Ratio Of Solid Phase Research Articles

Mesoscopic modeling of silver particles melting process on silicon wafer in inkjet-printed solar cell metallization

Inkjet printing technology for solar cell metallization is considered as an important alternative with inherent non-contact characteristics. The melting process of silver particles plays the key role which determines the final structure of finger electrodes. To explore the melting of silver particles inside the silicon wafers, an enthalpy-based LB-FD model is presented to simulate the solid-liquid phase transitions in the multiphase system. In vertical thermal fields, silver particles melt from bottom to upper layers. The adhesion and coalescence behaviors of multiple particles are well captured in multiphase melting. The melting fluids near the sidewall are simulated with the interfacial tension and gravitational force. The effects of solid phase ratio and textured features of silicon wafers are also studied. The presented 3D enthalpy-based LB-FD model exhibits powerful capacities to solve the solid-liquid phase transitions in multiphase system. The numerical analysis provides a better insight to understand and improve the inkjet-printed solar cell metallization process.

In Situ Observation the Effect of Y on the Solidification Process of 7Mo-SASS under a Low Cooling Rate.

The effects of Y on the solidification process of 7Mo super austenitic stainless steel (7MoSASS) under low cooling rate conditions (10 °C/min) were investigated using high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy (HT-CLSM). The in situ observation results indicate that Y samples promote an increase in austenite nucleation density. After 10 s of nucleation, the nucleation density increased by 149.53/mm2 for the Y sample. Furthermore, variance analysis indicated that Y addition improved the uniformity of the 7MoSASS solidification microstructure under low cooling rate conditions. The Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) theory results showed that when the solid phase ratio was 0.5, the nucleation mode of the Y sample transitioned from saturation site nucleation to saturation site nucleation + Avrami nucleation. YAlO3 has a low lattice disregistry value with austenite, making it a suitable heterogeneous nucleation core for promoting the early nucleation of austenite. During the late stages of solidification, Y accumulates in the residual liquid phase, providing a greater degree of compositional undercooling. SEM-EDS analysis showed that Y contributed to the refinement of the 7MoSASS solidification microstructure, with the proportion of precipitated phases decreasing by approximately 7.5%. Cr and Mo were the main elements exhibiting positive segregation in 7MoSASS, and the Cr segregation ratio increased in the Y sample, while the Mo segregation ratio decreased.

Insert Molding of Aluminum Alloy A7075 and Alumina Plate by Semi-Solid Forging

Industrial, electric railway, and automotive applications of inverters and converters use case-type semiconductor packages called power modules. Power modules have multiple joint points, and among them, from the viewpoint of reliability and bonding strength, many studies on metal-ceramic substrate bonding have been reported. Alumina Al203 or aluminum nitride AIN are mainly used for ceramics, and copper or aluminum are mainly used for metals, although alumina and aluminum have a price advantage. The joining methods are generally brazing and AMB (Active Metal Brazing), but there is a need to improve the joint strength, heat dissipation characteristics, and productivity, i.e., a joining method that does not use brazing material. The purpose of this study is to achieve direct joining of alumina A1203 and aluminum alloy A7075, and semi-solid forging [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] was used as the method. The A7075 used in this study is considered to be suitable for this application because of its high strength and thermal conductivity among aluminum alloys. In this study, solid phase ratio 30 % semi-solid forging was actually performed using a servo press and a die, and the results were evaluated by observing the cross section of the fabricated specimens. The punches and dies were circular in shape to ensure uniform spreading of the molten material, and carbon steel S50C with high thermal conductivity was used to quickly dissipate the heat of the semi-solid slurry during the pressing process. The thickness of 99.6 % Al2O3 alumina plate was 2.5 mm. The semi-automatic stirring device was modified to stir the molten metal by attaching a 1000 mm round bar to the rotating part of a tabletop drilling machine and attaching a stirring blade to the tip of the bar. Debonding between aluminum alloy and alumina plate was not confirmed. There was no gap between the aluminum alloy and the ceramic plate.

Utilization of mine waste heat in phase change rechargeable battery

Mine geothermal energy has been recognized as “heat hazard”, which is harmful to the health of miners and causes disasters. In order to realize the transformation of mine geothermal energy and waste heat from “hazard/waste” into “treasure”, this paper analyzes the distribution characteristics and genesis of mine geothermal energy with the field geothermal temperature monitoring data, evaluates geothermal reserves, and reveals the mutual influencing mechanism of stratified exploitation of two-layer geothermal reservoir and the law of thermal energy conduction and evolution in the stope of geothermal-coal synergetic mining (GE-COSM), using numerical models verified by experiments. In the end, the improvement effect of mine waste heat on the development potential of geothermal-coal mine (G-CM) was analyzed. The result shows that: The present geothermal field distribution characteristics of Anju Mine are high in the north and low in the south, high in the east and low in the west. There are two layers of zoned reservoir, with the temperatures of 43 °C and 54 °C respectively, the average heat flow value 70.1 mW/m2 and 80.9 mW/m2 respectively, and the geothermal water type SO42--Na+·Ca2+. The simultaneous exploitation of the two geothermal reservoirs will form a Coal-Austria geothermal reservoir joint influence area(C-Area) with lower temperature, which reduces the harm of “heat hazard” to miners. But the phase change heat storage function of functional cemented paste backfill material for phase change heat storage (F-CBM) is not fully utilized in the late stage of geothermal exploitation. The mine generates 4.6 × 1011 J of waste heat per day, and according to the type of heat source of mine waste heat can be continuously “heat charging” for a conventional backfill working face. Moreover, under the action of high temperature surrounding rock, the thermal energy recovery rate is greater than 1, and under the action of “heat charging”, the average maximum value of solid phase ratio is greater than 70 %. Therefore, the phase change rechargeable battery mode creatively proposed by this paper is significantly better than the traditional rock layer heat storage mode and is worth vigorously popularizing.

Effect of calcium on niobium solubility in alkaline solutions

Abstract The solubility of niobium-94 (94Nb) in calcium alkaline solutions is one of the important parameters in safety assessment of intermediate-depth disposal which are assumed to use cementitious materials. Nb solubility and solubility-limiting solid phases of Nb in these systems remain unclear. The oversaturation solubility experiments were performed systematically in the 0.001–0.1 mol dm−3 (M) CaCl2 solutions under alkali conditions, and the characterization of precipitated solid phase controlling Nb solubility was conducted. The negative dependence of Nb solubilities on pH and calcium (Ca) concentration was observed in solubility experiments, and the Ca/Nb molar ratio of precipitated solid phase was 0.66. The pH and Ca dependence of Nb solubilities was reproduced by the reaction with Nb aqueous species Nb(OH)6 − and Ca–Nb oxide with the Ca/Nb ratio of 0.66, e.g., Ca4Nb6O19 (am). With increasing pH, Nb concentrations in the 0.001–0.1 M CaCl2 solutions were significantly lower than those calculated from thermodynamic data without Ca–Nb solid. This work provides systematic evidence that the presence of Ca clearly affects Nb solubility. Since calcium is a major component of groundwater and cement pore water, the Ca–Nb solid phase should be considered in the Nb solubility assessment.

Sorption of lead on cementitious materials in presence of organics

Commercial cementitious material, hydrated cement pastes of type CEM I and CEM III, and a synthetic cementitious phase CSH (calcium-silicate-hydrates) with a Ca/Si ratio equal to 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 were used in the study of lead sorption. Kinetic and equilibrium experiments were performed under different conditions, namely liquid to solid phase ratio and the presence of organic compounds (EDTA, phthalate). The duration of equilibrium experiments was determined based on kinetic experiments, 1 week for calcium-silicate-hydrates and 3 weeks for hydrated cement paste. Equilibrium experiments were evaluated using the distribution ratio Rd and sorption isotherms. For both hydrated cement pastes, Rd’s in the range 102–103 L kg−1 were found while for calcium-silicate-hydrates the distribution ratio values were an order of magnitude higher under comparable conditions. The difference in the studied cementitious materials was also manifested in the shape of the sorption isotherm, while the behavior of calcium-silicate-hydrates can be fitted linearly and therefore by the Kd-model, for hydrated cement paste as more complex cement material it is necessary to use a non-linear isotherm description. The effect of organic matter, represented here by EDTA and phthalate, described by the sorption reduction factor SRF was more apparent for calcium-silicate-hydrates, where its value was always higher than one and reached up to 500. On the contrary, for hydrated cement paste CEM I and CEM III, all determined SRFs were less than 1.

Microstructure characteristics and thermodynamic properties of A357-SiCp/A357 layered composites prepared by semi-solid vacuum stirring suction casting

A357-SiCp/A357 layered composites were prepared using a semi-solid vacuum stirring suction casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivities of the composites fabricated under different suction casting processes were compared. Additionally, the microstructural evolution characteristics and performance enhancement mechanism of the A357-SiCp/A357 layered composites were discussed. The results demonstrate that suction casting at 610 °C with a low solid phase ratio can significantly enhance the material density and reduce the agglomeration of SiCp. The A357-SiCp/A357 interface is clear and straight with good bonding. With an increase in the suction casting temperature, the bending resistance and thermal conductivity of the A357-SiCp/A357 layered composites exhibit a trend of significantly increase at first and then slowly decrease owing to casting defects, interface bonding, and SiCp distribution. Compared with SiCp/A357 composites, the bending strength, deflection, and thermal conductivity of the A357-SiCp/A357 layered composites increase from 257 MPa, 1.07 mm, and 155.72 W·(m·K)−1 to 298 MPa, 2.1 mm, and 169.86 W·(m·K)−1, respectively. This study provides a reference for improving the rheological casting of aluminum matrix layered composites.

Industrialization of Aluminum Alloy Uniform Solidification Controlled Rheological Die Casting

An efficient and low-cost aluminum alloy uniform solidification control technology, namely, air-cooled stirring rod (ACSR) process, has been developed for preparing large volume semisolid slurry. The semisolid slurry preparation process is connected with the die-casting machine to form multiple integrated intelligent rheological die-casting production lines for the efficient preparation of rheological die-casting of large-scale thin-walled aluminum alloys. At present, the ACSR process can produce 40 kg of large-volume semisolid slurry with a solid phase ratio of 25% to 35% within 30 s. This rheological die-casting process has been industrialized for the preparation of high-quality aluminum alloy large-scale thin-walled parts, such as new energy vehicles and 5G communications. Typical products produced by this process include heat dissipation housings for 5G communications, filter housings, antenna chassis and three-electric structural shell, end cover, and ABS system valve body for new energy vehicles. Compared with traditional die castings, aluminum alloy castings prepared by the new process not only have fine and spherical microstructures, good surface quality, and fewer internal pores but also enjoys more excellent mechanical properties and thermal conductivity.

Application of Metaheuristic Algorithms for Optimizing Longitudinal Square Porous Fins

The objectives of this study involve the optimization of longitudinal porous fins of square cross-section using metaheuristic algorithms. A generalized nonlinear ordinary differential equation is derived using Darcy and Fourier’s laws in the energy balance around a control volume and is solved numerically using RFK 45 method. The temperature of the base surface is higher than the fin surface, and the fin tip is kept adiabatic or cooled by convection heat transfer. The other pertinent parameters include Rayleigh number (100 ≤ <i>Ra</i> ≤ 10⁴), Darcy number, (10⁻⁴ ≤ <i>Da</i> ≤ 10⁻²), relative thermal conductivity ratio of solid phase to fluid (1000 ≤ <i>k</i>_<i>r</i> ≤ 8000), Nusselt number (10 ≤ <i>Nu</i> ≤ 100), porosity (0.1 ≤ <i>φ</i> ≤ 0.9). The impacts of these parameters on the entropy generation rate are investigated and optimized using metaheuristic algorithms. In computer science, metaheuristic algorithms are one of the most widely used techniques for optimization problems. In this research, three metaheuristic algorithms, including the firefly algorithm (FFA), particle swarm algorithm (PSO), and hybrid algorithm (FFA-PSO) are employed to examine the performance of square fins. It is demonstrated that FFA-PSO takes fewer iterations and less computational time to converge compared to other algorithms.

The application of citric acid solutions for selective removal of zinc from steelmaking dust

Steelmaking dust is one of the wastes which are produced by ironworks. This kind of waste is a byproduct produced mainly in electric arc furnace. Zinc content in dust is different and depends on the charge processed in the furnace. The basic technology used for recycling steelmaking dust is Waelz process, however, it requires a large amount of reducer and generates a lot of waste which needs to be stored. First stage in this study was to analyze if steelmaking dust was safe to be exposed to atmospheric conditions. To verify this, the dust was subjected to two kinds of standard leaching tests, TCLP and EN-12457-2. The amount of extracted elements was considerable and that was why steelmaking dust should be treated as dangerous waste. Leaching in citric acid solutions was divided in four series. The first one was set to determine the time and temperature for most selective zinc leaching. Next series optimized three leaching parameters which were: citric acid concentration, liquid to solid phase ratio (l/s), and the stirring speed. Performed experiments showed the optimal conditions for selective leaching: temperature of 50?C, leaching time of 60 minutes, citric acid concentration of 0.5 mol/dm3, l/s ratio of 10, and stirring speed of 250 rpm.

Treatment of a TPP’s Water from Oil Products with Hydrophobic Carbonate Sludge

A technology for adsorption treatment of a TPP’s wastewater from oil films and dissolved oil products by developed powdery and granular sorption materials based on carbonate sludge is proposed. Carbonate sludge is an energy waste generated during the preliminary purification of raw water during liming and coagulation. The technological characteristics and the adsorption capacity of the sludge with respect to dissolved and emulsified oil products are determined. To increase the adsorption capacity and wettability by nonpolar compounds, it is proposed to carry out volumetric hydrophobization of carbonate sludge with Silor silicone fluid. Powdered material was obtained by modifying sludge (humidity 3%, particle size dh = 0.01–0.05 mm) with 100% Silor liquid with a volume ratio of solid and liquid phase of 5 : 1 followed by heat treatment at 150°C for 60 min until a constant mass was established. The oil capacity of the material of 0.95 g/g, the contact angle of 115°, and the technological characteristics of the sorption material were determined. For TPPs’ wastewater treatment from oil products, it is proposed to use the material for collecting floating oil films in the sumps of the technological scheme. A technology has been developed for producing granular sorption material: granules formed from carbonate sludge when mixed in a ratio of 1 : 2 with a binder liquid sodium glass are heat treated at 700°C for 60 min, then 5% are impregnated with Silor water emulsion and dried to constant weight. It is proposed to use granular material in technological schemes for the posttreatment of wastewater from dissolved oil products as a load in adsorption filters.

Ice crystal growth in the freezing desalination process of binary water-NaCl system

In this study, ice crystal growth in the freezing desalination process of binary water-NaCl system is investigated. The phase field method is used to conduct simulation and predict dendrite growth behaviour during the crystallization of sea ice. An experimental setup focusing on the directional crystallization of binary water-NaCl solutions on the horizontal wall is established to verify the e theoretical model. The results show that the crystal with single nucleus obtains obvious six-fold symmetry, while in the competitive crystallization of multiple crystal nuclei, spindle growth is inhibited. Brine channels and salt cells are formed in the directional crystallization, seawater consists of higher Mg2+and SO42− get more difficult in freezing desalination. The degree of subcooling significantly affects the salt cell concentration at the roots, the solid phase ratio, and the height of the planar crystal, while the heat flux significantly affects dendrite growth rate. The experimental average tip growth rate is 9.15 × 10−5 m/s, and the experimental average tip radius is 5.16 × 10−6 m. Peclet number of both simulation and experiment have the same order of magnitudes, with 0.1–0.2 and 0.3–0.6, respectively, which suggests the three-field coupling model established is reasonable for desalination simulation.

Influence of Microwave Treatment on Ghassoul Stability.

Moroccan clay with a significant portion of stevensite, locally known as Ghassoul, is a very good sorbent. For the facilitation of the sorbent separation, it is convenient to use its magnetically modified form. Recently, the composites of FexOy/Ghassoul have been prepared using simple microwave assisted synthesis and the effect of method preparation on composite composition has been proven. The aim of the presented work was to evaluate the effect of the microwave radiation on the structure and stability of native Ghassoul. Water extracts were prepared by batch method using deionized water. The leachate was prepared for 1, 6 and 24 hours in 1:1000 ratio of solid and liquid phase from the original material and the material after interaction with microwave radiation. In the filtrate, pH was determined as well as concentrations of Al, Ca, K, Mg, Na and Si using Atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The results imply that microwave treatment of the material changes the pH of the leachates to more acidic compared to the original material in which the pH increases. Even the microwave treatment of Ghassoul did not cause changes in Al, in contrast with Si which was leached considerably more in the case of the microwave-treated sample. Opposite result was observed in the case of Na and Mg. Leached amounts of Ca were comparable in both the treatments, leached amounts K were not affected by the treatment and leaching time.

Comprehensive investigation of solid and porous fins influence on natural convection in an inclined rectangular enclosure

A numerical analysis has been performed to investigate two-dimensional natural convection inside a differentially heated inclined rectangular enclosure with several porous fins attached to the hot wall. Various parameters were studied including Rayleigh number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), Darcy number. (10−8 ≤ Da ≤ 10−2), relative thermal conductivity ratio of solid phase to fluid (1 ≤ Ke ≤ 100), cavity inclination angle (0 ≤ φ ≤ π/3), cavity aspect ratio (AR = 2:1 and 3:1), fin number (0 ≤ N ≤ 4), dimensionless fin position (0.25 ≤ S ≤ 0.75) and dimensionless fin length (0.25 ≤ L ≤ 0.75). Left vertical wall is maintained at a higher temperature Th, while the right vertical wall is kept at lower temperature Tc and horizontal walls are insulated. Cavity is filled with an incompressible Newtonian fluid with Prandtl number of 0.71. Fins with length of lf are attached to the hot vertical wall. Due to a small temperature difference between the hot and cold vertical walls, all of the thermo-physical properties, except the density variation in the body force term, which is modeled using the Boussinesq approximation, are assumed constant. Governing steady state equations for mass, momentum and energy within the porous fin is based on volume-averaging method and the finite volume code based on SIMPLE method was utilized in the present investigation to solve the governing equations. The investigated results illustrated that using several conductive porous fins, increase the average Nusselt number within the cavity up to 41% compared to enclosures with solid fins and up to 20% compared to cavities without any fins. Furthermore, it was found that increasing heat transfer using more porous fins highly depends on the relative thermal conductivity ratio of solid phase to fluid and rising the thermal conductivity ratio from 10 to 100, results in 17% of heat transfer enhancement. It was found that Da = 10−5 is a limit for positive performance of the porous fins, below which no heat transfer enhancement occurs compared to cavities with solid fins. Optimum porous fin length was found to be a decreasing function of Rayleigh number.

Changes of soil physical and chemical properties of albic soil in the meadow of Sanjiang Plain after rice planting.

The changes and renewal of soil quality are the criteria for judging agricultural development and soil management. The albic soil is the main paddy field soil in Sanjiang Plain. There is limited knowledge about the changes of soil quality after the dry field was changed into the paddy field. Taking albic soils from different years of rice planting as study objects, the changes of soil physical and chemical properties were investigated. The results showed that the total amount of soil organic carbon and reducing substances increased in the ploughing layer (16-23 cm thick) and the bottom ploughing layer (6-8 cm thick). The depth of ploughing layer gradually increased with the increases of rice planting years. There was no significant change after the bottom layer was changed into the paddy field. There was no significant difference in the subsoil layer (20 cm thick) compared with dryland. The Fe2+ and Mn2+ in the soil tended to migrate downward, but only to the plough bottom layer. The ratio of soil solid phase of the ploughing layer and the ploughing bottom layer increased after rice planting, with the ratio of soil solid phase of the ploughing bottom layer increased from 47.8% to 70.0% and the bulk density increased from 1.22 g·cm-3 to 1.77 g·cm-3. Decreases of the total amount of soil porosity, increases of the proportion of micropores, and cohesive leaching deposition in the albic soil were observed after rice planting. The changes of soil physical and chemical properties of albic soil after rice planting were generally consistent with the evolution of paddy soil except for several particularities.

Pretreatment of anaerobic digester samples by hydrochloric acid for solution-state 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter

Pretreatment of anaerobic digester samples by hydrochloric acid (HCl) resulted in removal of Fe-based mineral and coordination compounds, attenuating their interferences with solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic characterization of the solid phase organic matter. Substrate (influent) and digestate (effluent) samples from two full-scale anaerobic digesters, designated CD (co-digester) and SSD (sewage sludge digester), were investigated. Pretreatment of CD samples with 0.2–2.0 mol l−1 HCl and pretreatment of SSD samples with 1.0–3.0 mol l−1 HCl removed 96–100% and 76–80% of total Fe, respectively. Pretreatment declined overall paramagnetic characteristics of digestate samples, manifested by 50% (CD) and 70% (SSD) decrease in electron paramagnetic resonance signal intensities. As a result, meaningful solution-state 1H,13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence and 1H NMR spectra of DMSO-d6 soluble organic matter could be acquired. Sample pretreatment with the lowest concentration of HCl resulted in alteration of C:N ratios in solid phase, likely due to removal of labile organic and inorganic C- and N-containing compounds, while elevating the HCl concentration did not further change the C:N ratios. Furthermore, sample pretreatment increased the solubility of carbohydrates and proteins in DMSO-d6, enabling the detection of NMR resonances from certain structural units of carbohydrates (e.g. anomeric O2CH) and proteins (e.g. CHα in amino acids). Both attenuation of the paramagnetic matrix as well as an enhanced solubility of carbohydrate and protein fractions of the samples in DMSO-d6 solvent contributed to an improved molecular characterization of anaerobic digester samples by solution-state NMR analysis.

Ammonia Leaching of Zinc from Low-grade Oxide Zinc Ores Using the Enhancement of the Microwave Irradiation

Abstract Irradiated roast treatment and the ammonia leaching processing were conducted to deal with the low-grade oxide zinc ores. The ZnCO3 phase was hard to be attended, which was the reason for the low leaching rate of the complicated zinc ores. The mineral phase transformation of the ZnCO3 phase was generated after the ores irradiated in the microwave at the temperature of 673 K. The irradiated ores generated more small particles, it was the reason that the leaching rate of the complicated zinc ores was increased. When the leaching processing of the irradiated roasted ores was conducted under the conditions of the total ammonia concentration of 6 mol/L, the liquid to solid phase ratio of 11:1, the leaching temperature of 298 K, the leaching time of 150 min and the stirring speed of 400 rpm, 88.3 % of zinc could be achieved, which was the maximum leaching rate of the irradiated ores.

Influence of the volume ratio of solid phase on carrying capacity of regular porous structure

Direct metal laser sintering is spread technology today. The main advantage of this method is the ability to produce parts which have a very complex geometry and which can be produced only in very complicated way by classical conventional methods. Special category of such components are parts with porous structure, which can give to the product extraordinary combination of properties. The article deals with some aspects that influence the manufacturing of regular porous structures in spite of the fact that input technological parameters at various samples were the same. The main goal of presented research has been to investigate the influence of the volume ratio of solid phase on carrying capacity of regular porous structure. Realized tests have indicated that the unit of regular porous structure with lower volume ratio is able to carry a greater load to failure than the unit with higher volume ratio.

プロパンハイドレートスラリーの流動特性

A purpose of this study is to investigate flow characteristic of propane hydrate slurry (PHS). PHS can be transported in a tube directly. Therefore PHS can be expected reduction of the transportation cost. This experiment used the stirring method for a generation method of the PHS. From the experimental results , it was found that PHS is pseudoplastic fluid . Further, it was found that behaviour index n ' is decreased with the solid phase ratio is increased .

Determination of solid–liquid partition coefficient of volatile compounds by solid phase ratio variation based headspace analysis

A novel method has been developed for the determination of the solid–liquid partition coefficient of volatile analytes using headspace gas chromatography (HS–GC). The method is based on the headspace measurement for the three-phase equilibrium in sample vials containing different amounts of solid sample. Theory is presented that allows calculation of partition coefficient of the analyte from the HS–GC data obtained at the condition of solid phase ratio variation (SPRV). Analysis of errors demonstrates that this solid phase ratio variation method generates results with reasonable precision for all volatile compounds, much better than the liquid-focused (i.e., liquid phase ratio variation) method reported early.The solid phase ratio variation method was used to determine the solid–liquid partition coefficient of toluene in a water–polystyrene system, using polymer particles with average size ranging from 0.4 to 2.1μm. The results show that the partition coefficient of toluene in the given system is proportional to the specific surface area of the polymer particles, as expected.In summary, the method is a simple and practical tool for determining the solid–liquid partition coefficient of volatile analytes.