Rates Of Behavior Problems Research Articles

Parent-child relationship and behavior problems in children with ADHD

Objectives: Previous studies have examined the effect of parent–child relationships on conduct problems, but rarely are the mother–child and father–child relationships studied independently. The current study examined parent–child relationships and their connection to comorbid behaviors in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). More specifically, this study explored the mother–child and father–child relationship in children with ADHD, with an explicit focus on the aspects of the parent–child relationship that are related to more positive behavioral outcomes.Methods: A sample of 74 children with ADHD (aged 8–11 years) and their mothers (n = 74) and fathers (n = 37) participated in the current study and completed a variety of parenting and behavioral measures. A number of relationship factors, including parent- and child-reported levels of attachment were examined in connection to parental ratings of behavioral outcomes such as defiance, aggression, and conduct problems.Results: Results indicated that different aspects of the parent–child relationship for mothers and fathers were related to ratings of behavioral problems. Relational frustration was found to be a consistent predictor of negative ratings of behavior for both parents, while involvement was a predictor of more positive ratings of behavior for fathers only.Conclusions: A better understanding of the specific aspects of the mother–child and father–child relationship may play a role in helping to understand the link between parent–child relationships and behavioral concerns in children with ADHD. Implications for practice are highlighted with a particular emphasis on strengthening the parent–child bond in families with children with ADHD.

The spectrum of long-term cognitive and functional outcome after hemispherectomy in childhood.

To evaluate cognition, behavior, daily functioning and health-related quality of life (HrQoL) five years to more than a decade after hemispherectomy (HE) in childhood. This countrywide Dutch cohort study of 31 patients, who underwent HE between 1994 and 2009, included a semi-structured interview with parents, an assessment of cognition, and screening of behavioral problems and HrQoL. Twenty-two school-age children and young adults [median age 13.8 years (0.5 at epilepsy onset, 5.3 at HE)] were assessed with age-appropriate cognitive tests. IQ ranged from 45 to 82 (median 61). Despite performing below mean norm scores, these participants could learn and remember, sustain attention, inhibit irrelevant responses, read and write. Nine more children [median age 9.7 years (0.25 at epilepsy onset, 1.4 at HE)] were so mentally retarded that age-appropriate testing was impossible. This group was almost totally dependent on others in daily activities, had the highest proportion of pre-existing contralateral MRI-abnormalities and after HE the highest rates of seizure recurrence and behavioral problems. Parents in both groups rated HrQoL surprisingly positively (mean VAS-score 72.5), with a scarce low rating (40). All parents reported problems with respect to their children's self-care, daily activities and mobility. At least five years after HE, cognitive, behavioral and daily functioning encompasses a broad spectrum that varies from profound retardation and almost total dependence to low normal cognition and a reasonably independent existence. Pre-existing contralateral MRI abnormalities reflect a more generally affected brain with a limited ability to mediate development after HE.

Theory of mind mediates the prospective relationship between abnormal social brain network morphology and chronic behavior problems after pediatric traumatic brain injury

Childhood and adolescence coincide with rapid maturation and synaptic reorganization of distributed neural networks that underlie complex cognitive-affective behaviors. These regions, referred to collectively as the 'social brain network' (SBN) are commonly vulnerable to disruption from pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, the mechanisms that link morphological changes in the SBN to behavior problems in this population remain unclear. In 98 children and adolescents with mild to severe TBI, we acquired 3D T1-weighted MRIs at 2-8 weeks post-injury. For comparison, 33 typically developing controls of similar age, sex and education were scanned. All participants were assessed on measures of Theory of Mind (ToM) at 6 months post-injury and parents provided ratings of behavior problems at 24-months post-injury. Severe TBI was associated with volumetric reductions in the overall SBN package, as well as regional gray matter structural change in multiple component regions of the SBN. When compared with TD controls and children with milder injuries, the severe TBI group had significantly poorer ToM, which was associated with more frequent behavior problems and abnormal SBN morphology. Mediation analysis indicated that impaired theory of mind mediated the prospective relationship between abnormal SBN morphology and more frequent chronic behavior problems. Our findings suggest that sub-acute alterations in SBN morphology indirectly contribute to long-term behavior problems via their influence on ToM. Volumetric change in the SBN and its putative hub regions may represent useful imaging biomarkers for prediction of post-acute social cognitive impairment, which may in turn elevate risk for chronic behavior problems.

Unique contributions of attentional control and visuomotor integration on concurrent teacher-reported classroom functioning in early elementary students

In a diverse sample of 278 kindergarten and first grade students from two U.S. states, this study explored the concurrent associations between directly assessed cognitive processes linked to children’s development and learning—attentional control and visuomotor integration—and two teacher-reported classroom functioning outcomes: self-regulation and problem behaviors. In addition, we examined the relative contribution of attentional control and visuomotor integration to teacher-reported classroom functioning outcomes. After controlling for the effects of child characteristics including age, gender, preschool attendance, ethnicity, free/reduced lunch status, and fine motor coordination abilities, results indicated that attentional control and visuomotor integration were each directly related to teachers’ ratings of classroom self-regulation, but not to classroom problem behaviors. Even after accounting for children’s attentional control abilities and teachers’ ratings of problem behaviors, visuomotor integration was a strong and unique concurrent predictor of children’s classroom self-regulation, as reported by their teachers. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.

The Impact of Universal Teacher Practices and Function-based Behavior Interventions on the Rates of Problem Behaviors among At-risk Students

The call for effective instructional and classroom management is frequent within the professional literature. However, type, amount, and sequence of strategies sufficient to impact rates of problem behavior are often missing or listed with limited guidance on differentiation based on student pattern of problem behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of universal teacher practices on general education students exhibiting problem behaviors, and the impact of such practices on specific students given the function of problem behavior. Specifically, this study was interested in exploring the extent to which universal teacher practices, when applied for all students in the classroom, impacted student behavior in general education settings. Additionally, this study was interested in examining the additive effect of combining both targeted classroom supports in the form of universal teacher practices and functional behavioral assessment-based interventions through a multiple-baseline design. Results indicated that when universal teacher practices are applied, rates of problem behaviors decrease based on the function of behavior. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

Behavior Problems and Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Children Beginning School: A Comparison of Pre- and Post-Earthquake Groups.

Introduction:Literature reviews caution that estimating the effects of disasters on the behavior of children following a disaster is difficult without baseline information and few studies report the effects of earthquakes on young children. In addition the relationship between age at the time of disaster and consequential behavior problems have not been reported for young children who experience disaster-related stress during a developmentally sensitive period.Methods:Behavior problems and symptoms of post-traumatic stress (PTS) were reported for two groups of children from nearby neighborhoods during their first term at school, using the Behavior Problem Index by teacher report, following approved informed consent procedures. Data on one group, “Pre-EQ” (N=297), was collected four years before the beginning of the earthquakes on children born 2001-2002. Data on the second group, “Post-EQ” (N=212), was collected approximately three to four years after the beginning of the earthquakes on children born 2007-2009 and living in heavily damaged neighborhoods. The Post-EQ group had significantly more children from high socioeconomic neighborhoods but no other significant differences on main demographic characteristics.Results:The mean behavior problem score was significantly higher in the Post-EQ group (Mean =6.11) as compared to the Pre-EQ group (Mean = 3.78). PTS symptoms were also significantly higher in the Post-EQ group (Mean =2.91) as compared to the Pre-EQ group (Mean=1.98) and more children had high PTS scores (20.9% v. 8.8%, OR= 2.73, 95%CI =1.57, 4.76). Model testing identified that a younger age at the time of exposure was the only significant predictor of high numbers of PTS symptoms in the Post-EQ group.Discussion: Rates of teacher-reported behavior problems in young children more than doubled following the Christchurch earthquakes. Younger children may be more vulnerable to the effects of earthquakes that occur during a developmentally sensitive period. Additional research is needed to consider the effects of age and duration of disaster effects to better understand the effects of disasters on children, their families and communities.

The mean age of petit mal epilepsy.

Objective:Petit mal epilepsy or absence seizures involve brief, sudden lapses of consciousness and most often occurs in people under age of 20 years. This study was done to find out the most likely significant age affected by petit mal epilepsy and whether they had higher rate of behavioral, educational, and social problems.Materials and Methods:We run tests on total 32 patients (male 16 and female 16) from newborns to 20 years of age.Results:The most affected ages were from 4 to 9 years and both genders were equally affected. They have higher rate of behavioral, educational, and social problems, and most likely recovering ages from the disease were from 15 to 20 years.Conclusion:These findings could contribute in diagnosis and treatment of Petit Mal Epilepsy, as it often misinterpreted as daydreaming or inattention.

Prednisone and Deflazacort in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Do They Play a Different Role in Child Behavior and Perceived Quality of Life?

The aim of this study was to determine whether prednisone and deflazacort play a different role in child behavior and perceived health related psychosocial quality of life in ambulant boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. As part of a prospective natural-history study, parents of sixty-seven ambulant boys with DMD (27 taking prednisone, 15 taking deflazacort, 25 were steroid naïve) completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for assessment of behavioral, emotional and social problems and both parents and boys with DMD completed the PedsQL™4.0 generic core scale short form. Boys with DMD had higher rates of general behavioral problems than age-matched peers. No significant differences were found among the groups for any of the CBCL syndrome scales raw scores, including internalizing and externalizing behaviors; however, on average boys taking deflazacort demonstrated more withdrawn behaviors than those taking prednisone, while on average the boys taking prednisone demonstrated more aggressive behaviors than boys taking deflazacort. Age, internalizing and externalizing behaviors accounted for 39 and 48% of the variance in psychosocial quality of life for both parents and boys with DMD, respectively. Overall, the use of steroids was not associated with more behavioral problems in boys with DMD. As behavior played a significant role in psychosocial quality of life, comprehensive assessment and treatment of behavioral problems is crucial in this population.

Gender specific associations between early puberty and behavioral and emotional characteristics in children

To understand the gender specific association between early puberty and behavioral and emotional characteristics in children. The questionnaire survey was conducted among the girls in grade 2-3, boys in grade 3-4 and both girls and boys in grade 7-8 selected through cluster sampling in 2 middle schools and 2 primary schools in Beijing and Shenyang respectively in November 2014. The questionnaire contents included general information, physical activity and video time, pubertal development scale (PDS) and strength and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the prevalence of early puberty and the detection rate of abnormal behavioral problems. The effects of early puberty on behavioral and emotional problems were estimated with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated. A total of 3253 complete questionnaires were collected, the prevalence of early puberty was 15.9% (518). The detection rate (number) of abnormal emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, pro-social behaviors and total difficulties were 8.3% (269), 9.1% (297), 6.5% (211), 16.4% (534), 9.2% (299) and 13.8% (448) respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that early puberty was the risk factor for conduct problems (OR=2.260, 95% CI: 1.322-3.863) and hyperactivity/inattention (OR=1.980, 95% CI: 1.111-3.527) in the girls, and early puberty was risk factor for total difficulties in boys (95%CI: 1.018-2.063). Early puberty might increase the risk of conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention in girls and increase the risk of total difficulties in boys. It is important to conduct gender specific psychological intervention among adolescents for improving their physical and mental health.

Child behavior problems: Mothers’ and fathers’ mental health matters today and tomorrow

Informed by a family systems framework, this study utilizes the actor-partner-interdependence model to examine how parents’ mental health, including depressive symptoms and parenting stress, predict their own (actor effects) and their partners’ (partner effects) reports of their children’s behavior problems among 730 low-income families. Further, we examine whether mothers’ and fathers’ mental health in early childhood predicts children’s teacher-reported social development in fifth grade. Both mothers’ and fathers’ depressive symptoms and parenting stress were associated with their own (actor effects) ratings of child behavior problems when children were 3 years (M=37.16 months, SD=1.53); parenting stress exerted a larger effect than depressive symptoms. Further, ratings of child behavior were predicted by partners’ parenting stress for fathers but not for mothers. Greater parent depression symptoms in early childhood was associated with higher fifth graders’ hyperactivity, and fathers’ greater depressive symptoms was associated with lower fifth graders’ cooperation. Results indicate that the mental health of both parents predicts child social skills and problem behaviors, both in early childhood and later development.

The Prevalence of Substance Use and Other Mental Health Concerns Among American Attorneys.

Objectives:Rates of substance use and other mental health concerns among attorneys are relatively unknown, despite the potential for harm that attorney impairment poses to the struggling individuals themselves, and to our communities, government, economy, and society. This study measured the prevalence of these concerns among licensed attorneys, their utilization of treatment services, and what barriers existed between them and the services they may need.Methods:A sample of 12,825 licensed, employed attorneys completed surveys, assessing alcohol use, drug use, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.Results:Substantial rates of behavioral health problems were found, with 20.6% screening positive for hazardous, harmful, and potentially alcohol-dependent drinking. Men had a higher proportion of positive screens, and also younger participants and those working in the field for a shorter duration (P < 0.001). Age group predicted Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores; respondents 30 years of age or younger were more likely to have a higher score than their older peers (P < 0.001). Levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among attorneys were significant, with 28%, 19%, and 23% experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively.Conclusions:Attorneys experience problematic drinking that is hazardous, harmful, or otherwise consistent with alcohol use disorders at a higher rate than other professional populations. Mental health distress is also significant. These data underscore the need for greater resources for lawyer assistance programs, and also the expansion of available attorney-specific prevention and treatment interventions.

Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America’s Children by Gerald Markowitz, David Rosner

Reviewed by: Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America’s Children by Gerald Markowitz, David Rosner Julie Sze Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner. Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America’s Children. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013. xxii + 298 pp. Ill. $29.95 (978-0-520-28393-0). Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America’s Children is the definitive history of childhood lead poisoning in the United States. In it, historians Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner untangle several important story lines. First is the prevalence of childhood lead poisoning and its devastating health impacts on children, particularly in low-income and African American communities, which are disproportionately affected. Second is the scientific and political debate of what to do about lead poisoning. Third is the ethical and legal morass of the Kennedy Krieger/Johns Hopkins case in Baltimore in the 1990s. Each of these strands itself is significant, but what is particularly important is that this book uses a vast archive to untangle the complicated web of factors into a compelling narrative that is disturbing and important. First, the prevalence of childhood lead poisoning remains a major public health issue. In 2012, more that 250,000 children still suffer from it, despite major gains in lead reduction, as lead was taken out of gasoline and paint in the latter half of the twentieth century (lead also enters the environment from insecticides and smelting and fabricating processes). Lead exposure causes major physiological and neurological damage. Children with low levels of lead have been shown to have higher rates of behavioral problems, hyperactivity, and problems with impulse control, lower IQs, and higher rates of arrests. Second, the 1960s saw major community activism around childhood lead poisoning by social justice groups and radical organizations, ranging from the Harlem Park Neighborhood Organization in Baltimore to the Young Lords and the Black Panthers. At the same time, public health advocates and doctors like J. Julian Chisolm, Jane Lin-Fu, and Herbert Needleman conducted important research, wrote reports, and sounded the clarion call about the problems of low-level lead exposure. As Markowitz and Rosner demonstrate, the sad story of lead is emblematic of larger debates about public health as a field, since lead poisoning challenges paradigms of what constituted health and disease—in terms of dosage effects and solutions. They take us into meetings at health associations and hearings at regulatory agencies and walk us through legal arguments of paint companies and landlords who fought their liability in both historical and contemporary terms. While remaining laser-focused on childhood lead poisoning, the authors also explain the larger political and ideological contexts for what became one of the most notorious recent legal and ethical cases involving public health research. In 2001, the Court of Appeals in Maryland ruled in favor of two African American children and their families against the Kennedy Krieger Institute (KKI), a children’s clinic and research center at Johns Hopkins. The KKI conducted a six-year study of childhood lead exposure, designed to find the cheapest way to reduce the lead exposure, although elimination is best for children’s health. The study recruited children to live in homes where researchers knew there was lead, which [End Page 570] the court compared to the worst violations of health research in the twentieth century—Nazi research and the Tuskegee syphilis study. Markowitz and Rosner do a remarkable job of discussing this case from all perspectives and situating it within the Reagan-era political moment that saw the demands for landlord abatement of lead as politically unfeasible. Markowitz and Rosner are coauthors of Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution, the definitive histories of silicosis, and now a book on lead. Their work is meticulously researched, and the histories they recount move from the home to the clinic, government agency, courtroom, and media. What makes their work particularly important is that they have the intellectual architecture to explain why their story matters to those who are not already passionate about children’s health in general or lead poisoning specifically. Their ultimate argument is to show what the contested politics...

Being Poorer than the Rest of the Neighbourhood: Relative Deprivation and Problem Behaviour of Youth

According to the neighbourhood effects hypothesis, there is a negative relation between neighbourhood wealth and youths' problem behaviour. It is often assumed that there are more problems in deprived neighbourhoods, but there are also reports of higher rates of behavioural problems in more affluent neighbourhoods. Much of this literature does not take into account relative wealth. Our central question was whether the economic position of adolescents' families relative to the neighbourhood in which they lived, was related to adolescents' internalising and externalising problem behaviour. We used longitudinal data for youths between 12-21 years of age, combined with population register data. We employ between-within models to account for time-invariant confounders, including parental background characteristics. Our findings show that for adolescents, moving to a more affluent neighbourhood was related to increased levels of depression, social phobia, aggression, and conflict with father and mother. This could be indirect evidence for the relative deprivation mechanism, but we could not confirm this, and we did not find any gender differences. The results do suggest that future research should further investigate the role of individuals' relative position in their neighbourhood in order not to overgeneralise neighbourhood effects and to find out for whom neighbourhoods matter.

Оценка эффективности тренинга родительской компетентности при проблемах поведения у детей

A procedure of author’s behavioral training “There is a contact” for parents of children with conduct problems is described, and an assessment of its effectiveness in a longitudinal controlled study is carried out. The intervention group consisted of 17 parents of children with high rate of behavioral problems (12 boys and 5 girls), and the control group consisted of 34 parents of children (19 boys and 15 girls); children were at the age of 2—8 years. The initial level of children’s conduct problems was similar in both groups according to the Eyberg child be- havior inventory. Level of conduct problems in the control group remained sta- ble during six months after the training, and in the intervention group reduced significantly (t=2,3, p&lt;0,05). Large positive effect of intervention on mothers’ disciplinary tactics and anxiety-depression symptoms was revealed in a year after the training (Cohen’s d=2,2 and 0.94, respectively). Conclusion: the program “There is a contact” can be recommended for professionals working with chil- dren’s conduct problems.

The Loneliness Curriculum of Psychiatric Training.

The young psychiatrist is learning to cope with such remarks. He feels his internal shield go up and a sense of separation arise. Though he has masked his feelings of awkwardness with bantering, he carries resentment for his membership in a residency program that has brought on the isolation he experiences at the table. The literature points to the consequences of loneliness for further psychological and health problems. A 1988 Science article underscored the importance of this issue. “Social relationships, or the relative lack thereof, constitute a major risk factor for health—rivaling the effect of well-established health risk factors such as cigarette smoking, blood pressure, blood lipids, obesity and physical activity” [1]. Loneliness is a risk factor for increased blood pressure, insomnia, and heart disease as well as a number of psychiatric disorders. In a series of elegant articles, Cacioppo and colleagues have elucidated the biological mechanisms and psychiatric consequences of loneliness. Their work shows that loneliness is a risk factor for depression, and that loneliness longitudinally negatively predicts subjective well-being [2–4]. Loneliness is an issue for many mental health practitioners. Studies have identified higher rates of stress, substance use, depression, suicide, and behavioral and disciplinary problems for psychiatrists compared to physicians in most other specialties [5]. In a survey of 75 community psychiatrists, 38 (51 %) reported isolation as a specific emotional problem [6]. In a survey of 60 psychotherapists working in a variety of settings, participants reported that the isolation required to conduct therapeutic work contributed to high rates of burnout [7]. This experience may start early in the career for many physicians. In fact, loneliness has been associated with medical students and residents encountering psychological difficulties during training [8]. Loneliness has been characterized in different ways—an experience of social isolation following a move, for example, or a change in social status [9]. It is often described as an internal emotional experience despite the social surround. Luanaigh suggests that loneliness itself can be conceptualized in a biopsychosocial framework to characterize the entire scope of this phenomenon [10]. While the capacity to enjoy solitude is a hallmark of adult actualization, loneliness tends to have a negative connotation of being sad, lost, and yearning. A review of the literature underscores the risks of loneliness in the geriatric population and the medically ill and stigmatized populations of our society [11–13]. Of interest, there is a paucity of the literature regarding particular vulnerabilities to the experience of loneliness in professional training programs.We believe that psychiatric practice may confer particular risks for the development of loneliness and that this experience may begin in training. This should be addressed early to prevent untoward consequences. * Jeffrey Katzman jekatzman@salud.unm.edu

Child and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems 12months postburn: the potential role of preburn functioning, parental posttraumatic stress, and informant bias.

Adjustment after pediatric burn injury may be a challenge for children as well as their parents. This prospective study examined associations of internalizing and externalizing problems in children and adolescents 12 months postburn with preburn functioning, and parental acute and chronic posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) from different perspectives. Child, mother, and father reports of 90 children (9–18 years), collected within the first month and 12 months postburn, were analyzed. Results indicated that overall, child and parental appraisals of pre- and postburn behavioral problems were not significantly different from reference data. Rates of (sub)clinical postburn behavioral problems ranged from 6 to 17 %, depending on the informant. Pre- and postburn behavioral problems were significantly related, but only from the parents’ perspective. Path models showed an association between parental PTSS 12 months postburn and parental reports of child internalizing problems, as well as a significant indirect relationship from parental acute stress symptoms via PTSS 12 months postburn. Notably, no associations between parental PTSS and child reports of postburn behavioral problems were found. In conclusion, parental observations of child externalizing problems appear to be influenced by their perspectives on the child’s preburn functioning, while parental observations of internalizing problems are also related to long-term parental PTSS. However, these factors seem of no great value in predicting behavioral problems from the child’s perspective, suggesting substantial informant deviations. To optimize adjustment, clinical burn practice is recommended to adopt a family perspective including parent perception of preburn functioning and parental PTSS in assessment and intervention.

A psychological behavior problem detection of children with permanent tooth injury

Objective To explore the relationship between dental trauma for children and their psychological behavior characteristics. Methods By using the method of case-control study, 7-11 years of age children accepting oral health examination in our department were asked to fill in the questionnaire. The children without dental trauma were selected as the control group and the children with permanent tooth injury were selected as the injury group. Each group has 57 cases. All children finished the Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) and their parents finished the Achenbach child behavior capacity list (CBCL). Results (1)The average CBCL score (32.51±20.41) and scores of P and N branch capacity lists in EPQ (44.72±11.67, 48.05±12.39) of the injury group were all higher than those of the control group (17.19±11.67, 37.64±8.17, 41.40±8.78)(P<0.01). (2) The detecting rate of behavior problems in injury group was also higher than that of the control group (33.33%, 7.02%, P<0.01), OR=6.63, 95%CI=2.09-21.05. Boys of the injury group had higher scores than those in the control group in seven factors (depression, social withdrawn, restlessness, violation of discipline, attack, compel and social problems) (P<0.05), and girls of the injury group also had higher scores than those in the control group did in three factors (depression, social withdrawn and attack) (P<0.05). (3) In the injury group, boys had higher scores in the factor of schizoid anxiety than girls did (P<0.01), risk factors were depression (OR=0.529, 95%CI=0.292-0.959), social withdrawn (OR=2.274, 95%CI=1.311-3.944), restlessness (OR=0.426, 95%CI=0.213-0.852), violation of discipline (OR=0.426, 95%CI=0.213-0.852) and attack (OR=0.644, 95%CI=0.459-0.903). However, girls had higher scores in the factor of depression than boys(P<0.05), their risk factor was depression (OR=0.573, 95%CI=0.357-0.919). Conclusion There is a certain correlation between tooth injury and their psychological behavior characteristics of children. Key words: Dental trauma; Youth permanent tooth; Children; Personality; Behavior

Gender differences in caregiver–child relationship mediation of the association between violence exposure severity and adolescent behavior problems

The main objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the relationship between mild, moderate, and severe violence exposure in the home and behavior problems in adolescents; (2) the caregiver–child relationship as a potential mediator in this relationship; and (3) gender differences. A series of path analyses were conducted using a sample drawn from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NCSAW-I) of 848 adolescents (ages 11–15) who had been reported to Child Protective Services for maltreatment and who remained in their homes. Exposure to violence and the caregiver–child relationship were reported by adolescents. Both caregiver ratings and adolescent self-reports were used to assess adolescents’ behavior problems. Path analysis indicated that exposure to mild and severe violence was directly associated with higher levels of child-reported behavior problems. However, exposure to violence was not directly associated with caregiver ratings of adolescent behavior problems. The caregiver–child relationship mediated the relationship between mild and moderate violence on both caregiver and child-reported adolescent behavior problems. Gender differences also emerged; for girls, the caregiver–child relationship mediated the effects of mild and moderate violence, whereas for boys, it mediated the effects of severe violence on behavior problems. Study findings suggest caregiver–child relationships as a critical underlying mechanism in the association between violence exposure and adolescent behavior problems, highlighting the importance of adding the caregiver–child relationship factor to intervention efforts.

Relationship Between Child Behavior and Emotional Problems and School Based Effort Avoidance

The present study has examined the relationship between school based effort avoidance tendencies and problem behavior in children aged 9 to 16 years. Effort avoidance tendencies were assessed in 367 children with and without child care. Teachers and social workers rated children on behavioral and emotional problems with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results confirmed significant but low correlations between teacher ratings of behavior and emotional problems in children and selected subscales of self-reported effort avoidance in school, especially for children in child care institutions. For them "conduct problems" were significantly correlated with three of the four subscales and the total sum score of effort avoidance whereas "hyperactivity" was the only scale which was significantly associated with the fourth subscale. In the school sample only "hyperactivity" and "peer problems" were significantly correlated with one subscale of school-based effort avoidance. The findings suggest that more problem behavior is in relation to more school based effort avoidance tendencies.

Analysis of Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Children Highlights the Role of Genotype × Environment Interaction.

This study tested for Genotype × Environment (G × E) interaction on behavioral and emotional problems in children using new methods that do not require identification of candidate genes or environments, can distinguish between interaction with shared and unique environment, and are insensitive to scale effects. Parental ratings of problem behavior from 14,755 twin pairs (5.3 years, SD = 0.22) indicated G × E interaction on emotional liability, social isolation, aggression, attention problems, dependency, anxiety, and physical coordination. Environmental influences increased in children who were genetically more predisposed to problem behavior, with ~20% of the variance due to G × E interaction (8% for anxiety to 37% for attention problems). Ignoring G × E interaction does not greatly bias heritability estimates, but it does offer a comprehensive model of the etiology for childhood problems.