Rating Of Perceived Exertion Scale Research Articles

Chronotype, sleep, and perceived exertion during intermittent fasting in young athletes

During intermittent fasting of Ramadan, research has shown a modification in athletes’ sleep habits and lifestyle. As a result, these changes might affect a range of chronobiological and psychological parameters. Thus, the present study explores the effect of intermittent fasting during Ramadan and circadian preference on sleep patterns and perception after aerobic exercise. This study included ninety-six active students (16.94 ± 1.09 years, BMI: 21.59 ± 3.52kg/m2). We identified the circadian preferences by exploiting Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Then we assess the perceived exertion at three-point times by using Rating of perceived exertion scale (RPE) after an aerobic exercise. At the end of Ramadan, we assess the sleep quality by using The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Our analysis revealed that perceived exertion increased significantly during the three-time points, but sleep quality and maximal oxygen uptake decreased. Also, the results showed a significant association between chronotype and perceived exertion during Ramadan. Moreover, a meaningful prediction was detected of maximal oxygen uptake from BMI and perceived exertion. The main conclusion is that intermittent fasting affects sleep patterns, perceived exertion, and aerobic performance.

PERSIST: A Multimodal Dataset for the Prediction of Perceived Exertion during Resistance Training

Measuring and adjusting the training load is essential in resistance training, as training overload can increase the risk of injuries. At the same time, too little load does not deliver the desired training effects. Usually, external load is quantified using objective measurements, such as lifted weight distributed across sets and repetitions per exercise. Internal training load is usually assessed using questionnaires or ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). A standard RPE scale is the Borg scale, which ranges from 6 (no exertion) to 20 (the highest exertion ever experienced). Researchers have investigated predicting RPE for different sports using sensor modalities and machine learning methods, such as Support Vector Regression or Random Forests. This paper presents PERSIST, a novel dataset for predicting PERceived exertion during reSIStance Training. We recorded multiple sensor modalities simultaneously, including inertial measurement units (IMU), electrocardiography (ECG), and motion capture (MoCap). The MoCap data has been synchronized to the IMU and ECG data. We also provide heart rate variability (HRV) parameters obtained from the ECG signal. Our dataset contains data from twelve young and healthy male participants with at least one year of resistance training experience. Subjects performed twelve sets of squats on a Flywheel platform with twelve repetitions per set. After each set, subjects reported their current RPE. We chose the squat exercise as it involves the largest muscle group. This paper demonstrates how to access the dataset. We further present an exploratory data analysis and show how researchers can use IMU and ECG data to predict perceived exertion.

Effect of attentional focus on squats on lactate production and rating of perceived exertion in trained men

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of internal focus (IF) and external focus (EF) on lactate production and the perception of perceived exertion in the squat in strength trained-men. Methods: Thirteen men with experience in strength training (age =22.61 ± 1.19 years; height = 180 ± 6.55 cm; body mass = 79.38 ± 5.57 kg; BMI = 24.56 ± 2.11 kg·m-2; Squat = 129 ± 20 kg) performed two sessions, separated by one week, comprising 3 sets of 10 repetitions of the back squat with one minute of rest between sets. During the IF protocol participants were instructed to focus on tightening the quads during all repetitions, while participants in the EF were instructed to focus on lifting the barbell. Blood lactate samples were collected before and at immediately after each of the 3 sets, as well as 15 minutes after the last set. Additionally, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was evaluated using the OMNI-RES scale immediately after the completion of each session. Results: Significant increases were found in the IF protocol at the end of each of the 3 sets, with significant effect sizes (1ª set, P= .000, d= 2.66; 2ª set, P= .000; d= 3.14; 3ª set, P= .000, d= 3.50), as in the EF protocol (1ª set, P= .001, d= 2.24; 2ª set, P= .000, d= 3.35; 3ª set, P= .000; d= 3.67). However, there were no significant inter-group differences between pre and any set (1ª set, P=0.951, d=0.03; 2ª set, P=0.239, d=0.47; 3ª set, P=0.435, d=0.31, respectively). Additionally, the perceptions on the RPE scale were higher in the FI (P= 0.032; d = 0.47). Conclusions: Findings suggest that the application of IF may indirectly contribute to muscle hypertrophy in multi-joint lower limb exercises, due to the increase in RPE values and the existing correlation with lactate production. Keywords: Mind-muscle, muscle hypertrophy, internal focus, mind-muscle connection, resistance training

Perceived Exertion: Revisiting the History and Updating the Neurophysiology and the Practical Applications.

The perceived exertion construct creation is a landmark in exercise physiology and sport science. Obtaining perceived exertion is relatively easy, but practitioners often neglect some critical methodological issues in its assessment. Furthermore, the perceived exertion definition, neurophysiological basis, and practical applications have evolved since the perceived exertion construct's inception. Therefore, we revisit the careful work devoted by Gunnar Borg with psychophysical methods to develop the perceived exertion construct, which resulted in the creation of two scales: the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the category-ratio 10 (CR10). We discuss a contemporary definition that considers perceived exertion as a conscious perception of how hard, heavy, and strenuous the exercise is, according to the sense of effort to command the limbs and the feeling of heavy breathing (respiratory effort). Thus, other exercise-evoked sensations would not hinder the reported perceived exertion. We then describe the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the perceived exertion genesis during exercise, including the influence of the peripheral feedback from the skeletal muscles and the cardiorespiratory system (i.e., afferent feedback) and the influence of efferent copies from the motor command and respiratory drive (i.e., corollary discharges), as well as the interaction between them. We highlight essential details practitioners should consider when using the RPE and CR10 scales, such as the perceived exertion definition, the original scales utilization, and the descriptors anchoring process. Finally, we present how practitioners can use perceived exertion to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, individualize exercise intensity prescription, predict endurance exercise performance, and monitor athletes' responses to physical training.

Development and validation of a 1-km cardio-trekking test to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy adults

Maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), the gold standard measure of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), supports cardiovascular risk assessment and is mainly assessed during maximal spiroergometry. However, for field use, submaximal exercise tests might be appropriate and feasible. There have been no studies attempting a submaximal test protocol involving uphill hiking. This study aimed to develop and validate a 1-km cardio-trekking test (CTT) controlled by heart rate monitoring and Borg’s 6–20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale to predict V̇O2max outdoors. Healthy participants performed a maximal incremental treadmill walking laboratory test and a submaximal 1-km CTT on mountain trails in Austria and Germany, and V̇O2max was assessed with a portable spirometry device. Borg’s RPE scale was used to control the exercise intensity of the CTT. All subjects wore a chest strap to measure heart rate (HR). A total of 134 participants (median age: 56.0 years [IQR: 51.8–63.0], 43.3 % males) completed both testing protocols. The prediction model is based on age, gender, smoking status, weight, mean HR, altitude difference, duration, and the interaction between age and duration (R2 = 0.65, adj. R2 = 0.63). Leave-one-out cross-validation revealed small shrinkage in predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.59) compared to the original model. Submaximal exercise testing using uphill hiking allows for practical estimation of V̇O2max in healthy adults. This method may allow people to engage in physical activity while monitoring their CRF to avert unnecessary cardiovascular events.

Ratings of perceived exertion from a submaximal 20-m shuttle run test predict peak oxygen uptake in children and the test feels better

PurposeTo determine the validity and test–retest reliability of using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) elicited during a submaximal 20-m Shuttle Run Test (20mSRT) to predict VO2peak in children and investigate acute affective responses.MethodsTwenty-five children (14 boys; age, 12.8 ± 0.7 years; height, 162.0 ± 9.3 cm; mass, 49.9 ± 7.7 kg) completed four exercise tests (GXT, 2 submaximal 20mSRT, maximal 20mSRT). The Eston–Parfitt RPE scale was used, and affect was measured with the Feeling Scale. Submaximal 20mSRT were terminated upon participants reporting RPE7. The speed-RPE relationship from the submaximal 20mSRTs was extrapolated to RPE9 and 10 to predict peak speed and then used to estimate VO2peak.ResultsRepeated measures ANOVA to examine the validity of using submaximal RPE to predict VO2peak resulted in a Gender main effect (boys = 46.7 ± 5.1 mL kg−1 min−1; girls = 42.0 ± 5.1 mL kg−1 min−1) and Method main effect (p < 0.01). There were significant differences between measured and estimated VO2peak from the maximal 20mSRT, but not between measured and estimated VO2peak at RPE9 and RPE10. Intraclass correlation analysis revealed excellent reliability (~ 0.9) between the two submaximal 20mSRTs. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in end-test affect were reported between submaximal and maximal trials in girls, but not in boys, with girls feeling less negative at the end of the submaximal trials.ConclusionsThe results of this study provide evidence that RPE reported during a submaximal 20mSRT can be used to predict VO2peak accurately and reliably. In this study, the submaximal 20mSRT ending at RPE7, provided better predictions of VO2peak while minimising aversive end-point affect, especially in girls.

Prescribing and Self-Regulating Heated Water-Based Exercise by Rating of Perceived Exertion in Older Individuals With Hypertension.

We aimed to analyze the usefulness of the 6-20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale for prescribing and self-regulating high-intensity interval (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous (MICE) aerobic exercise performed in a heated swimming pool (32°C). Fifteen older individuals (65 ± 3years) treated for hypertension underwent a symptom-limited maximal graded exercise test to determine their heart rate at anaerobic threshold, and respiratory compensation point. On different days, participants were randomized to HIIE (walking/jogging between 11 and 17 of RPE; 25min) and MICE (walking at 11-13 of RPE; 30min). Heart rate during the low-intensity intervals of HIIE and MICE remained below the graded exercise test's heart rate at anaerobic threshold (-7 ± 18bpm/-16 ± 15bpm) and respiratory compensation point (-18 ± 18bpm/-30 ± 16bpm), respectively, and maintained in the aerobic training zone during the high-intensity intervals of HIIE (+8 ± 18bpm/-4 ± 19bpm). The RPE scale at 15-17 is a useful tool for prescribing and self-regulating heated water-based HIIE and may have important implications for water-based exercise in older individuals with hypertension.

Comparative Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence-Based Interactive Home Exercise Applications in Adolescents with Obesity.

The rate of obesity in adolescents has increased due to social distancing measures and school closures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. These issues have caused adolescents to change their lifestyles and eating habits. Furthermore, the growth in inactive behavior and computer screen or watching TV time, as well as the reduction in physical activity, could similarly be related with obesity. To overcome this problem, we recently developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-based gesture recognition game application called Super Kids Adventure (SUKIA, Funrehab, Daejeon, Korea), which provides inexpensive and motivational game applications. This research is designed to assess the effects of SUKIA and Nintendo Switch (NINS) on calorie consumption, VO2 max, 6-minute walking test (6MWT) as well as body mass index (BMI), and the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale (RPE) in adolescents with obesity. A convenience sample of 24 adolescents with obesity were randomized into either the NINS or SUKIA groups 5 days/week for 3 weeks. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-tests were presented with significant level at p < 0.05, and the analysis indicated that SUKIA showed superior effects on calorie consumption, VO2 max, and RPE compared to NINS. Our results provide evidence that SUKIA can more effectively improve cardiopulmonary function and calorie consumption than NINS in adolescents with obesity during COVID-19.

Aqua Jogging Moderate Intensity Training is Conditioning a Sense of Well-being in Seniors

Abstract Hypokinesia in seniors reduces mobility, which results in a decrease in their general well-being and quality of life. In this study, changes in blood pressure and saturation values in seniors after aqua jogging training were assessed. In addition, the subjective average level of fatigue and its impact on HRMAX were analysed. Quality of life was also assessed in the study group of seniors. In a group of 49 people attending aqua jogging classes (66.3±5.4yr; F:39; M:10), the values of pressure and saturation were measured in 4 subsequent measurements (before and immediately after training, as well as 1 min. and 5 min. after training). The Rating of Perceived Exertion scale (RPE), the SF-36v.2 quality of life questionnaire and the WHO-5 Good Feeling Index were used to assess the level of fatigue during training. Blood pressure measurements were highest immediately after the exercises and thereafter decreased. HRMAX at the fifth minute after the exercise increased significantly (r=0.3) following increasing fatigue (RPE) (p=0.017). A satisfactory level of quality of life in seniors was recorded at 71.1±18.0% [WHO–5] and 59.0±13.0% [SF–36v.2]. A higher level of quality of life was recorded in the psychological sphere (SF-36v.2 MCS:61.1%±7.7%). The greater physical exertion felt by a studied individual resulted in a slower pulse decrease after the exercise.

MO601: Using the Borg Scale for Exercise Prescription and for Monitoring Self-Administered Aerobic Endurance Exercise is Safe and Effective for Patients with CKD

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Decline in physical function starts relatively early in the course of CKD and has an impact on activities in daily life, such as walking capacity. Several studies with supervised centre-based exercise training as well as studies with self-administered home-based exercise have shown improvement in walking capacity. However, monitoring intensity and safety is important when exercise is self-administrated. There are to our knowledge no studies evaluating the Borg RPE scale as a tool to prescribe exercise intensity and as an instrument for self-monitoring exercise training in patients with CKD. The aims of this study were to examine the adherence, performance, and safety of self-administered aerobic endurance exercise when exercise intensity was prescribed and self-monitored with the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale in non-dialysis dependent patients with CKD stages 3–5, and the relationship between performed exercise and change in walking distance. METHOD In this sub-study of the RENEXC trial 147 patients (97 men, 50 women), irrespective of age and comorbidities, were included. Mean age was 66 ± 14 years and the mean measured GFR 22 ± 8 mL/min/1.73 m2. Twelve months of aerobic endurance exercise (60 min/week) was combined with either balance or strength exercises (90 min/week). All exercise was individually prescribed by a research physiotherapist, based on each patient's baseline tests. The aerobic endurance exercise was prescribed to have a level of intensity between 13 (somewhat strenuous) to 15 (strenuous) using the Borg RPE scale. Exercise was self-monitored and recorded in a training diary. Follow up was performed by the physiotherapist through phone contact. The 6-min walk test was measured at baseline and after 4, 8 and 12 months of exercise. RESULTS Hundred patients completed the study. Our training program had an excellent level of adherence, at 12 months 80% of the patients reported performed exercise and 74% performed exercise within the prescribed intensity. The mean intensity of the aerobic endurance exercise was rated at 13 ± 1 on the Borg RPE scale. Median duration of aerobic endurance exercise was 56 (33–109) minutes/week. However, there was a wide range of weekly duration where patients with a low walking distance at baseline performed less minutes of exercise/week (P = 0.039). Irrespective of weekly duration the patients were able to perform exercise within the prescribed interval of RPE 13–15. No exercise related incidents were reported. Walking distance improved significantly by mean 30 ± 56 meters (P &amp;lt; 0.001). There was no correlation between weekly duration of exercise and change in walking distance, indicating that deconditioned patients with a short baseline walking distance can increase walking capacity when performing a shorter weekly duration of somewhat strenuous to strenuous exercise, whereas patients with a higher baseline walking distance must perform a longer duration of exercise to increase walking capacity. CONCLUSION The Borg RPE scale is a useful, acceptable, simple and safe method for prescribing and monitoring intensity of self-administered aerobic endurance exercise in patients with CKD. A RPE of somewhat strenuous to strenuous improved walking capacity in deconditioned patients with CKD, within a wide range of weekly duration of exercise.

A Validation Study of Heart Rate Variability Index in Monitoring Basketball Training Load.

This study aimed to investigate whether the heart rate variability index (TLHRV) during five ball-drills could be used to quantify training load (TL) in collegiate basketball players. Ten elite male college basketball athletes (18.2 ± 0.4 years) were recruited to perform five ball-drills (1V1, 2V2, 3V3, 4V4, and 5V5) which lasted 10 min and varied in intensity. During each drill, TLHRV, training impulse (TRIMP), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), speed, and distance were recorded by Firstbeat, Foster’s RPE scale, and SiMi Scout. The correlation (Spearman’s and Pearson’s correlation coefficient), reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient, ICC), and agreement (Bland-Altman plots) among TLHRV, TRIMP, RPE, speed, and distance were examined. TLHRV was significantly correlated with TRIMP (r = 0.34, p = 0.015) and RPE (r = 0.42, p = 0.002). TLHRV was significantly correlated with training intensity (r = 0.477, p = 0.006) but not with volume (r = 0.272, p = 0.056). TLHRV and TRIMP, RPE showed significant intraclass relationships (ICC = 0.592, p = 0.0003). Moreover, TLHRV differentiated basketball drills of equal volume and varying intensity. We concluded that TLHRVmay serve as an objective and rational measure to monitor TL in basketball players.

Quantification of Respiratory and Muscular Perceived Exertions as Perceived Measures of Internal Loads During Domestic and Overseas Training Camps in Elite Futsal Players.

BackgroundThe rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scales with respiratory and muscular illustrations are recognized as simple and practical methods to understand individual psychometric characteristics in breathing and muscle exertion during exercise. However, the implementation of respiratory and muscular RPE to quantify training load in futsal training camps has not been examined. This study investigates respiratory and muscular RPE relationships during domestic training camps (DTC) and overseas training camps (OTC) in an under 20 futsal national team.MethodsData collected from eleven field players were used for comparison in this study (age = 18.7 ± 0.7 years, height = 171.9 ± 6.1 cm, body weight = 64.2 ± 8.4 kg). All players reported Borg CR10 RPE (RPECR10) and 7-scales respiratory RPE (RPErespiration) and muscular RPE (RPEmuscle) (Dalhousie pictorial scales) after training sessions and matches. Additionally, total distance covered (TD) and training impulse (TRIMP) were used to quantify external and internal loads via the Polar Team Pro system. Paired-sample t-tests were used to compare the RPECR10, RPErespiration, RPEmuscle, TD, and TRIMP between DTC and OTC. Furthermore, linear regression was performed to determine the relationships among all RPE scales, TD, and TRIMP.ResultsThe RPECR10 (p = 0.047), TD (p < 0.001), and TRIMP (p < 0.001) showed significant difference between DTC and OTC. Furthermore, linear regression analyses showed significant correlation between RPErespiration and RPEmuscle (DTC: r = 0.857, p = 0.006; OTC: r = 0.924, p < 0.001), RPECR10 and RPErespiration (DTC: r = 0.857, p = 0.001; OTC: r = 0.863, p = 0.001), and RPECR10 and RPEmuscle (DTC: r = 0.906, p < 0.001; OTC: r = 0.900, p < 0.001).ConclusionPictorial RPErespiration or RPEmuscle can be used as an alternative to quantify perceived measures of internal loads during DTC and OTC in futsal players. Interpretation of perceived measures of training load and cardiac-related responses in association with external training loads during short-term training camps would be useful in further understanding the demands of futsal players’ experience in these circumstances.

Rethinking aerobic exercise intensity prescription in adults with spinal cord injury: time to end the use of “moderate to vigorous” intensity?

Study designCohort study.ObjectivesTo investigate and critique different methods for aerobic exercise intensity prescription in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI).SettingUniversity laboratory in Loughborough, UK.MethodsTrained athletes were split into those with paraplegia (PARA; n = 47), tetraplegia (TETRA; n = 20) or alternate health condition (NON-SCI; n = 67). Participants completed a submaximal step test with 3 min stages, followed by graded exercise test to exhaustion. Handcycling, arm crank ergometry or wheelchair propulsion were performed depending on the sport of the participant. Oxygen uptake (V̇O2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([BLa]) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) on Borg’s RPE scale were measured throughout. Lactate thresholds were identified according to log-V̇O2 plotted against log-[BLa] (LT1) and 1.5 mmol L−1 greater than LT1 (LT2). These were used to demarcate moderate (<LT1), heavy (>LT1, < LT2) and severe (>LT2) exercise intensity domains.ResultsAssociations between percentage of peak V̇O2 (%V̇O2peak) and HR (%HRpeak) with RPE differed between PARA and TETRA. At LT1 and LT2, %V̇O2peak and %HRpeak were significantly greater in TETRA compared to PARA and NON-SCI (P < 0.05). The variation in %V̇O2peak and %HRpeak at lactate thresholds resulted in large variability in the domain distribution at fixed %V̇O2peak and %HRpeak.ConclusionsFixed %V̇O2peak and %HRpeak should not be used for aerobic exercise intensity prescription in adults with SCI as the method does not lead to uniform exercise intensity domain distribution.

The rating of perceived exertion is able to differentiate the post-matches metabolomic profile of elite U-20 soccer players.

The study aimed to assess themetabolic impact of elite Brazilian U-20 players using the rating of perceived exertion scale (RPE) to discriminate metabolomics sensitivity post-two soccer games separated by a short recovery interval. Urine was collected immediately and then 20h after two soccer matches of elite BrazilianU-20 players. RPE was collected after games. The spectra were pre-processed using TopSpin®3.2 software. Chenomx®software was used to identify metabolites in the urine through the available database. The results showed that the metabolic pathways related to energy production, cellular damage, and organic stresses were changed immediately after the game. 20h after the games, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways related to cell recovery were identified (e.g., gallic acid, ascorbate, and betaine). The matrix of positive correlations between metabolites was more predominant and stronger after game 2 than game 1. T-distribution registered metabolites discriminated below and above 7 on the RPE scale. Athletes with higher RPE values showed a high metabolite profile related to muscle damage (e.g., creatine, creatinine, and glycine) and energy production (e.g., creatine, formate, pyruvate, 1,3 dihydroxyacetone) 20h post-soccer match. There was a different metabolic profile between athletes with higher and lower RPE values. Metabolomics analysis made it possible to observe the metabolic impacts of energy production and muscular damage. RPE identified internal load changes within the group as a result of match intensity in soccer. The correlation matrix indicated a greater predominance of positive and strong correlations between metabolites in the second game compared to the first game.

Intervention Effect of Long-Term Aerobic Training on Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Quality of Middle School Students With Depression After COVID-19

Objective: To explore the effects of using RPE exercise intensity monitoring methods and 12-week mid- and low-intensity team aerobic training on anxiety, depression and sleep quality of depressed middle school students after the COVID-19 epidemic.Methods: All study participants were all from a boarding middle school in Chongqing, China. All study participants were screened by the self-rating depression scale and reached the diagnostic criteria for depression. The study subjects were divided into a control group (N = 35) and an exercise group (N = 34). The exercise group performed 30-min night aerobic running four times a week. Use the Borg 6–20 rating of perceived exertion scale (RPE) as a monitoring tool for exercise intensity, and control the exercise intensity at RPE = 11–14. And the control group studied and lived normally. The experiment lasted 12 weeks in total. After the experiment, there were 34 people in the control group and 23 people in the exercise group. The subjects' anxiety, depression and Pittsburgh sleep quality were scored before and after the experiment.Results: After intervention, the depression index (p < 0.01) of the exercise group was significantly lower than that of the control group.Conclusion: Using the RPE exercise intensity monitoring method for 12 weeks of mid- and low-intensity team aerobic training can improve the depressive symptoms of depressed middle school students, and it is beneficial to improve the students' mental health.

Comparison of two Borg exertion scales for monitoring exercise intensity in able-bodied participants, and those with paraplegia and tetraplegia

Study designCross-sectional cohort study.ObjectivesTo compare ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) on Borg’s 6–20 RPE scale and Category Ratio 10 (CR10) in able-bodied (AB) participants during upper and lower body exercise, and recreationally active participants with paraplegia (PARA) and athletes with tetraplegia (TETRA) during upper body exercise only.SettingUniversity and rehabilitation centre-based laboratories in UK and Netherlands.MethodsTwenty-four participants were equally split between AB, PARA, and TETRA. AB performed maximal tests using cycle (AB-CYC) and handcycle (AB-HC) ergometry. PARA and TETRA performed maximal handcycle and wheelchair propulsion tests, respectively. Oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and blood lactate concentration were monitored throughout. RPE was rated each stage on Borg’s RPE scale and CR10. Thresholds were identified according to log-V̇O2 plotted against log-blood lactate (LT1), and 1.5 mmol L−1 greater than LT1 (LT2).ResultsRPE from both scales were best fit against each other using a quadratic model, with high goodness of fit between scales that was independent of exercise mode and participant group (range R2: 0.965–0.970, P < 0.005). Though percentage peak V̇O2 was significantly greater in TETRA (P < 0.005), there was no difference in RPE at LT1 or LT2 between groups on Borg’s RPE scale or CR10.ConclusionStrong association between Borg’s RPE scale and CR10 suggests they can be used interchangeably. RPE at lactate thresholds were independent of mode of exercise and level of spinal cord injury. However, inter-individual variation precludes from making firm recommendations about using RPE for prescribing homogenous exercise intensity.

Green Exercise: Can Nature Video Benefit Isometric Exercise?

Green exercise is the combination of physical activity and nature exposure, which has been associated with positive effects on psychophysiological health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nature video viewing on isometric exercise and find a useful practice for green exercise in urban living. In the current study, 18 male subjects were recruited in a randomized crossover trial and underwent a sequence of wall squat exercises. The whole experiment contained three periods of baseline (before exercise), exercise, and recovery (after exercise), and each period lasted for 2 min. A video of forest walking was played in the exercise and recovery periods as treatment, while a black screen was set as control. The Rate of Perceived Exertion Scale (RPE) and Feeling Scale (FS) were employed to measure perceived exertion and affective responses in the exercise period; heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) including the standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN), the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and the standard deviations of the Poincaré plot (SD1), were recorded in the three periods. Heart rate recovery (HRR) in the recovery period was further calculated based on 30 s and 60 s time frames. Results demonstrated that during the exercise period nature video viewing was associated with better affective responses (median of 1.00 and an interquartile (IQR) of 2.00, p = 0.017), lower perceived exertion (median = 6.00, IQR = 2.00, p = 0.021), and lower HR (median = 89.60, IQR = 20.94, p = 0.01), but the differences in HRV indices between the experimental settings were not statistically significant. In the recovery period, significantly higher values of RMSSD (median = 34.88, IQR = 24.52, p = 0.004), SD1 (median = 24.75, IQR = 17.41, p = 0.003), and HR (median = 84.18, IQR = 16.58, p = 0.001) were observed in the treatment setting, whereas no statistically significant difference was found for HRR. In general, our findings support that nature video viewing may help reduce perceived exertion, increase exercise pleasure, buffer heart rate, and improve cardiac autonomic recovery for wall squat exercising, which implies the potential of nature-based stimuli in green exercise. However, due to the limited research sample, further study may need to include female participants and focus on various populations to confirm the effectiveness of using virtual and environments depicting nature at home or in public exercise places to promote positive exercise experience.

The Effects of using Deep Heat on Enhancing Aerobic Performance

Most studies have shown that athletes use deep heat cream for rehabilitative and pain-relief purposes for pre-, post- and during exercise. However, limited studies have indicated the effects of deep heat on enhancing aerobic performance. Purpose To determine whether the application of deep heat cream on the skin before exercise will allow individuals to prolong the duration of their aerobic activity. Methods Nine healthy male participants ((age: 23.78 ± 1.20 years, height: 1.71 ± 0.08 m, weight (WT): 65.53 ± 8.14 kg, body mass index (BMI): 22.43 ± 2.30 kg·m-2, 80% of maximal oxygen consumption(80%VO2max): 25.35 ± 10.32 mL·kg-1·min-1)) who engaged in aerobic exercise at least 3 times a week participated in this study. All participants underwent an incremental cycling test to determine VO2max. Subsequently, they completed two treatment tests – deep heat application (DH) and placebo cream application (PC). Each treatment required the participants to cycle at their 80%VO2max workload (175.56 ± 17.40 W) until volitional exhaustion. The time-to-exhaustion (TE) was recorded. Polar heart rate (HR) transmitters were used to measure HR and participants rated their rate of perceived exertion (RPE) using Borg's RPE scale. HR and RPE were recorded throughout both DH and PC. Using a power of 0.90, an a of 0.05, and an effect size of 0.9, it was determined that a minimum of 9 participants were required to test interaction effects. Results Results indicated no significant differences between both tests for last stage of HR (LSHR) and RPE (LSHR: DH: 170.00 ± 17.46 beats·min-1 vs. PC: 167.63 ± 20.09 beats·min-1, p = 0.63; RPE: DH: 18.88 ± 1.89 vs. PC: 18.25 ± 1.28, p = 0.42). There were positive significant correlations between WT and BMI (WT: 65.53 ± 8.14 kg vs. BMI: 22.43 ± 2.30 kg·m-2, r = 0.71, p = 0.03); DHLSHR and DHTE (DHLSHR: 172.44 ± 17.90 beats·min-1 vs. DHTE: 510.22 ± 231.66 secs, r = 0.85, p = 0.00); PCLSHR and PCTE (PCLSHR: 167.63 ± 20.09 beats·min-1 vs. PCTE: 391.67 ± 211.44 secs, r = 0.82, p = 0.01). There was also significant difference between DHTE and PCTE (DHTE: 510.22 ± 231.66 secs vs. PCTE: 391.67 ± 211.44 secs, p = 0.02). Conclusion The application of deep heat cream before exercise has shown to significantly improve endurance performance. Athletes or sports enthusiasts may consider using deep heat before exercise to achieve optimal endurance performance. More studies are needed to explore the benefits of the application of deep heat on exercise performance.

Rating of Perceived Exertion and Velocity Relationships Among Trained Males and Females in the Front Squat and Hexagonal Bar Deadlift.

Odgers, JB, Zourdos, MC, Helms, ER, Candow, DG, Dahlstrom, B, Bruno, P, and Sousa, CA. Rating of perceived exertion and velocity relationships among trained males and females in the front squat and hexagonal bar deadlift. J Strength Cond Res 35(2S): S23-S30, 2021-This study examined the accuracy of intraset rating of perceived exertion (RPE) to predict repetitions in reserve (RIR) during sets to failure at 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) on the front squat and high-handle hexagonal bar deadlift (HHBD). Furthermore, the relationship between RPE and average concentric velocity (ACV) during the sets to failure was also determined. Fourteen males (29 ± 6 years, front squat relative 1RM: 1.78 ± 0.2 kg·kg-1, and HHBD relative 1RM: 3.0 ± 0.1 kg·kg-1) and 13 females (30 ± 5 years, front squat relative 1RM: 1.60 ± 0.2 kg·kg-1, and HHBD relative 1RM: 2.5 ± 0.3 kg·kg-1) visited the laboratory 3 times. The first visit tested 1RM on both exercises. During visits 2 and 3, which were performed in a counterbalanced order, subjects performed 4 sets to failure at 80% of 1RM for both exercises. During each set, subjects verbally indicated when they believed they were at "6" and "9" on the RIR-based RPE scale, and ACV was assessed during every repetition. The difference between the actual and predicted repetitions performed was recorded as the RPE difference (RPEDIFF). The RPEDIFF was significantly (p < 0.001) lower at the called 9 RPE versus the called 6 RPE in the front squat for males (9 RPE: 0.09 ± 0.19 versus 6 RPE: 0.71 ± 0.70) and females (9 RPE: 0.19 ± 0.36 versus 6 RPE: 0.86 ± 0.88) and in the HHBD for males (9 RPE: 0.25 ± 0.46 versus 6 RPE: 1.00 ± 1.12) and females (9 RPE: 0.21 ± 0.44 versus 6 RPE: 1.19 ± 1.16). Significant inverse relationships existed between RPE and ACV during both exercises (r = -0.98 to -1.00). These results indicate that well-trained males and females can gauge intraset RPE accurately during moderate repetition sets on the front squat and HHBD.

The effect of fatigue on jump height and the risk of knee injury after a volleyball training game: A pilot study

Abstract Study aim: To investigate the effect of fatigue, induced by a volleyball training game on the risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury. Material and methods: Thirteen female volleyball college athletes, ages 18 to 21 years old, completed jump landings from a box 30 cm height, prior and post a 60-minute volleyball training game. The clinical tool Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) was employed in order to evaluate the technique of landing prior and post the game. The level of fatigue induced by the volleyball game was assessed by vertical jump test and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale pre and post-game. In order to compare measurements pre and post-game t-tests for dependent samples were used. Results: Participants performed lower vertical jumps post-game with a Confidence Interval of 26.2 ± 2.3 cm (pre-game) and 24.9 ± 2.2 cm (post game). The difference between pre and post-game was found to be statistically significant with a t12 = 2.55 and a p-value of 0.026. In the case of assessing fatigue, the Borg RPE scale scores were found to be statistically significant (t12 = 14.05, p &lt; 0.001) higher post-game (10.2 ± 0.6), as compared to pre-game (6.5 ± 0.4). Similarly, LESS scores increased significantly (t12 = 2.21, p = 0.047), post-game (6.3 ± 1.1) compared to pre-game (5.8 ± 1.0) that prove poorer landing ability. Conclusion: It seems that a short duration volleyball training game induces fatigue and negatively affects the jumping and landing ability.