex, and can serve as essential data for chemical composition comparisons, data validation, public health strategies, and cost-benefit analyses for regional PM improvement.

Study on thermal decomposition and enrichment quality of coal from Mogoin gol deposit in Mongolia

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the thermal stability and the mechanism of thermal decomposition of Mogoin gol coal, the possibility of liquefaction by pyrolysis and thermolysis, and the possibility of enriching by heavy liquids to reduce the mineral content of coal and improve its quality. Under this purpose, The Mogoin gol coal was characterized by proximate and ultimate analysis, thermogravimetry, and investigated its thermal decomposition (thermolysis and pyrolysis). Thermogravimetric analysis was performed using Japanese HITACHI TG/DTA7300 instrument and pyrolysis investigation was carried out at different heating temperatures 200–700 °C with constant heating rate 20 °C/min for 80 min. On the basis of proximate and elemental analysis results, it has been indicated that the Mogoin gol coal is high-rank coking coal. The pyrolysis of Mogoin gol coal was studied by SNOL furnace at different heating temperatures and obtained from pyrolysis products such as hard residue, tar, pyrolytic water, and gas. From pyrolysis, the yield of pyrolysis tar (6.28%) was highest at 700 °C. The experiment of thermal decomposition (thermolysis) was carried out in air closed autoclave at 350–450 °C and using hydrogen donor solvent (tetraline) with different mass ratios of coal and solvent (1:1.75; 1:1.5). In the thermolysis experiment, the yield of liquid product is highest with the coal: solvent ratio of 1:1.5 at 450 °C.

Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structure Subjected to Blast Load

The research focuses on a specific standoff distance of 15m & 20m , a critical parameter in blast analysis, to gain a understanding of the building's behavior under static loading conditions of blast load weight of 150kgs & 100kgs of TNT. To simulate realistic scenarios, the models are subjected to appropriate boundary conditions, including foundation constraints to account for the building's interaction with the ground. The blast load is assigned as joint loads, considering the standoff distance of the blast from the source. The standoff distance significantly influences the building's response to the blast, with profound implications for structural integrity and security. The Analysis of the Bare frame with blast load added as Joint Load, the deflection is controlled by adding Shear walls along various location along the periphery & core for 10 Story RCC Structures. The analysis is conducted using linear time history analysis (Response Spectrum Analysis) within ETABS, capturing the response of the building. Roof Displacement, Base Shear, Story Drift, Stiffness, Time period & Modal participation mass ratios are monitored during the analysis. The outcomes of this study contribute valuable insights into the structural responses of buildings to blast loads at specific standoff distances. This research advances our understanding of blast effects on buildings thereby enhancing the security and resilience of vital infrastructure in the face of evolving threats. Keywords: Blast Load, Response Spectrum Method, Roof Displacement, Base Shear, Story Drift, Stiffness, Time period & Modal participation mass ratios.