Rating Websites Research Articles

Analysis of Patients' Online Reviews of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

Introduction:Physician rating websites (PRWs) are an increasingly popular interface between patient and surgeon. Despite the growing popularity of PRWs, little guidance exists for orthopaedic surgeons regarding online reviews. We analyzed online ratings and comments to provide a better understanding of patients' values and expectations so that surgeons can tailor their practice accordingly to enhance their clinical care and online reputation.Methods:Three common PRWs (Vitals, HealthGrades, and RateMDs) were queried from January 1, 2006, to May 18, 2020. Publicly available ratings, both quantitative (1 to 5 stars) and qualitative (free text comments), were collected. Comments were qualitatively tabulated as having positive or negative assessments for categories including outcome, personality, staff, surgical skill, visit time, bedside manner, wait time, diagnosis, knowledge, treatment, and advanced practice providers and analyzed using chi square goodness of fit. Quantitative comparisons of star ratings were made across surgeon years in practice, sex, practice setting, and PRW and compared using chi square independence testing.Results:In total, 81% of patient comments were found to have a positive assessment. Comments regarding outcome (P < 0.001), staff (P = 0.001), surgical skill (P < 0.001), or knowledge (P = 0.001) were more likely to be positive. Reviews regarding bedside manner (P < 0.001), wait time (P < 0.001), diagnosis (P < 0.001), treatment (P < 0.001), or advanced practice providers (P < 0.001) were more likely to be negative. Surgeon sex was not associated with a difference in quantitative ratings (P = 0.131), unlike practice setting (P < 0.001) and PRW (P < 0.001).Discussion:PRWs are a growing interface between surgeon and patient with a considerable effect on surgeon marketability. This study reveals a statistical association between certain patient-centered medical practices and positive patient reviews. This emphasizes the importance of ensuring that high standards are maintained throughout a physician's practice of maintaining a constant awareness of the fundamentals for effective patient care and of taking care to curate a physician's online presence.

ENGELLİ AKADEMİSYENLER BAĞLAMINDA AKADEMİK ATAMA/YÜKSELTME KRİTERLERİ İÇİN KULLANILAN WEB SİTELERİNİN ERİŞİLEBİLİRLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Accessibility includes features that facilitate the lives of not only disabled people but also non-disabled individuals and contribute at some points. Many international studies and developments are carried out on this subject. In Turkey, these developments are sometimes adapted, sometimes handled as they are, and are the subject of valuable studies. It is inevitable that there will be a certain percentage of people with disabilities among academics or researchers. Although the number of academics with disabilities is not an available information in our country, it would be wrong to deny the fact that they exist. It is expected that academicians will be promoted or appointed over time. Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, TR Index and DergiPark, which are the most important systems and websites used for this purpose, should be accessible not only to people with disabilities but also to non-disabled people. In this context, these websites were examined with WAVE, an accessibility assessment tool. In the context of equality of opportunity, the data obtained on how accessible these systems and websites are, were evaluated with descriptive statistics method. As a result, WoS and Scopus are insufficient in the context of assistive technologies for users with disabilities; It has been determined that there are similar errors, albeit at a lower rate, on PubMed, TR Directory and DergiPark websites. In addition, visual design, contrast, empty link and labeling errors were detected and the necessity of making improvements and rearrangements in many areas has been revealed.

Awareness and Perception of Google® Reviews Among French GPs.

The objective of this study was to assess the perception of French general practitioners (GPs) and the impact of the Google® online physician rating system. We questioned the French GPs with a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 412 GPs had answered the complete questionnaire. 83.25% of respondents did not validate the relevance of the physician rating websites. The most decried limitations were the lack of validity of these opinions and the negative impact on physicians.

Aspect sentiment analysis with heterogeneous graph neural networks

Aspect-based sentiment analysis technologies may be a very practical methodology for securities trading, commodity sales, movie rating websites, etc. Most recent studies adopt the recurrent neural network or attention-based neural network methods to infer aspect sentiment using opinion context terms and sentence dependency trees. However, due to a sentence often having multiple aspects sentiment representation, these models are hard to achieve satisfactory classification results. In this paper, we discuss these problems by encoding sentence syntax tree, words relations and opinion dictionary information in a unified framework. We called this method heterogeneous graph neural networks (Hete_GNNs). Firstly, we adopt the interactive aspect words and contexts to encode the sentence sequence information for parameter sharing. Then, we utilized a novel heterogeneous graph neural network for encoding these sentences’ syntax dependency tree, prior sentiment dictionary, and some part-of-speech tagging information for sentiment prediction. We perform the Hete_GNNs sentiment judgment and report the experiments on five domain datasets, and the results confirm that the heterogeneous context information can be better captured with heterogeneous graph neural networks. The improvement of the proposed method is demonstrated by aspect sentiment classification task comparison.

Patient satisfaction reviews for 967 spine neurosurgeons on Healthgrades.

Patients are increasingly relying on independent physician rating websites (PRWs) to obtain information about healthcare providers. Healthgrades.com is a widely used PRW that allows patients to rate physicians on various metrics of performance and quality of care. This study categorically investigated the correlations between demographics of spine neurosurgeons and online ratings on Healthgrades to better understand the factors driving patient satisfaction in spine surgery in the United States. In August-December 2019, the authors performed a retrospective data analysis using Healthgrades. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) membership database was used to identify spine neurosurgeons in the United States and extract biographical and career data. Individuals with an academic practice were further investigated for academic rank, leadership, and fellowship training. Scores from eight patient satisfaction metrics (PSMs) were collected for each surgeon from Healthgrades. A total of 967 spine neurosurgeons were included in the study cohort. Patient satisfaction did not correlate with sex, PhD acquisition, academic status, or academic rank. Among those who were academic surgeons, completion of fellowship training was associated with higher ratings. Geographical location of practice did not influence patient satisfaction. Prolonged wait time was an independent predictor of decreased patient satisfaction and was a key confounding variable underlying trends seen with advanced career duration and age. Overall, patients rated spine neurosurgeons highly favorably on the Healthgrades website. Due to the emerging role of PRWs in locating and assessing providers, it is important for both patients and clinicians to understand the factors that impact patient experience.

Characterizing Negative Online Reviews of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeons.

The growing focus on subjective patient experiences has created an increase in popularity for physician rating websites. The purpose of this study was to characterize extremely negative reviews of pediatric orthopaedic surgeons. Pediatric orthopaedic surgeons were randomly selected using the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America comprehensive list of surgeons. A search was then performed on Healthgrades.com, Vitals.com, and Yelp.com for 1-star reviews. Reviews were classified into clinical and nonclinical categories. Statistical analyses were performed regarding the frequency of reviews and complaints for each respective category. Of the 279 one-star reviews categorized, 248 reviews (88.9% of reviews) included nonclinical complaints, and 182 reviews (65.2% of reviews) included clinical complaints. Nonsurgical patients were associated with 255 reviews, and the remaining 24 were related to surgical patients. Of the 430 comments within reviews, 248 referenced nonclinical aspects of care, and 182 referenced clinical care. Clinical factors most frequently noted included clinical disagreement (37%), unclear treatment plan (25%), complication (17%), misdiagnosis (15%), uncontrolled pain (13%), and delay in care (8%). The most addressed nonclinical factors included physician bedside manner (68%), time spent with provider (21%), wait time (18%), unprofessional staff (17%), scheduling issues (9%), cost (8%), and billing (8%). Compared with surgical reviews, nonsurgical reviews were more likely to contain nonclinical complaints (rate ratio: 1.5; P<0.05) and less likely to contain clinical complaints (rate ratio: 0.7; P<0.05). The most common complaint by surgical patients was complications (91.7%). To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the factors associated with negative reviews of pediatric orthopaedic surgeons. The majority of reviews of pediatric orthopaedic surgeons were left by nonsurgical patients and were related to nonclinical aspects of care. We also found surgeon-dependent factors such as poor physician bedside manner, unclear treatment plan, or parents' disagreement with treatment plan were the most common reasons for negative reviews. Level IV.

Selecting educational apps for preschool children: How useful are website app rating systems?

AbstractIn the present paper, we assess whether website rating systems are useful for selecting educational apps for preschool age children. We selected the 10 highest scoring and 10 lowest scoring apps for 2–4‐year‐olds from two widely used websites (Good App Guide; Common Sense Media). Apps rated highly by the two websites had a higher educational potential as assessed by a validated questionnaire for evaluating the educational potential of apps and were more likely to include a learning goal and feedback compared to low scoring apps. However, high scoring apps scored on average just 9/20 for indicators of educational potential, and both high and low scoring apps had poor language quality as determined by psycholinguistic and construction type analyses. We argue that website rating systems should also include quality of feedback, adjustable content, social interactions, storyline and a more fine‐grained analysis of language in their assessments. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Appropriately designed apps for preschool age children have the potential to teach early school readiness skills. Selecting high quality educational apps for preschool age children is challenging. The children's app marketplace is currently unregulated. What this paper adds We assess whether two leading app rating websites are useful for selecting educational apps for preschool age children. Children's apps rated highly by two app website rating systems had a higher educational potential than low rated apps as measured by a research informed app evaluation tool. In‐depth analysis of the language in apps shows that highly rated children's apps on app rating websites may not enrich a child's early language environment. Implications for practice and/or policy Children's app rating website assessments should include potential for feedback, language, adjustable content, storyline and social interactions. Policy should be implemented for app ratings in the app stores or on website app rating systems.

The Role of Emotions Intensity in Helpfulness of Online Physician Reviews

Online physician reviews (OPRs) critically influence the patients’ consultation decisions on physician rating websites. The increasing number of OPRs contributes to the challenge of information overload. The worth of development needs to be explored further. Based on the OPRs collected from RateMDs and Healthgrades, and Plutchik’s wheel on human emotions framework, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of emotional intensity (positive and negative) incorporated in OPRs on review helpfulness (RH). The proposed model was empirically tested using data from two physician rating websites and applying a mixed-methods approach (text mining and econometrics). The results suggested that anger, disgust, and fear (negative emotions), while joy, anticipation, and trust (positive emotions) significantly contributed to the perceived RH. Moreover, the patient’s disease severity moderated the association between negative emotions (anger and disgust), or positive emotions (joy and trust) and the perceived RH. Anger incorporated in an OPR has a more negative impact on perceived RH for severe diseases than the mild diseases. The findings contributed to the significance of emotions in OPRs from an innovative perspective and provided practical insights for health rating platform owners to help patients in expressing their emotions more precisely.

Enhancing delivery: algorithms supporting performance management in the logistics sector

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to contribute an actor-network-theory (ANT) perspective of how algorithms are used and whether this reflects positively on organisational practices and related perceptions of organisation performance, by both customers and employees. Furthermore, the organisation’s view of adopting algorithms to manage their performance is explored.Design/methodology/approachThe current study is a study set in this virtual space, as it seeks to use data available online from different stakeholders of the case organisation. Online “virtual space” studies have become more common over the past few years. Primary and secondary data are shared online, for instance on relevant rating websites for customers (such as TrustPilot) and employees (such as Indeed), which serve as a reflection of the organisational performance and the communication of their values. This type of study has become more prevalent, either as a study undertaken online fully (Hine, 2007) or partially (for instance Baxter et al., 2019), which provides a different perspective to traditionally carried out face-to-face interactions.FindingsThe current study has contributed insights from a global case organisation in the logistics sector originating in the Middle East (ME). The case organisation clearly indicates that its algorithm, in line with particular presentations and discussions on online platforms, is focussed on analysing limited factors, which are prediction of accurate delivery timeslot, preferred and precise location for delivery and speed of delivery overall. This reflects an inherent bias of the delivery industry, which the case organisation operates in, and may focus attention on delivering on those objectives, with a detrimental effect on the organisation’s broader organisational mindset. This refers to long-term values and sustainability-related objectives.Originality/valueFindings will reflect on whether algorithms can be used to align a multi-national organisation to achieve its desired performance and related desirable results. This will be one of the main contributions of the current study, which engages with a multi-national organisation in the logistics sector that is based in the ME region.

Do Practice Characteristics Influence Online Ratings of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons?

Do Practice Characteristics Influence Online Ratings of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons?

Examining Different Factors in Web-Based Patients' Decision-Making Process: Systematic Review on Digital Platforms for Clinical Decision Support System.

(1) Background: The appearance of physician rating websites (PRWs) has raised researchers’ interest in the online healthcare field, particularly how users consume information available on PRWs in terms of online physician reviews and providers’ information in their decision-making process. The aim of this study is to consistently review the early scientific literature related to digital healthcare platforms, summarize key findings and study features, identify literature deficiencies, and suggest digital solutions for future research. (2) Methods: A systematic literature review using key databases was conducted to search published articles between 2010 and 2020 and identified 52 papers that focused on PRWs, different signals in the form of PRWs’ features, the findings of these studies, and peer-reviewed articles. The research features and main findings are reported in tables and figures. (3) Results: The review of 52 papers identified 22 articles for online reputation, 15 for service popularity, 16 for linguistic features, 15 for doctor–patient concordance, 7 for offline reputation, and 11 for trustworthiness signals. Out of 52 studies, 75% used quantitative techniques, 12% employed qualitative techniques, and 13% were mixed-methods investigations. The majority of studies retrieved larger datasets using machine learning techniques (44/52). These studies were mostly conducted in China (38), the United States (9), and Europe (3). The majority of signals were positively related to the clinical outcomes. Few studies used conventional surveys of patient treatment experience (5, 9.61%), and few used panel data (9, 17%). These studies found a high degree of correlation between these signals with clinical outcomes. (4) Conclusions: PRWs contain valuable signals that provide insights into the service quality and patient treatment choice, yet it has not been extensively used for evaluating the quality of care. This study offers implications for researchers to consider digital solutions such as advanced machine learning and data mining techniques to test hypotheses regarding a variety of signals on PRWs for clinical decision-making.

Exploring customer satisfaction in Great Britain's retail energy sector Part I: The comparative use of Trustpilot online reviews in four sectors

Online consumer reviews are now widely used and influential. Trustpilot is a relatively new but rapidly growing consumer review and rating website where companies can be active in inviting and responding to reviews. It is most used by retail energy suppliers and mobile phone providers and their customers and least used by supermarkets and banks. Company usage increased from 2019 to 2020, especially in mobiles. Large incumbent companies made least use of Trustpilot. Companies advising customers on energy suppliers are active users and score highly. Charitable and regulatory bodies are little reviewed, are inactive users and have very low scores.

The Digital Footprint of Academic Plastic Surgeons.

The digital age and global pandemic have transformed the way patients select their plastic surgeon. However, as more patients turn to online resources, there is little information on the digital presence of academic plastic surgeons. We identified all academic faculty from integrated and independent plastic surgery residency programs. Using a Google-based custom search, the top 10 search results for each surgeon were extracted and categorized as surgeon noncontrolled (eg, physician rating websites) or controlled (eg, social media, institutional, and research profiles). Eight hundred four academic plastic surgeons were included. Most search results were surgeon-noncontrolled sites (57%, n = 4547). Being male (odds ratio [OR], 0.60, P = 0.0020) and holding a higher academic rank (OR = 0.61, P < 0.0001) significantly decreased the prevalence of physician rating websites, whereas career length was significantly associated with a greater number of rating websites (OR = 1.04, P < 0.0001). Surgeon-controlled websites were significantly influenced by academic rank and years in practice; higher academic rank was associated with more social media platforms (OR = 1.42, P = 0.0008), institutional webpages (OR = 1.57, P < 0.0001), and research profiles (OR = 1.62, P = 0.0008). Conversely, longer career duration was a predictor for fewer social media platforms (OR = 0.95, P < 0.0001) and institutional webpages (OR = 0.95, P < 0.0001). Academic plastic surgeons do not hold control of the majority of their search results. However, digitally savvy plastic surgeons can focus attention by building on certain areas to optimize their digital footprint. This study can serve as a guide for academic plastic surgeons wishing to control their online presence.

S3427 Online Patient Ratings of Gastroenterologists in the United States

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to analyze the various factors affecting the online ratings of gastroenterologists on leading physician websites in the United States Methods: A search for all gastroenterology (GI) fellowship programs was performed on the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education website and programs were identified. Online search was performed to identify all gastroenterologists affiliated at the institutions. Academic rank and subspecialty within GI (general, hepatology, IBD or advanced endoscopy) were recorded from the online curriculum vitae. The three most popular physician rating websites - healthgrades.com, vitals.com and rateMDs.com, were accessed to record the average patient rating of the GI physicians. All three websites provide an aggregate rating out of 5. Age and gender were recorded from healthgrades.com. Results: A total of 2362 gastroenterologists’ profiles were identified, of which 664 (28.1%) were females and 1686 (71.4%) males (data was missing for 12). Average patient ratings were available for 1631 GI physicians on healthgrades.com, 1623 GI physicians on vitals.com and 617 GI physicians on rateMDs.com. The mean (standard deviation and median) patient ratings were 4.0 (1.0, median 4.3), 4.1 (SD 0.9, median 4.3) and 3.8 (SD 1.1, median 4.0), on healthgrades, vitals and rateMDs respectively. There was no significant difference in patient ratings on all websites amongst GI physicians when grouped by gender, subspecialty or academic rank (p >0.05 for all groups). Spearman test showed statistically significant correlation between vitals and healthgrades (r=0.300, p< 0.005), healthgrades and rateMDs (r=0.314, p< 0.005) and vitals and rateMDs (r=0.257, p< 0.005). There was no significant correlation between patient ratings and the number of publications, citations or h-index of the GI physicians. There was a weak but statistically significant inverse correlation between age and patient ratings on healthgrades (r = -0.97, p< 0.005) and vitals (r = -0.92, p< 0.005), and a nonsignificant negative correlation on rateMDs (r = -0.046, P=0.267). Conclusion: Majority of gastroenterologists have been rated on physician online rating websites. The average ratings were found to be inversely correlated with age. Factors including academic rank, academic productivity, gender or subspecialty were not found not to be affecting the average ratings.Table 1.: Comparison of various factors affecting the online ratings of gastroenterologists on leading physician websites in the United States.Figure 1.: Flowchart depicting methods of the study.

Exploring Important Aspects of Service Quality While Choosing a Good Doctor

Online reviews generated by patients on physician rating Websites (PRWs) have recently received much attention from physicians and their patients. In these reviews, patients exchange opinions as a diverse set of topics regarding different aspects of healthcare quality. This study aimed to propose a novel service quality-based text analytics (SQTA) model with other qualitative methods to mine different aspects of physicians and their clinical relevance in choosing a good doctor. Data included 45,560 online reviews that the authors scraped from a U.S.-based PRW (Healthgrades.com). The resulting topics demonstrate excellent classification results across different disease ranks, with overall accuracy and recall of 98%. The proposed classifier’s performance was 3% better than the existing topic classification methods applied in previous studies. The resulting clinically informative topics could help patients and physicians to maximize the usefulness of online reviews for efficient clinical decisions and improving the quality of care.

Exploring the Impact of Linguistic Signals Transmission on Patients' Health Consultation Choice: Web Mining of Online Reviews.

Background: Patients face difficulties identifying appropriate physicians owing to the sizeable quantity and uneven quality of information in physician rating websites. Therefore, an increasing dependence of consumers on online platforms as a source of information for decision-making has given rise to the need for further research into the quality of information in the form of online physician reviews (OPRs). Methods: Drawing on the signaling theory, this study develops a theoretical model to examine how linguistic signals (affective signals and informative signals) in physician rating websites affect consumers’ decision making. The hypotheses are tested using 5521 physicians’ six-month data drawn from two leading health rating platforms in the U.S (i.e., Healthgrades.com and Vitals.com) during the COVID-19 pandemic. A sentic computing-based sentiment analysis framework is used to implicitly analyze patients’ opinions regarding their treatment choice. Results: The results indicate that negative sentiment, review readability, review depth, review spelling, and information helpfulness play a significant role in inducing patients’ decision-making. The influence of negative sentiment, review depth on patients’ treatment choice was indirectly mediated by information helpfulness. Conclusions: This paper is a first step toward the understanding of the linguistic characteristics of information relating to the patient experience, particularly the emerging field of online health behavior and signaling theory. It is also the first effort to our knowledge that employs sentic computing-based sentiment analysis in this context and provides implications for practice.

Mothering and the Racialised Production of School and Property Value in New York City

AbstractThis article explores middle‐class mothers’ labours associated with relocating for a “good school” in NYC as they navigated the material and ideological structures of scarcity related to its highly unequal school system. Based on ethnographic research with a diverse group of women in a middle‐class area, I document the multiple ongoing labours associated with this “choice”, and trace how the neoliberal education complex (that includes testing and real estate industries, and school rating websites) compels women to perform them. Through the lenses of Marxist feminism and racial capitalism, I demonstrate how these labours produce school and property value that reinscribe race onto space. While middle‐class women are disciplined and their labours coerced, their labours are routed to dispossess working‐class communities of colour, and reproduce the racial hierarchy of human‐ness on which capital depends. This article underscores the role of gender and race‐making in middle‐class reproduction, and their linkage to elite accumulation and working‐class dispossession.

Tracking patients healthcare experiences during the COVID-19 outbreak: Topic modeling and sentiment analysis of doctor reviews

Emerging voices of patients in the form of opinions and expectations about the quality of care can improve healthcare service quality. A large volume of patients’ opinions as online doctor reviews (ODRs) are available online to access, analyze, and improve patients’ perceptions. This paper aims to explore COVID-19-related conversations, complaints, and sentiments using ODRs posted by users of the physician rating website. We analyzed 96,234 ODRs of 5,621 physicians from a prominent health rating website in the United Kingdom (Iwantgreatcare.org) in threetime slices (i.e., from February 01 to October 31, 2020). We employed machine learning approach, dynamic topic modeling, to identify prominent bigrams, salient topics and labels, sentiments embedded in reviews and topics, and patient-perceived root cause and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analyses to examine SWOT for healthcare organizations. This method finds a total of 30 latent topics with 10 topics across each time slice. The current study identified new discussion topics about COVID-19 occurring from time slice 1 to time slice 3, such as news about the COVID-19 pandemic, violence against the lockdown, quarantine process and quarantine centers at different locations, and vaccine development/treatment to stop virus spread. Sentiment analysis reveals that fear for novel pathogen prevails across all topics. Based on the SWOT analysis, our findings provide a clue for doctors, hospitals, and government officials to enhance patients’ satisfaction and minimize dissatisfaction by satisfying their needs and improve the quality of care during the COVID-19 crisis.

Assessment of Accuracy of a Physician Ratings Website in One Metropolitan Area

Patients frequently use online physician ratings websites (PRWs) to identify physicians for care. PRWs provide physician information and reviews. However, the accuracy of PRWs is uncertain. We investigated the accuracy and validity of Healthgrades with respect to endocrine surgery. We identified factors associated with reported board certification inaccuracy, higher ratings, greater quantity of ratings. The search term "endocrine surgery specialist" was used and the search was limited to a 25-mile radius around Philadelphia, PA. Data was collected on physician sex, age, board certification, surgical specialty, quantity of ratings, average rating, response to comments, and provision of a self-description. Descriptive statistics were performed to examine surgeon characteristics, ratings, and reported board certifications. Board certification accuracy was determined by searching the corresponding American Board website and calculating a kappa statistic. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with board certification inaccuracy, higher average ratings, and higher quantity of ratings. A total of 300 physicians were identified. Eighty-four percent of listed board certifications were accurate; the kappa statistic for accuracy of board certification was 0.634. Providing a response to comments and greater quantity of ratings were associated with higher average ratings. Provision of a self-description, male sex, and younger age were identified as factors associated with higher quantity of ratings. A wide range of specialties are identified as endocrine surgery specialists. The reliability of board certification reporting was moderate. Increased surgeon involvement with the Healthgrades site was inconsistently associated with higher average ratings and higher quantity of ratings but lower accuracy.

Ethnic and gender-based prejudice towards medical doctors? The relationship between physicians’ ethnicity, gender, and ratings on a physician rating website

ABSTRACT We investigated manifestations of ethnic and gender-based prejudice in a rather understudied high-status environment, that is we studied biased ratings of physicians with a migration background and female physicians. In a preregistered, archival study, we analyzed ratings of more than 140,000 physicians on a German rating website for medical professionals. Results indicate that general practitioners (but not dentists or specialists) with non-German names are rated less favorably than general practitioners with German names. This effect did not vary across regional contexts with varying prosperity and diversity. Our analyses also revealed that female physicians are evaluated less positively than male physicians. Contrary to our assumptions, bias against female physicians was especially strong in medical sub-disciplines that are characterized by a high share of female physicians.