Ratio Degradation Research Articles

Recycled SoC Detection Using LDO Degradation

Counterfeit electronics form a major roadblock towards a safe and successful economy. An increase in globalization has led to a major increase in the total number of counterfeit products all around the world. While several methods have been designed to detect counterfeits, very few of them have been applied to the system-on-chip (SoC). The influx of a variety of components in SoCs and the conglomeration of different types of properties makes it difficult to detect counterfeit SoCs. In this paper, we aim at detecting recycled counterfeit SoCs by evaluating the degradation of power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of a low drop-out (LDO) regulator, a principal component of the power supply of the SoC. Since the power supply is a universal component in all SoCs, this method can be considered effective for most SoCs. We apply machine learning (ML) algorithms pertaining to the family of Gaussian mixture models to classify SoCs as recycled or new. Supervised and unsupervised ML algorithms show an accuracy of up to 90% and 74% of recycled detection. We also apply stand-alone LDO PSRR degradation to train the ML algorithm and test on PSRR from embedded LDOs in SoCs. This form of semi-supervised ML performed well for our previous experiments of recycled detection with stand-alone LDOs but was not able to distinguish recycled SoCs from new SoCs, thus increasing the number of false detection.

Carbon particulate and controlled-hydrolysis assisted extrusion foaming of semi-crystalline polyethylene terephthalate for the enhanced thermal insulation property

This work presents a facile method to produce low-density PET foams using pristine semi-crystalline resin by moisture-induced controlled-hydrolysis in a tight processing window (moisture content ∼ 0.12 wt.%). We investigated the effect of moisture and moisture containing activated carbon (AC) on the foam expansion ratio, cell morphology, and PET resin degradation and crystallization properties. Controlled-hydrolysis increased the melt-flow rate of PET resin (intrinsic viscosity: 0.52 to 0.54 dL/g) without losing crystallinity, and thus the PET foams possess better tensile properties (∼2 MPa stress and ∼100% strain) and higher thermal stability (>200°C) than chemically modified PET foams. The foam density could be made as low as ∼ 0.15 g/cm3 using a lab scale twin-screw extruder. A strand array die was also designed to produce plate-shaped foam samples. AC allowed easier control of the moisture content and delayed resin degradation in extrusion. Both AC and micrographite (mGr) could stabilize the PET foam morphology in extrusion and serve as good infrared attenuation agents (IAAs) in a simulated housing thermal insulation experiment.

Anti-Inflammatory and Tissue Adhesion Properties of an α-Linolenic Acid-Modified Gelatin-Based In Situ Hydrogel.

Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-natural chemicals derived from fish and nuts-have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties that are attributed to the inhibition of inflammatory pathways and the radical scavenging activity of their double bonds. In this study, Alaska pollock-derived gelatin (ApGltn), which has a low sol-gel transition temperature, was modified with α-linolenic acid (ALA) to obtain ALA-ApGltn, which was subsequently cross-linked to give a hydrogel (ALA-gel). Although the elastic modulus of ALA-gel and nonmodified ApGltn gel (Org-gel) was almost the same, ALA-gel exhibited a higher tan δ as well as a lower swelling ratio and enzymatic degradation rate than Org-gel. Moreover, ALA-gel showed enhanced tissue adhesive strength compared with a commercial fibrin adhesive. The concentration of a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secreted from macrophage-like cells and the intracellular mitochondrial activity indicated that ALA-ApGltn exerted anti-inflammatory effects and maintained cell viability compared with the higher toxicity nonconjugated ALA. In addition, ALA-gel demonstrated suppressed formation of lamellipodia and secretion of TNF-α. ALA-gel therefore has potential as an adhesive biomaterial for wound sealing and treating burn injuries.

Performance Analysis of MRC With Imperfect Time Alignment in SIMO Systems

In single-input multi-output (SIMO) systems, imperfect time alignments result in random mismatch among the signals at receiving antennas, leading to performance degradation of maximum ratio combining (MRC). In this letter, by considering the timing errors at each receiving antenna, the closed-form expression of output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) after performing MRC is calculated, and its statistical properties are investigated. Theoretical and simulation results show that the imperfect time alignment significantly degrades the output SNR, especially for high input SNR and large-scale receiving antennas. In addition, the system outage probability increases as the timing error increases or the number of receiving antennas decreases.

Enhancement of SOA-Based Scintillation Mitigation by PS-OOK Transmission in FSO Communication

This paper proposes an enhancement of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based scintillation mitigation by polarization shift on-off keying (PS-OOK) transmission in free-space optical (FSO) communication. The scintillation effect is a critical issue in a vertical FSO link. The issue of the extinction ratio (ER) degradation of the received OOK signal caused by the high dynamic gain frequency of the SOA limits the performance of the turbulence-induced scintillation effect mitigation using a gain-saturated and polarization-independent SOA. Therefore, a PS-OOK signal, which has the characteristics of orthogonal polarization of bits “1” and “0,” is transmitted at the transmitter end and a linear polarizer is deployed after the gain saturated SOA at the receiver end. Based on the polarization orthogonality of PS-OOK, the performance of the scintillation-effect suppression is significantly improved by the mitigation of the ER degradation by the blocking of the polarization of bit “0” of the received optical PS-OOK signal using the linear polarizer. The proposed scheme is experimentally verified utilizing the Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM)-based fading simulator accommodated various turbulence channels. The experimental results illustrate that the scintillation effect is effectively suppressed by the proposed technique compared to the SOA-based conventional single-polarized OOK detection and balanced PS-OOK detection.

Development and testing of damage controllable precast beam–column connection under reverse cyclic loading

The prime goal of this research is to develop a damage controllable system in the precast beam–column connection using un-bonded steel rods (dissipaters) and cleat angle. To achieve this goal, two precast specimens were studied and their seismic performances were related to the monolithic specimen. One-third model specimens were studied. The column and beam elements were connected using cleat angle and un-bonded steel rod (dissipaters) in the first precast specimen. The second precast specimen was similar to the first specimen, but modified with the provision of channel section and steel duct at the beam end region. Reverse cyclic loading under displacement control was applied to the specimens. The damage mechanism, peak strength, force–displacement envelope curve, hysteretic response, energy dissipation, secant stiffness, hysteretic damping ratio and stiffness degradation were assessed and compared among the specimens. The dissipater’s strain profiles were also estimated. From the test results, the modified precast specimen suffered the minimal stiffness degradation with 12% peak strength enhancement in the positive direction with respect to the monolithic specimen. The seismic performance of modified precast specimen was higher to the unmodified precast specimen. It is concluded that the provision of channel section and steel duct to the precast beam–column connection improved the seismic performance with minimal structural damage.

Prognostic Factors of Preoperative Examinations for Non-occlusive Mesenteric Ischemia: A Multicenter Retrospective Project Study Conducted by the Japanese Society for Abdominal Emergency Medicine.

Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) has a high mortality rate, but the analyses of preoperative prognostic factors for improving survival in patients suspected of having NOMI are scarce. We aimed to analyze the prognostic factors of preoperative examinations for NOMI. The clinical data of 224 patients with NOMI were retrospectively collected for a multicenter survey. Clinicophysiological factors were compared between the survivors and non-survivors (N = 107/117) and between the operative and non-operative cases (N = 180/44) by univariate analysis using chi-square test and multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard models. In the operative cases, the prognostic operative factors were also analyzed. The overall mortality rate for NOMI was 52.2%. There were 129 male and 95 female patients. The mean age was 71.23 (14-94) years. Univariate analysis showed that cardiovascular complication, shock, abdominal pain, average blood pressure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, aspartic aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, base excess, prothrombin time-international normalized ratio, D-dimer, and fibrinogen degradation products were independent prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis showed that average blood pressure and base excess were independent prognostic factors. Among patients undergoing surgery, those with bowel resection had better prognosis than those without bowel resection, but those with long bowel resection had worse prognosis than those with short resection. Additional postoperative treatment was not effective compared with operation alone (P = 0.011). Prognostic factors of preoperative examinations for NOMI were average blood pressure and base excess. Patients with long bowel resection should be carefully monitored owing to their poor prognosis.

Gamma-ray irradiation effects on optical coatings and polarizers for edge Thomson scattering system in ITER

This paper reports the gamma-ray irradiation effects on optical coatings and polarizers to be used in the ITER edge Thomson scattering system (ETS). Outside a diagnostic port-plug, in the Interspace, a total dose of the order of 1 MGy is expected through 20 years of ITER operation. In this study, gamma-ray irradiation experiments were performed up to 10 MGy. A high peak power laser beam, i.e. a pulse energy of 5 J and a pulse duration of ∼4 ns, is needed for a Thomson scattering measurement in ITER. Laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of anti-reflection (AR) and high-reflection (HR) coatings at the laser wavelengths after gamma-ray irradiation were investigated. LIDT of AR coating for 0° injections was more likely higher for the irradiated samples at a wavelength of 1064 nm. Regarding HR coatings, LIDT was not noticeably degraded by gamma-ray irradiation. Regarding polarizers, no degradation of transmission and extinction ratio was observed at visible and near infrared wavelength ranges when a wire-grid polarizer substrate is made of fused silica. Since a signal of ETS is almost linearly polarized, a wire-grid polarizer enables to improve signal to noise ratio of electron temperature and density measurements by Thomson scattering in ITER.

Experimental investigation and simplified stiffness degradation model of precast concrete shear wall with steel connectors

Premature damage of the post-cast concrete joints of precast concrete shear walls (PSWs) was observed in the past earthquakes due to the poor connection details and stress concentration of the wall-beam-slab joints. To avoid the potential failure, a new connection method featuring steel connectors, applied in the PSWs, is firstly proposed based on the plastic damage relocation design concept. Five 1/3 scaled specimens, including one monolithic concrete shear wall (MSW) and four PSWs, were constructed and tested under quasi-static cyclic loading. Seismic performances in terms of damage modes, drift ratio versus shear force behaviors, equivalent viscous damping ratio, deformation components, and stiffness degradation characteristics of PSWs were investigated. It shows that concrete cracks are developed at the bottom of the precast shear wall panel initially and its crack widths are decreased. The connection method can provide efficient stiffness and strength for the precast concrete shear wall system as no significant degradation of shear force occurs before a drift ratio of 1/50. Precast concrete shear wall having T-shaped with non-full length type connectors (TPSW-N) has the lowest cracking shear force and one having H-shaped connectors (HPSW) possesses a more stable lateral force-resisting capacity. The equivalent viscous damping ratios of the PSWs are higher than that of the MSW up to a drift ratio of 1/100. Among the PSWs, the HPSW shows the best seismic performance by comprehensively considering the damage mode, shear force characteristics and energy dissipation capacity. The flexural deformation at the middle of the precast shear wall panel is decreased compared with that of the wall panel of the MSW. The proposed connection method moves the critical region outside the week connection zones, which could be an alternative for the conventional post-cast concrete connection scheme. A simplified five-line stiffness degradation model of PSWs, controlled by elastic, cracking, yield, peak and ultimate points, is established and verified. The simplified model can be used to estimate the stiffness degradation properties of the proposed PSWs.

MoS2-based ferroelectric field-effect transistor with atomic layer deposited Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 films toward memory applications

Recently, hafnium oxide (HfO2)-based ferroelectric materials have achieved phenomenal success in next-generation nonvolatile memory applications. In this study, we fabricated Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) ferroelectric capacitors and back-gate field-effect transistors (FETs) with few-layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets as the channel and a ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 film as the gate dielectric. Good dielectric and ferroelectric properties have been observed from the HZO film fabricated with atomic layer deposition-based techniques. The MoS2–HZO ferroelectric FETs (FeFETs) have exhibited excellent performance including ferroelectric polarization switching with a high on/off ratio and negligible degradation in endurance and retention properties. Our results shown here suggest that MoS2–HZO FeFETs can be a promising alternative for next-generation nonvolatile memories.

Impact of China\u2019s high speed train window glass on GNSS signals and positioning performance

High speed train (HST) is an excellent platform to perform ultra-high spatial and temporal resolution observations of atmosphere using global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). However, we find that signal attenuation caused by HST window glass is a major barrier for HST-based GNSS applications inside HST chambers. A field experiment is conducted to analyze the effect of HST glass on GNSS signal propagation. In the experiment, GNSS observations are collected and analyzed from a receiver covered with an HST window glass and one with an open-sky view. The size of the HST window glass is 670 mm × 720 mm, with a thickness of 34 mm. The window glass is a double-glazing glass in which each layer has an actual thickness of 6 mm, and the two layers are separated by an air gap of 22 mm. The experiment results indicate that HST window glass can cause significant degradation to GNSS signals and even loss of tracking of the signal. Based on statistical results, HST window glass causes 39%, 56%, 49%, and 59% loss in GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BDS signals, respectively. Additionally, up to 20 dB-Hz of carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0) degradation is also observed in the remaining observations. The significant signal attenuation and loss further lead to the decrease in the number of tracked satellites and occurrence of more cycle slips. The results of the study indicate that 44–230 cycle slips are detected for the HST glass-covered receiver whereas the receiver without glass does not exhibit more than 16 cycle slips. Additionally, the number of GNSS satellites tracked by the HST glass-covered receiver is reduced by 65% owing to the loss of signal. Furthermore, GNSS positioning performances from two receivers are also tested. With respect to GPS + GLONASS static precise point positioning (PPP), HST glass causes a degradation of 1.516 m and 1.159 m in the single-frequency and dual-frequency three-dimensional positioning accuracy, respectively. With respect to the GPS + GLONASS kinematic PPP, the accuracy degradations for single-frequency and dual-frequency kinematic PPP are 2.670 m and 4.821 m, respectively.

Numerical simulation of the effect of rain on aerodynamic performance and aeroacoustic mechanism of an airfoil via a two-phase flow approach

In the present study, two complex physical phenomena have been completely simulated and discussed in detail to predict the aerodynamic degradation and aeroacoustic mechanism of a NACA 0012 airfoil in both dry and heavy rain conditions. For this purpose, a CFD-based multiphase model was adopted to numerically investigate the process of formation of the water film layer on the airfoil surface by coupling the Lagrangian Discrete Phase Model (DPM) and the Eulerian Volume of Fluid (VOF) models. The Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW–H) method was used to predict the aerodynamic noise of the airfoil in a heavy rain condition. The results showed that there were significant degradations of the airfoil aerodynamic performance because of water film formation especially at lower angles of attack. The maximum value of lift-to-drag ratio degradation was 56% at the angle of attack of 2°. Also, the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) increased due to the rain condition. The SPL was sensitive to the raindrop impact on airfoil surface and caused to increase SPL especially in the frequency region less than 2000 Hz. By increasing the angle of attack, the SPL increased especially in the high-frequency region higher than 2500 Hz in rain condition.

Experimental study and statistical analysis on corroded steel bars

Bearing capacity and durability of corroded steel bars is strongly deteriorated, and the degradation of mechanical properties versus corrosion ratio is topical. Given the random nature of corrosion process, stochastic method can be used to describe mechanical performance of corroded steel bars. In this paper, to simulate marine tidal zone environment, steel bars corroded by chloride solution under dry-wet cycling are studied experimentally, while mechanical performance deterioration of corroded steel bars is analyzed statistically. The corrosion ratios of specimens are found to increase over time for several phases, while their strength dropped with corrosion ratio. The residual nominal strength to corrosion ratio of steel bars is found to be well fitted with the Gumbel distribution, which parameters are calculated and discussed in detail.

A Fully Differential Synchronous Demodulator for AC Signals

We describe a new analog differential synchronous demodulator for AC signals where (i) the signal is synchronously demodulated using the floating-capacitor technique after being amplified, if necessary, by an AC amplifier with differential input and differential output, thus yielding a very high CMRR; and (ii) the differential-to-single-ended signal conversion is performed after demodulation, that is, on a low-frequency signal that can be amplified by low-cost, high-performance circuits. The possible signal-to-noise ratio degradation because of synchronous sampling is prevented by using bandpass differential filters.

Pursuit Learning-Based Joint Pilot Allocation and Multi-Base Station Association in a Distributed Massive MIMO Network

Pilot contamination (PC) interference causes inaccurate user equipment (UE) channel estimations and significant signal-to-interference ratio (SINR) degradations. Pilot allocation and multi-base-station (BS) association have been used to combat the PC effect and to maximize the network spectral efficiency. However, current approaches solve the pilot allocation and multi-BS association separately. This leads to a sub-optimal solution. In this paper, we propose a parallel pursuit-learning-based joint pilot allocation and multi-BS association. We first formulate the pilot allocation and multi-BS association problem as a joint optimization function. To solve the optimization function, we use a parallel optimization solver, based on a pursuit learning algorithm, that decomposes the optimization function into multiple subfunctions. Each subfunction collaborates with the other ones to obtain an optimal solution by learning from rewards obtained from probabilistically testing random solution samples. A mathematical proof to guarantee the solution convergence is provided. Simulation results show that our scheme outperforms the existing schemes by an average of 18% in terms of the network spectral efficiency.

Analysis of Near-Capacity Iterative Decoding Schemes for Wireless Communication Using EXIT Charts

This article proposes and compares the performance of three flexible and bandwidth efficient transceivers. The terminology of Over-Complete Mapping (OCM) is introduced in the first two schemes. All of the schemes, namely Non-Convergent Serial Concatenated OCM Coding (NCSCOC), Convergent Serial Concatenated OCM Coding (CSCOC) and Self-Concatenated Convolutional Coding (SECCC); are simulated for the Rayleigh channel and employing iterative decoding to attain the refined output stream for feeding the video decoder. Specifically, the iterative decoding is beneficial in acquiring the convergence of EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) curves by repeatedly sharing of the mutual information. The difference between the NCSCOC and CSCOC schemes lies in the inner and outer rates. This change reflects an improvement in the Bit-Error Rate (BER) and improved EXIT convergence of CSCOC scheme, with reference to NCSCOC scheme. Results show that NCSCOC scheme never reaches the point of perfect convergence despite iterative decoding. However, CSCOC and SECCC schemes succeed in securing perfect convergence. Investigating the BER curves, it is deducible that SECCC is the most desirable transceiver system, having the least BER. Furthermore, it is plausible that the overall performance of SECCC is much better than the preceding schemes. Explicitly, our experimental results show that the proposed CSCOC scheme outperforms its identical code rate counterpart NCSCOC scheme by about 3 dB at the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) degradation point of 1 dB. Additionally, an E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> gain of 20 dB is attained using SECCC scheme relative to identical code rate NCSCOC benchmarked scheme.

Effects of loading obliquity on field performance of rocking shallow foundations in cohesive soil

This paper presents a field study of obliquely loaded rocking shallow foundations resting on cohesive soil. Lateral snap-back and cyclic loading tests at an oblique angle of 45° with respect to the footing axes were carried out. During the snap-back tests, an initial drift ratio was applied to the deck and then the system was released to enable the free vibration. The cyclic loading consisted of five packets containing three to four cycles of similar displacement amplitude. The rocking system consisted of a 1·5 m by 1·0 m concrete footing, steel column and deck. The factors of safety against bearing failure were varied from 4 to 20. It was observed that the system primarily rocked in plane. The moment capacities about footing axes deviated from the calculated values at the orthogonal loading conditions. A method of estimating the rocking moment capacity of a footing subjected to oblique loading was developed and validated by the tests. Natural periods, damping ratio, re-centring ratio, settlement and stiffness degradation during the tests are discussed and compared with the results from previous studies with orthogonal loading. The soil–footing contact area was approximately triangular. A method of calculating the critical contact area was developed based on the bearing capacity theory with two-way eccentricity and then confirmed by observation.

Low-Noise Photoplethysmography Sensor Using Correlated Double Sampling for Heartbeat Interval Acquisition.

This study designs a low-power photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor based on the error compensation method for heartbeat interval acquisition. To perform heartbeat monitoring in daily life, it is necessary to obtain long-term and accurate heartbeat interval data with low power consumption, because of the limited size and battery capacity of the PPG sensor. Effective reduction in the power consumption of the sensor requires the duty-cycled LEDs and lowering pulse repetition frequency (PRF), i.e., decreasing the sampling rate. However, these methods reduce the accuracy of the heartbeat interval measurement because of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degradation and sampling errors. We propose an algorithm for heartbeat interval error compensation and incorporate a low-noise readout circuit to improve SNR. The readout circuit uses current integration to achieve low duty-cycle LED driving. A correlated double sampling (CDS) is introduced to minimize the random noise arising from the switching operation of the integration circuit. An error compensation method based on the PPG waveform similarity is also introduced using the autocorrelation and linear interpolation. The measurement results obtained from nine subjects show that a total current consumption of 28.2μA is achieved with a 20-Hz PRF and 0.3% LED duty cycle. The proposed design effectively reduces the mean absolute error (MAE) of the heartbeat interval to an average of 6.2 ms.

Covalently injectable chitosan/chondroitin sulfate hydrogel integrated gelatin/heparin microspheres for soft tissue engineering

Microspheres and injectable hydrogels derived from natural biopolymers have been extensively investigated as drug carriers and cell scaffolds. In this study, we report a preparation of composite scaffolds basing microspheres and hydrogel via the Schiff’s base reaction. Hybrid gelatin/heparin microspheres loading insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) with a diameter of 5–10 µm were fabricated using an emulsion cross-linking method. Synchronously, water-soluble carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and oxidized chondroitin sulfate (OCS) were prepared for cross-linking of hydrogels, which were embedded with microspheres to produce a composite microspheres/gel scaffold. The mechanism of scaffold cross-linking is attributed to the Schiff’s base reaction between amino and aldehyde groups of biopolymers. Currently, gelation rate, morphology, mechanical properties, swelling ratio, weight loss, and IGF-1 release of the composite scaffolds were examined in vitro. The results show that mechanical and bioactive properties of CMC-OCS hydrogel can be significantly improved by embedding gelatin/heparin microspheres containing IGF-1. Compressive modulus of composite gel scaffolds containing 3 wt% of microspheres was 16 kPa, which was higher than the control hydrogel without microspheres. Cumulative release of IGF-1 during 7 days from microspheres embedded hydrogel was 70%, which was significantly lower than those of microspheres and hydrogels. Moreover, the composite microspheres/gel scaffolds exhibited higher swelling ratio and slower degradation rate than the control. Potential of the composite scaffolds was demonstrated by encapsulation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in vitro. Cell culture showed that this composite hydrogel could support survival and proliferation of ASCs. These results demonstrate the potential of gelatin/heparin microspheres embedded CMC-OCS hydrogels as an injectable scaffold in soft tissue engineering.

Bioremediation of cadmium-trichlorfon co-contaminated soil by Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) associated with the trichlorfon-degrading microbe Aspergillus sydowii: Related physiological responses and soil enzyme activities

Soil co-contaminated with heavy metals and organics is often difficult to remediate. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the concurrent removal of cadmium (Cd, two levels: CdL [10 mg kg−1] and CdH [50 mg kg−1]) and trichlorfon (TCF, 100 mg kg−1) from co-contaminated soil by comparing the following remediation methods: natural remediation (NR), soil inoculated with Aspergillus sydowii (AS), soil planted with Brassica juncea (BJ), and soil planted with B. juncea and inoculated with A. sydowii (BJ–AS). The physiological responses of B. juncea and soil enzyme activities after remediation were also studied. B. juncea grew well in co-contaminated soil at both Cd levels. The biomass and chlorophyll content of B. juncea in CdH soil were lower than those in CdL soil, whereas the malondialdehyde content and activities of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase of B. juncea in CdH soil were higher than those in CdL soil. Cd accumulation in B. juncea was high in CdH soil, whereas high Cd removal efficiency was observed in CdL soil. TCF could be thoroughly degraded within 35 days in NR at both Cd-level soils. AS, BJ and BJ–AS promoted TCF degradation and enhanced the activities of catalase, urease, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase in soil compared with the NR. BJ–AS showed the highest phytoextraction ratio (3.32% in CdL and 1.34% in CdH soil) and TCF degradation rate (half-life of 2.18 and 2.37 days in CdL and CdH soil, respectively). These results demonstrate that BJ-AS could effectively remove Cd and TCF from soil and is thus a feasible technology for the bioremediation of these co-contaminated soil.