Appetite Ratings Research Articles

Post-exercise dietary macronutrient composition modulates components of energy balance in young, physically active adults

The effectiveness of exercise to reduce body mass is typically modest, partially due to energy compensation responses which may be linked to energy substrate availability around exercise. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of manipulating post-exercise energy substrate availability (high carbohydrate/low fat [HCLF] or low carbohydrate/high fat [LCHF] energy replacement) on energy balance components in the short-term (i.e., appetite, energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE)). MethodsAppetite, EI, activity- and total- EE were measured in twelve healthy, young (21.0 ± 2.3 years) physically active participants (10 men, 2 women) on two occasions across 4 days after a 75-min run and an isocaloric energy replacement drink (HCLF and LCHF). Appetite was measured daily by visual analogue scales, EI was calculated by subtracting the energy content of food leftovers from a provided food package, activity- and total- EE determined by heart-rate accelerometery. ResultsComposite appetite ratings between days were lower in HCLF (62.4 ± 12) compared to LCHF (68.3 ± 8.9 mm; p = 0.048). No differences between conditions were detected for EI. Cumulative activity-EE (HCLF= 20.9 ± 3.7, LCHF= 16.9 ± 3.1 MJ; p = 0.037), but not total-EE (HCLF= 44.6 ± 7.7, LCHF= 39.9 ± 4.7 MJ; p = 0.060), was higher for the HCLF condition than the LCHF across the measurement period. ConclusionCompared with low carbohydrate/high fat, immediate post-exercise energy replacement with a high carbohydrate/low fat drink resulted in higher short-term activity energy expenditure and lower appetite ratings.

Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Serum Adipokine Levels.

Bariatric procedures are considered to be the most effective treatment options for obesity. One of them is laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), which is nowadays very popular and widely used. LSG leads to weight loss and metabolic improvement and also changes adipokine levels, although it is just a restrictive operation. We describe changes in pro-inflammatory (leptin, resistin, visfatin and chemerin) and anti-inflammatory adipokines (adiponectin, omentin), with adiponectin and leptin being most studied. Their levels are markedly changed after LSG and this may partially explain the weight loss seen after LSG. Adipokines are closely connected to insulin resistance and chronic inflammation both being positively influenced after LSG. Leptin regulates amount of body fat, appetite, thermogenesis and metabolic rate and its levels are positively correlated with both weight and BMI changes after operation. Resistin influences insulin sensitivity, modulates body cholesterol trafficking and its changes after operation correlate with BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, LDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein. Chemerin, an important component of immune system, decreases after bariatric surgery and its levels correlate with BMI, triglyceride levels, and blood glucose. On the other hand, pro-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin, which influences fatty acid oxidation, browning of fat tissue and energy metabolism, is declining after LSG. This decline explains improvement of glucose status after bariatric surgery in patients with diabetes and is correlated with BMI loss, waist circumference and LDL cholesterol level. Effect of LSG goes beyond calory restriction and the changes of adipokines have a great impact on health status of the bariatric patients.

Macronutrients effects on satiety and food intake in older and younger adults: A randomised controlled trial

Older adults are advised to increase their protein intake to maintain their muscle mass. However, protein is considered the most satiating macronutrient and this recommendation may cause a decrease in total energy intake. To date, satiety studies comparing all three macronutrients have been undertaken in young adults, and it is unclear if the same response is seen in older adults. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of preloads high in protein, fat, and carbohydrate but equal in energy (∼300 kcal) and volume (250 ml) on energy intake, perceived appetite, and gastric emptying in younger and older adults. Twenty older and 20 younger adults completed a single-blinded randomised crossover trial involving three study visits. Participants consumed a standard breakfast, followed by a preload milkshake high in either carbohydrate, fat, or protein. Three hours after the preload, participants were offered an ad libitum meal to assess food intake. Visual analogue scales were used to measure perceived appetite and gastric emptying was measured via the 13C-octanoic acid breath test. There was no significant effect of preload type or age on energy intake either at the ad libitum meal, self-recorded food intake for the rest of the test day or subjective appetite ratings. There was a significant effect of preload type on gastric emptying latency phase and ascension time, and an effect of age on gastric emptying latency and lag phase such that older adults had faster emptying. In conclusion, energy intake, and perceived appetite were not affected by macronutrient content of the preloads in both younger and older adults, but gastric emptying times differed.

1536-P: Effects of Sucralose vs. Sucrose on Hypothalamic Blood Flow, Glucose Signaling, and Appetite

Sucralose is a non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) commonly consumed to provide sweet taste without calories. Yet, some studies suggest NNS stimulate appetite, potentially by altering post-ingestive metabolic signals that communicate with the hypothalamus to reduce hunger. We tested the hypothesis that sucralose vs sucrose would elicit different metabolic, hypothalamic blood flow (BF) and appetite responses, and that post-ingestive increases in metabolic signals would be associated with reductions in hypothalamic BF and hunger. In a randomized cross-over trial, hypothalamic BF (measured by perfusion MRI), appetite ratings, and glucose/hormone responses were obtained before, 15 and 30 min after ingestion of drinks containing sucrose (75g) or sucralose (sweetness matched). Paired t-tests were used to compare sucralose vs sucrose on metabolic responses, hypothalamic BF, and appetite. Linear regression was used to examine associations between peripheral glucose, insulin, GLP-1 and hypothalamic BF and hunger. 76 adults (43F; 23.3±3.9 yrs; BMI 27.2±5) completed the study. Subjects reported increased hunger at 15 (p<.04) and 30min (p<.003) after sucralose vs sucrose. Peripheral glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 were lower after sucralose vs sucrose (all p<.0001). Glycemic response (whole hypothalamus (β=-.002, p=.05), medial subfield (β=−.005, p<.006)), but not insulin or GLP-1, was associated with the hypothalamic response to sucrose at 30 min, controlling for age, sex, BMI. These associations were not observed after sucralose (β=.008 p=.2). The medial hypothalamic response predicted hunger response after both drinks (β=1.79, p<.02). Sucralose vs sucrose elicited disparate metabolic, hypothalamic, and hunger responses. Sucrose-induced increases in glycemia were associated with reductions in medial hypothalamic BF, which was linked to reduced hunger. Compared to sucrose, post-ingestive signaling responses were altered after sucralose, which may affect appetite. Disclosure S.P.Chakravartti: None. K.A.Page: None. S.Kullmann: None. R.Veit: None. A.G.Yunker: None. B.C.Angelo: None. K.Jann: None. S.H.Luo: None. A.Xiang: None. J.R.Monterosso: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK102794)

The Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Appetite: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Previously, narrative reviews have considered the effects of intermittent fasting on appetite. One suggestion is that intermittent fasting attenuates an increase in appetite that typically accompanies weight loss. Here, we conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the effects of intermittent fasting on appetite, when compared to a continuous energy restriction intervention. Five electronic databases and trial registers were searched in February 2021 and February 2022. Abstracts (N = 2800) were screened and 17 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), consisting of a variety of intermittent fasting regimes, met our inclusion criteria. The total number of participants allocated to interventions was 1111 and all RCTs were judged as having either some concerns or a high risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool). Random effects meta-analyses were conducted on change-from-baseline appetite ratings. There was no clear evidence that intermittent fasting affected hunger (WMD = -3.03; 95% CI [-8.13, 2.08]; p = 0.25; N = 13), fullness (WMD = 3.11; 95% CI [-1.46, 7.69]; p = 0.18; N = 10), desire to eat (WMD = -3.89; 95% CI [-12.62, 4.83]; p = 0.38; N = 6), or prospective food consumption (WMD = -2.82; 95% CI [-3.87, 9.03]; p = 0.43; N = 5), differently to continuous energy restriction interventions. Our results suggest that intermittent fasting does not mitigate an increase in our drive to eat that is often associated with continuous energy restriction.

Valorization of spent barley grains: isolation of protein and fibers for starch-free noodles and its effect on glycemic response in healthy individuals

Spent barley grains (SBG) were valorized into a spent barley protein and fibers (SBPF) ingredient. The ingredient was utilized to formulate SBPF-derived starchless noodles with a negligible glycemic response (GR) in healthy individuals, a significant reduction of 93.16% (SD = 8.07) postprandial GR after consumption when compared to conventional starch-based noodles. Their nutritional content, visual analog scale, textural property, and palatability were also evaluated. The SBPF-derived starchless noodles showed comparable hardness and springiness to the conventional starch-based noodles, but their cohesiveness and chewiness were improved. There was no significant difference in appetite and hunger ratings between the two types of foods. The overall palatability ratings for both foods were comparable. The SBPF-derived noodles were a source of nutrients (such as protein and fibers). This study has considerable potential for the development of functional food and food as medicine industries.

Evaluating Eating Behaviour, Energy Homeostasis, and Obesity in Childhood-Onset Craniopharyngioma: A Feasibility Study

Introduction: Craniopharyngiomas are rare brain tumours (incidence 1.1–1.7 cases/million/year). Although non-malignant, craniopharyngioma causes major endocrine and visual morbidities including hypothalamic obesity, yet mechanisms leading to obesity are poorly understood. This study investigated the feasibility and acceptability of eating behaviour measures in patients with craniopharyngioma to inform the design of future trials. Methods: Patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma and controls matched for sex, pubertal stage, and age were recruited. After an overnight fast, participants received the following measures: body composition, resting metabolic rate, oral glucose tolerance test including magnetic resonance imaging (patients only), appetite ratings, eating behaviour, and quality of life questionnaires, ad libitum lunch, and an acceptability questionnaire. Data are reported as median ± IQR, with effect size measure (Cliff’s delta) and Kendall’s tau for correlations, due to the small sample size. Results: Eleven patients (median age = 14 years; 5 F/6 M) and matched controls (median age = 12 years; 5 F/6 M) were recruited. All patients had received surgery, and 9/11 also received radiotherapy. Hypothalamic damage post-surgery was graded (Paris grading): grade 2 n = 6; grade 1 n = 1; grade 0 n = 2. The included measures were deemed highly tolerable by participants and their parent/carers. Preliminary data suggest a difference in hyperphagia between patients and controls (d = 0.5), and a relationship between hyperphagia with body mass index standard deviation score (BMISDS) in patients (τ = 0.46). Discussion: These findings demonstrate that eating behaviour research is feasible and acceptable to craniopharyngioma patients and there is an association between BMISDS and hyperphagia in patients. Thus, food approach and avoidance behaviours may be useful targets for interventions to manage obesity in this patient group.

725 Evaluating Wound Care Compliance, Healing and Perceptions in Burn Patients Discharged to Post-Acute Care Facilities

Abstract Introduction Prior research at our center demonstrated that 51% of all patients discharged to a skilled nursing facility (SNF) or acute rehabilitation center (ARC) had deterioration of their wounds. In that review, we were unable to identify specific patient factors associated with a worsening of wounds. We postulated that there was a relationship between specific facilities and outcomes, however due to the number of discharge facilities we were unable to analyze those relationships. Following our analysis, clinic personnel increased interactions with facilities to improve follow-up and communication. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to further explore factors that may influence wound healing in SNF and ARC environments and improve patient outcomes. Methods The review occurred over a 3.5-month period. Burn and non-burn patients residing at a SNF or ARC at the time of their clinic visit were included in the sample. A 10-item survey was administered to patients and a 5-item survey to the clinician. Wounds overall were deemed as “Improved” (IM) or “Worsened/No Change” (W/NC) and patients subsequently divided into these cohorts for analysis. Basic statistics were calculated. Results A total of 55 patients completed 81 surveys. The majority, 69% (n=38) had wounds that improved and 31% (n=17) showed worsening or no change. There were no significant differences between groups in wound etiology, facility type, dressing type / frequency or the absolute number of dressing regimes/patient. Facility compliance with clinic dressing orders was mediocre with 65% compliance in IM and 57% in the W/NC (p=.484). When asked if wounds were progressing as expected clinicians responded yes 97% of the time for IM and 36% for W/NC (p< .00001). When patients were asked if their facility had the needed dressing supplies, 84% (n=46) IM responded yes vs 61% W/NC (p=.029). There were no significant differences in patient understanding of wound care, if performed correctly, or ratings of pain control, appetite, restfulness, staff responsiveness, and overall care at the SNF or ARC. Conclusions An improvement in outcomes was noted between our first analysis and the current evaluation, this may be related to increased communication with facilities. Although the data demonstrated that prescribed wound care was not adhered to, there was no difference between groups. However, patient reports of inadequate dressing supplies at the facilities may be a factor in the progression of wound healing. While overall outcomes were improved, patients continue to experience an unacceptable rate of wound deterioration and further investigation is warranted. Applicability of Research to Practice Identifying interventions for patients sent to SNF and ARC facilities would improve wound outcomes.

A pecan-enriched diet reduced postprandial appetite intensity and enhanced peptide YY secretion: A randomized control trial

Tree nuts have been shown to have satiating qualities; however, little is known concerning the effect of pecans on measures of appetite. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a pecan-enriched diet on subjective, physiological, and direct measures of appetite in older adults. This was a randomized, controlled trial in which healthy older adults (50-75y) were randomized to either consume 68g of pecans/day (pecan; n=21) or avoid all nuts (control; n=23) for 4 weeks. At pre- (V1) and post-diet (V2) visits body weight (BW) and body fat percentage (BF) were assessed and actual change in these outcomes for pecan were compared to theoretical changes if pecans were consumed without compensation. Subjective appetite was measured using visual analog scale (VAS), and blood was collected to assess changes in physiological appetite before and every 30min for 4h following a high-fat meal. Energy intake (EI) at a buffet meal was then assessed in the laboratory ("in-lab"). VAS assessments continued hourly for the next 7h and EI ("at-home") was self-reported. BW and BF did not change for pecan or control across the intervention and theoretical change in BW (theoretical: 2.2±0.1 vs. actual: 0.4±0.2kg; p<0.0001) and BF (theoretical: 0.4±0.04 vs. actual: 0.2±0.2%; p<0.0001) was significantly greater than actual change for pecan. From V1 to V2, there was an increase in fasting (pecan: 77.0±4.6 to 93.5±6.1 vs control: 76.0±5.0 to 72.5±5.0pg/mL; p=0.01) and postprandial peptide YY for pecan vs. control (p=0.04); however, fasting and postprandial cholecystokinin and ghrelin did not differ (p>0.05). There were no differences in the change in subjective appetite ratings at fasting, following the high-fat meal (in-lab), at-home, or across the full day between groups (p>0.05 for all). However, there was a significant suppression of peak desire to eat ratings for pecan vs. control (pecan: 67.9±4.6 to 57.1±5.2 vs. control: 61.9±4.2 to 60.6±4.3mm; p=0.04). Combined, buffet meal, and at-home EI did not differ significantly within pecan and control; however, there was a trend (p=0.11) for a between group difference in buffet meal EI driven by increased EI for control (+137±86kcal) vs. decreased EI for pecan (-45±77kcal). A 4-week pecan-enriched diet led to enhanced satietogenic metrics compared to a diet void of all nuts. As weight remained stable during the intervention, adding pecans to the daily diet may be beneficial to appetite control and weight maintenance in a healthy older population. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04385537.

Daily ingestion of protein bars (with or without added fiber) increased energy intake and body fat mass after one week in healthy adults: A crossover trial

BackgroundAlthough the global protein bar market is rapidly escalating, there is a scarcity of controlled trials examining their dietary impact. This cross-over study examined the impact of protein bar ingestion (with or without added fibre) on energy intake. MethodsAdults (n = 21; 21.9 ± 2.6 y) recorded food and beverage consumption using a smartphone application and appetite ratings using 100-mm VAS scales. Body composition was recorded at baseline and following each one-week feeding phase. ResultsAverage 24-hour energy intakes during the weeks bars were consumed were elevated significantly (7–13%) from control weeks with no difference between bars. Postprandial appetite scores were significantly below fasting scores but did not differ between bars. Body fat mass was significantly elevated (+3%) at the end of each feeding period compared to the control week. ConclusionThese results suggest that the daily ingestion of protein bars increased overall energy intakes and may impact body mass over time.

Impact of one-day fasting, ketogenic diet or exogenous ketones on control of energy balance in healthy participants

Oral ketone supplements may mimic the beneficial effects of endogenous ketones on energy metabolism as β-hydroxybutyrate has been proposed to increase energy expenditure and improve body weight regulation. Therefore, our objective was to compare the effects of a one-day isocaloric ketogenic diet, fasting and supplementation with ketone salts on energy expenditure and appetite perception. Eight healthy young adults (4 women, 4 men, age 24±3 years, BMI 24.3±3.1kg/m2) participated in a randomized cross-over trial with four 24 h-interventions in a whole room indirect calorimeter at a physical activity level of 1.65: (i) total fasting (FAST), (ii) isocaloric ketogenic diet (3.1% energy from carbohydrates (CHO), KETO), (iii) isocaloric control diet (47.4% energy from CHO, ISO), and (iv) ISO supplemented with 38.7g/d ketone salts (exogenous ketones, EXO). Effects on serum ketone levels (15 h-iAUC), energy metabolism (total energy expenditure, TEE; sleeping energy expenditure, SEE; macronutrient oxidation) and subjective appetite were measured. Compared to ISO, ketone levels were considerably higher with FAST and KETO and little higher with EXO (all p>0.05). Total and sleeping energy expenditure did not differ between ISO, FAST and EXO whereas KETO increased TEE (+110±54kcal/d vs. ISO, p<0.05) and SEE (+201±90kcal/d vs. ISO, p<0.05). CHO oxidation was slightly decreased with EXO compared to ISO (-48±27g/d, p<0.05) resulting in a positive CHO balance (p<0.05). No differences between the interventions were found for subjective appetite ratings (all p>0.05). A 24 h-ketogenic diet may contribute to maintain a neutral energy balance by increasing energy expenditure. Exogenous ketones in addition to an isocaloric diet did not improve regulation of energy balance. NCT04490226 https://clinicaltrials.gov/.

A content analysis of the European food safety Authority’s scientific opinion on authorised and rejected appetite-related health claim applications

From 2006 to 2020, UK nutrition and health claims were assessed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) under EU Nutrition and Health Claims Regulations (2006). Since Brexit, UK applications are considered by the UK Nutrition and Health Claims Committee (UKNHCC).EFSA guidance documentation drawing together claims related to appetite ratings, weight management, and blood glucose concentrations was most recently published in 2012. 61 EFSA scientific opinions on appetite-related health claims applications from 2010 to 2020 were reviewed. Fifty-five related to hunger, fullness, energy intake, satiation and satiety were rejected, whereas three weight management claims and three blood glucose levels claims were authorised. 17 novel categories of reasons for claims application rejection were synthesised via Inductive Content Analysis (7 main-, 10 sub-categories). The resultant conceptual framework presented herein aims to support commercial pre-assessment of future appetite-related health claim applications and stimulate discussion regarding appetite-related health claims legislation in the new era of UKNHCC.

Association between the Timing of Pre-Workout Macronutrient Intake and Rated Appetite among Resistance-Trained Adults in Jbeil, Lebanon.

Macronutrients play an important role in appetite regulation. In addition, adequate nutrient and energy intake, which may be altered by exercise-induced appetite fluctuations, is required to ensure important training outcomes. However, findings regarding appetite responses to macronutrient consumption before training and to different resistance training intensities remain inconclusive. This study investigated the association of three types of macronutrient intake before different intensities of resistance training with appetite. A purposive cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 280 resistance-trained individuals (mean age 26.4 ± 5.8 years) representing five gyms located in Jbeil, Lebanon, and who completed an online questionnaire. Data collected included socio-demographics, nutritional strategies followed by each respondent, training characteristics, and appetite rating before, during and after exercise using a validated visual analogue scale (VAS). A short-term suppression of appetite was reported during resistance-training, with no significant difference in exercise intensities (p > 0.05). In addition, low-fiber carbohydrate and protein food/beverage content consumed 30-60 min before training had an advantage in appetite suppression. In summary, these findings suggest that resistance training combined with pre-workout consumption of a whole meal was associated with appetite suppression, at least during the short period of exercise. From the perspective of appetite control and energy balance, the critical factor is the quantity and quality of macronutrient food sources, in addition to the timing surrounding training of nutrients ingested.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ЛЕЧЕБНЫХ СВОЙСТВ МАЗИ БИОСЕПТИН

Introduction. Due to the acquisition of resistance to antibiotics by pyogenic microbiota, the problem of local (medicinal) treatment of wounds has become more acute. Aim. Evaluation of the medicinal properties of Bioseptin ointment in vivo on a model of a purulent incised skin wound of research animals. Materials and object of the research. Bioseptin ointment was developed by LLC “Research Center”. The active principle of the ointment is a microbial association: bacteria Baсillus subtilis strain VKPМ B-7048 and Bacillus licheniformis strain VKPМ B-7038, which has high antagonistic activity against a wide range of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. As an auxiliary component of the ointment, a dense nutrient medium is taken, used for growing cultures of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis in the process of obtaining a specific batch of ointment. The ointment is a combination preparation for topical use. The wound-healing effectiveness of the ointment was assessed in two groups (20 mice each) of healthy non-inbred mice with a body weight of 16 and 20 g of ICR colony of both sexes from the nursery State Scientific Center for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” of Russian Federal State Agency for Health and Consumer Rights. The control group was a group of mice treated with the reference ointment Iruksol (20 mice per group). A model of a purulent wound in animals of these three groups was obtained by infecting incised skin wounds with a mixture of bacterial cells P. aeruginosa and S. Aureus. Treatment of mice was continued until their incised skin wounds healed. Every day, mice in all groups were assessed for wound area, percentage reduction in wound area (WAR) according to L.N. Popova’s method, rate of wound contraction, motor activity, appetite, dynamics and nature of wound healing. Every 3 days, changes in body weight were assessed, laboratory blood tests and histomorphological examination of the incised skin wound were performed. To obtain tissue samples, animals, according to the observation period were removed from the experiment by euthanasia using the method of cervical dislocation. Tissue samples excised from the wound and blood samples were examined on days 3, 6, 9, and 12 after skin wound formation. Samples for light microscopy were prepared and stained according to the methods. Viewing of preparations and microphotography was carried out on a Jenaval light microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany). All data were processed statistically using Microsoft Excel and STATISTICA. Results and discussion. It was shown that almost until the end of treatment of purulent wounds in all groups of experimental animals with the control ointment Iruksol and Bioseptin ointment, negative dynamics of body weight was observed due to the expressed toxic effect of the purulent wound on the body of the research animals. The results of a blood test for hematological and biochemical parameters in the body of research animals of all three groups revealed changes characteristic of the development of a local infectious process and intoxication. Evidence was established of faster healing of purulent wounds in animals of groups 1 and 2 treated with Bioseptin and Iruksol ointments, respectively, compared to animals of group 3 (with a severe superinfected purulent wound). Moreover, complete visually observed wound healing in group 2 occurred in less than 9 days, in control group 1 and experimental group 3 on the 12th day of observation. Histomorphological study demonstrated the restoration of the structure of the skin in the wound as an organ with all its derivatives already on the 9th day in groups 1-2; in group 3 with a burdened purulent wound, complete restoration of the epidermal defect was not noted. Conclusion. Bioseptin ointment is promising as a drug for effective topical use in the treatment of infected wounds; the ointment has a significant antimicrobial effect. The microbial association (Bacillus subtilis strain ВКПМ B-7048 and Bacillus licheniformis strain ВКПМ B-7038) which is part of the Bioseptin ointment, promotes the cleansing of wounds, their granulation and faster healing compared to the control ointment Iruksol. The use of Bioseptin ointment for the treatment of complicated purulent wounds has been shown to be promising.

Effect of diet low in advanced glycation end products on appetite, body composition, and brown adipose tissue markers in patients with coronary artery disease treated with angioplasty: A randomized controlled trial.

Recent changes in dietary habits have resulted in increased intake of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are known to have a predominant contribution to the pathogenesis and complications of coronary artery disease (CAD). AGEs are also thought to induce weight gain by affecting appetite, energy expenditure, and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here, we investigated whether the restriction of dietary AGEs could affect appetite, body composition, anthropometric indices, and BAT-derived markers in CAD patients treated with angioplasty. Forty-two stented CAD patients were randomly allocated into two groups that received either a low-AGEs or a control diet for 12 weeks. At baseline and postintervention, fasting blood samples were analyzed for total AGEs, nesfatin-1, and BAT-derived markers (fibroblast growth factor 21 and neuregulin 4). Subjective appetite ratings and body composition were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and bioelectric impedance analysis. Anthropometric indices, including fat mass index (FMI), abdominal volume index (AVI), and body adiposity index (BAI), were calculated through the relevant formula. Restricting dietary AGEs for 12 weeks could cause a significant reduction in weight, FMI, AVI, and BAI (P < 0.05) compared to the comparison group. In addition, VAS data analyses indicated a significant decrease in the sense of hunger and prospective food intake (P < 0.05) in the intervention group compared to the comparison group. No significant difference was seen in the measured biochemical markers between the two groups. This study indicated that the low-AGEs diet could decrease appetite, weight, and anthropometric indices in stented CAD patients.

Gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings after weight loss induced by diet or bariatric surgery.

The aim of this study was to compare changes in gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings after a similar weight loss induced by a very low-energy diet alone or in combination with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Patients with severe obesity scheduled for SG (n=15) and RYGB (n=14) and 15 controls (very low-energy diet alone) were recruited. Body weight/composition, plasma concentrations of ß-hydroxybutyric acid, acylated ghrelin, total glucagon-like peptide-1, total peptide YY, cholecystokinin, and ratings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption were measured pre- and postprandially, before and after 10 weeks of intervention. Changes in body weight/composition and level of ketosis were similar across groups. In SG and RYGB, basal and postprandial acylated ghrelin declined, and postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1increased, both significantly more compared with controls. Postprandial peptide YY increased in all groups. Overall, postprandial hunger decreased, and postprandial fullness increased. But ratings of desire to eat and prospective food consumption were more favorable after both surgeries compared with controls. Weight loss with SG and RYGB leads to more favorable changes in gastrointestinal hormones compared with diet alone, although ratings of appetite were reduced across all groups.

The effects of resistance exercise on appetite sensations, appetite related hormones and energy intake in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer survivors

Appetite is a determinant of dietary intake and is impacted by sex hormones, exercise, and body composition among individuals without chronic conditions. Whether appetite is altered by exercise in the context of estrogen suppression and cancer survivorship is unknown. This randomized cross-over study compared appetite and ad libitum energy intake (EI) after acute resistance exercise (REx) versus sedentary (SED) conditions and in relation to body composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in breast cancer survivors (BCS). Physically inactive premenopausal females with previous stage I-III estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer completed a single bout of REx or SED 35 minutes after a standardized breakfast meal. Appetite visual analog scales and hormones (total ghrelin and peptide-YY [PYY]) were measured before and 30, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes post-meal and expressed as area under the curve (AUC). Participants were offered a buffet-type meal 180 minutes after breakfast to assess ad libitum EI. Body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry) and RMR (indirect calorimetry) were measured during a separate visit. Sixteen BCS were included (age: 46 ± 2 y, BMI: 24.9 ± 1.0 kg/m2). There were no differences in appetite ratings or EI between conditions. There were no differences in appetite hormone AUC, but REx resulted in lower ghrelin 120 (−85 ± 39 pg/mL, p = 0.031) and 180 (−114 ± 43 pg/mL, p = 0.018) minutes post-breakfast and higher PYY 90 (21 ± 10 pg/mL, p = 0.028) and 120 (14 ± 7 pg/mL, p = 0.041) minutes post-breakfast. Fat-free mass and RMR negatively correlated with hunger and prospective food consumption AUC after SED, but not REx. In sum, a single REx bout temporarily reduces orexigenic and increases anorexic appetite hormones, but not acute subjective appetite sensations or EI.

Effects of acute resistance exercise with different loads on appetite, appetite hormones and autonomic nervous system responses in healthy young men

Although the effect of continuous aerobic exercise on the appetite has been widely explored, the influence of resistance exercise (RE) with different variables, including training loads, training volume, and inter-set rest, on appetite responses requires further investigation. This study examined the importance of training load in RE-induced appetite regulation, with the total training volume and inter-set rest equalized. In total, 11 healthy young men (age = 23 ± 2 years, body mass index = 22 ± 2 kg/m2) were included. Participants completed 3 trials, namely moderate-load RE (MOD; 4 sets of 8 repetitions at 85% 8RM), low-load RE (LOW; 4 sets of 15 repetitions at 45% 8RM), and a control (CON; no exercise), in a randomized, crossover design. Subjective appetite ratings; concentrations of ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and lactate; and the autonomic nervous system activity were evaluated before exercise and 1 h after exercise. The hunger and predicted food consumption ratings, and ghrelin concentrations immediately after exercise were significantly lower in the MOD and LOW trials (p < 0.05 vs. CON). The PYY and lactate concentrations immediately after exercise were significantly higher in the MOD and LOW trials (p < 0.05 vs. CON). Heart rate variability recovery was slower in the MOD trial. These findings suggest that both moderate-load and low-load RE at equal training volumes and inter-set rest induce similar responses on hunger suppression and orexigenic signals, except for the slower recovery of autonomic modulation after moderate-load RE. Our results suggest that when individuals aim to potentiate appetite suppression after a bout of RE, both moderate- and low-load RE could be applied.

Nut-enriched energy restricted diet has potential to decrease hunger in women at cardiometabolic risk: a randomized controlled trial (Brazilian Nuts Study)

Successful weight management represents a challenge to obesity control. Evidence suggests that nut consumption promotes a prolonged satiety response. Therefore, we hypothesize that nuts could be associated with greater weight loss in comparison to a control group, and we evaluate the acute and long-term effects of Brazilian nuts (BN: 15 g of Brazil nuts+30 g of cashew nuts) included in an energy-restricted intervention on food intake, appetite, and peptide hormones. We conducted an 8-week, randomized, open-label, controlled, parallel-arm clinical trial with 28 women at cardiometabolic risk who received an energy-restricted diet containing BN or an energy-restricted nut-free diet (control). At baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention, subjective postprandial appetite ratings were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) before and after consumption (0, 10, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes) of a 437-kcal nut-enriched (BN group) or nut-free (control) breakfast meal. Subsequently, an ad libitum lunch was served, and the participants completed another VAS at 280 minutes. Plasma concentrations of ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, and leptin were measured at fasting and postprandially at 60, 120, and 240 minutes. Last, subsequent reported 24-hour energy intake was assessed in a free-living setting. BN consumption did not have acute effects on food intake, appetite, or peptide hormones. However, after an 8-week intervention, postprandial ghrelin (difference between post- and preintervention area under the curve) decreased in the BN group in comparison to the control (mean difference, 1978 pg/mL/min, 95% CI, 27-3929 pg/mL/min; P=.047) and therefore, an energy-restricted diet containing demonstrated potential to decrease hunger in cardiometabolic risk women.

Differences in gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings between individuals with and without obesity-A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Determining if gastrointestinal (GI) hormone response to food intake differs between individuals with, and without, obesity may improve our understanding of obesity pathophysiology. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the concentrations of GI hormones, as well as appetite ratings, following a test meal, in individuals with and without obesity was undertaken. Systematic searches were conducted in the databases MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. A total of 7514 unique articles were retrieved, 115 included in the systematic review, and 70 in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis compared estimated standardized mean difference in GI hormones' concentration, as well as appetite ratings, between individuals with and without obesity. Basal and postprandial total ghrelin concentrations were lower in individuals with obesity compared with controls, and this was reflected by lower postprandial hunger ratings in the former. Individuals with obesity had a lower postprandial concentration of total peptide YY compared with controls, but no significant differences were found for glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin, or other appetite ratings. A large methodological and statistical heterogeneity among studies was found. More comprehensive studies are needed to understand if the differences observed are a cause or a consequence of obesity.