Rating Of Perceived Exertion Scale Research Articles

Caffeine effects on velocity selection and physiological responses during RPE production.

Caffeine (CAF) blunts estimated ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) but the effects on RPE production are unclear. This study examined effects of acute caffeine ingestion during treadmill exercise where participants exercised at prescribed RPE 4 and 7. Recreational runners (maximal oxygen consumption = 51.4 ± 9.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) (n = 16) completed a maximal treadmill test followed by trials where they selected treadmill velocity (VEL) (1% grade) to produce RPE 4 and RPE 7 (10 min each). RPE production trials followed CAF (6 mg·kg-1) or placebo (PLA) (counterbalanced) ingestion. Participants were blinded to treadmill VEL but the Omni RPE scale was in full view. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed a main effect (trial) for VEL (CAF ∼5 m·min-1 faster) for RPE 4 (p = 0.07) and RPE 7 (p = 0.03). Mean heart rate and oxygen consumption responses were consistently higher for CAF but failed to reach statistical significance. Individual responses to CAF were labeled positive using a criterion of 13.4 m·min-1 faster for CAF (vs. PLA). Ten of 32 trials (31%) were positive responses. In these, systematic increases were observed for heart rate (∼12 beats·min-1) and oxygen consumption (∼5.7 mL·kg-1·min-1). Blunted/stable respiratory exchange ratio values at higher VEL for positive responders suggest increased free fatty acid reliance during CAF. In conlusion, mean results show a mild effect of CAF during RPE production. However, individual responses more clearly indicate whether a true effect is possible. Trainers and individuals should consider individual responses to ensure effectively intensity regulation.

A rating of perceived exertion scale using facial expressions for conveying exercise intensity for children and young adults.

To design a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale using facial expressions and assessed the validity of the scale for both children and young adults. Pearson moment-product correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation among heart rate (HR), RPE and pedaling workload. Fifteen children and 15 young adults participated in the study. Each participant randomly performed 5 pedaling tests with one repetition based on their submaximal acceptable workloads. Under each load condition, participants pedaled on a cycle ergometer for 10min; subsequently, participants completed Borg category ratio (CR10) or facial RPE (FRPE) scale assessments. Participants' heart rates (HR) were used to compare their scores on the Borg CR10 and Facial RPE scales. The results show that both Borg CR10 and FRPE scales reflected different pedaling workload levels. For young adults, HR positively correlated with both RPE scores under the various workload levels (r=0.989 and 0.977, all p<0.005); for children, only FRPE scores were positively correlated with HR (r=0.908, p<0.05). In other words, FRPE scores effectively reflected the HR of children, whereas Borg CR10 scores did not. The children may not understand words as effectively as young adults did, however, they understand facial expressions. The FRPE scale proposed in this study may be available in some special cases because it can assess those who cannot comprehend the written words used for the scale.

Effects of Carbohydrate and Protein Supplementation on Mood, Affect and Discomfort Perception during Endurance Exercise

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of carbohydrate and protein supplementation on mood, affect and discomfort perception during endurance exercise. METHODS:Ten well trained, healthy Chinese males (Age: 27.33±4.40 yr, height: 172.89±3.86 cm, weight: 63.50±5.12 kg, body fat percentage: 8.97±4.30 %, VO2max: 62.93±5.66 ml•kg-1•min-1) participated in the study with a double-blind counterbalance crossover design. Three types of nutritional treatments were implemented in three trials: 1) CHO+PRO: CHO-electrolyte solution (6.6% CHO, 26mg•L Na+, 8mg•L K+) with 24g whey protein isolate; 2) CHO-electrolyte solution (6.6% CHO, 26mg/L Na+, 8mg•L K+) with 24g sugar; 3) Sweetened electrolyte solution (26mg•L Na+, 8mg•L K+). All of the treatments were matched in sweetness with a zero-calorie sweetener and 5ml•kg was ingested before exercise and 2m•kg ingested every 15 minutes during exercise. The Chinese version of 24-item Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), Pain intensity scale, Felt Arousal Scale (FAS) and Feeling Scale (FS) were applied in this study. Gas analysis was conducted every 30 minutes. Three-way ANOVA (time x treatment x stage) were applied for comparing the difference among treatments and time point. RESULTS:Blood glucose in CHO+PRO was higher than in the control group (5.35±0.81 vs. 4.45±1.03 mmol•L, P<0.05) at 90 min. RPE, FAS and pain intensity scale increased along with time; no difference was found among treatments. There was no difference among scores of dimensions in Depression, Anger, Confusion, Fatigue, Tension and Vigor among different time points of exercise. However, the score of Vigor dimension in CHO+CHO is higher than two other groups (2.10±2.07 vs. 4.10±1.52 vs.2.40±2.27, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Exercise could induce a higher level of arousal, muscle pain and perceived exertion; however, pleasure-displeasure and the overall mood state were not affected. Ingestion of CHO+PRO drink did not induce stomach discomfort and overall mood disturbance during exercise, compared with CHO+CHO or placebo drink. In comparison with CHO+PRO, positive mood of Vigor could stay higher after ingesting an energy-matched amount of CHO in the present study.

Submaximal, Perceptually Regulated Exercise Testing Predicts Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A Meta-Analysis Study.

Recently, several authors have proposed the use of a submaximal 'perceptually regulated exercise test' (PRET) to predict maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]). The PRET involves asking the individual to self-regulate a series of short bouts of exercise corresponding to pre-set ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). The individual linear relationship between RPE and oxygen uptake (RPE:[Formula: see text]) is then extrapolated to the [Formula: see text], which corresponds to the theoretical maximal RPE (RPE20). Studies suggest that prediction accuracy from this method may be better improved during a second PRET. Similarly, some authors have recommended an extrapolation to RPE19 rather than RPE20. The purpose of the meta-analysis was to examine the validity of the method of predicting [Formula: see text] from the RPE:[Formula: see text] during a PRET, and to determine the level of agreement and accuracy of predicting [Formula: see text] from an initial PRET and retest using RPE19 and RPE20. From a systematic search of the literature, 512 research articles were identified. The eligible manuscripts were those which used the relationship between the RPE≤15 and [Formula: see text], and used only the Borg's RPE scale. Ten studies (n=274 individuals) were included. For each study, actual and predicted [Formula: see text] from four subgroup outcomes (RPE19 in the initial test, RPE19 in the retest, RPE20 in the initial test, RPE20 in the retest) were identified, and then compared. The magnitude of the difference regardless of subgroup outcomes was examined to determine if it is better to predict [Formula: see text] from extrapolation to RPE19 or RPE20. The magnitude of differences was examined for the best PRET (test vs retest). The results revealed that [Formula: see text] may be predicted from RPE:[Formula: see text] during PRET in different populations and in various PRET modalities, regardless of the subgroup outcomes. To obtain greater accuracy of predictions, extrapolation to RPE20 during a retest may be recommended. The included studies reported poor selection bias and data collection methods. The [Formula: see text] may be predicted from RPE:[Formula: see text] during PRET, especially when [Formula: see text] is extrapolated to RPE20 during a second PRET.

Sound Traditional and Nontraditional Prepartum Exercise for Good Health

There has been a progressive evolution in the concept of exercise for prepartum women. Per contra, screening guidelines have not changed. All women should have a thorough clinical evaluation by the health care team before an exercise program is recommended. This is true for previously sedentary women or women who have been active before their pregnancy. The consensus today is that given no medical contraindications to exercise during pregnancy women with uncomplicated pregnancies should participate in moderate exercise, such as brisk walking, 30 min a day or more. The use of heart rate to guide intensity is not valid for prepartum women because of the large variability of heart rate during pregnancy. Rather, metabolic equivalents (METS), the Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale (RPE) or methods such as the talk test should be used to monitor exercise intensity. The recommendation is 3-5 METS, an RPE of 12-14 (somewhat hard) on the 6-20 scale, or women should be able to maintain a conversation while exercising. Strength-conditioning activites are also advocated in uncomplicated pregnancies. However, there is less evidence on strength conditioning and weight training in pregnancy. The research on yoga and Plates on gravid women is too limited to make a position stand on these activities. Regardless of the type of activity, all goals should be reasonable. Furthermore, pregnancy it is not a time to reach peak fitness levels or train for an athletic competition. Elite athletes who train during pregnancy require supervision by an obstetric care provider with knowledge of the impact of strenuous exercise on fetal outcomes.

Monitoring the Intended and Perceived Training Load of a Professional Futsal Team Over 45 Weeks

The aims of this study were to compare the training load intended by a coach with the training load perceived by the players, over a 45-week professional futsal team season and to compare the variation of session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) across different periods of the season. Eighteen Brazilian professional futsal players participated in the study. The players' rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and coach's rating of intended exertion (RIE) were collected daily throughout the study. To compare the sRPE variation, the season was divided into 4 periods as follows: preseason (PRE-SEASON), first competitive period (COMP1), intercompetition period (INTER-COMP), and second competitive period (COMP2). Based on the cluster analyses, the training sessions were classified into 3 different intensity zones (low, moderate, and high). In all the season periods and intensity zones, the players' RPEs were lower than the coach's RIE. In the low-intensity zone, the INTER-COMP demonstrated higher sRPE values than did the other periods. In the moderate-intensity zones, the INTER-COMP and COMP2 were similar. Finally, for the high-zone intensity, the PRE-SEASON demonstrated higher values than did the other periods. We concluded that the coach overestimated the training load reported by the players in almost all intensity training zones and season periods. The RPE scale does not seem to be a suitable tool when used by the coach for intended training load. Therefore, technical staff should constantly review the training goals in each season period through daily training load control, always taking into consideration the possibilities and limitations of the RPE method.

Influence of Carrying Loads on Ratings of Perceived Exertion and Heart Rate during Walking

Introduction: There is evidence that schoolbags may be a contributing factor for musculoskeletal complaints in schoolchildren. Several studies have reported an association between carrying heavily loaded schoolbags and musculoskeletal pain or discomfort. Methods: 105 collegiate students were conveniently recruited in this study; heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion were measured immediately after the treadmill walking with the back pack, right side pack and left side pack. Subject has to walk for 20 min after that the HR was measured using pulse oximeter and perceived exertion was measured using Borg’s RPE scale. Results: It showed there is a significant increase in RPE with right side pack, with left side pack and with back pack after treadmill walking. Conclusion: Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) increased after treadmill walking with carrying load in right side pack, left side pack and back pack.

Effect of shoulder flexion angle and exercise resistance on the serratus anterior muscle activity during dynamic hug exercise.

[Purpose] The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of shoulder flexion angle and exercise resistance on the serratus anterior muscle during dynamic hug exercise. [Subjects] Ten men aged 22–32 years were recruited. [Methods] The subjects performed dynamic hug exercise at different shoulder flexion angles and under resistance weight conditions. Serratus anterior muscle activities were measured by using the surface electromyographic system during the dynamic hug exercises. After performing the exercise, each subject described the exercise intensity by using the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale. [Results] The normalized serratus anterior muscle activity increased significantly in the order of Conditions 1 and 4 < Condition 3 < Condition 2. The Borg RPE scale increased significantly in the order of Condition 1 < Condition 2 < Condition 3 < Condition 4. [Conclusion] The results suggest that dynamic hug exercise with the use of a multi-air-cushion biofeedback device is an effective scapular stability exercise.

Pre-training perceived wellness impacts training output in Australian football players

ABSTRACTThe impact of perceived wellness on a range of external load parameters, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and external load:RPE ratios, was explored during skill-based training in Australian footballers. Fifteen training sessions involving 36 participants were analysed. Each morning before any physical training, players completed a customised perceived wellness questionnaire (sleep quality, fatigue, stress, mood and muscle soreness). Microtechnology devices provided external load (average speed, high-speed running distance, player load and player load slow). Players provided RPE using the modified Borg category-ratio 10 RPE scale. Mixed-effect linear models revealed significant effects of wellness Z-score on player load and player load slow. Effects are reported with 95% confidence limits. A wellness Z-score of −1 corresponded to a −4.9 ± 3.1 and −8.6 ± 3.9% reduction in player load and player load slow, respectively, compared to those without reduced wellness. Small significant effects were also seen in the average speed:RPE and player load slow:RPE models. A wellness Z-score of −1 corresponded to a 0.43 ± 0.38 m·min−1 and −0.02 ± 0.01 au·min−1 change in the average speed:RPE and player load slow:RPE ratios, respectively. Magnitude-based analysis revealed that the practical size of the effect of a pre-training perceived wellness Z-score of −1 would have on player load slow was likely negative. The results of this study suggests that monitoring pre-training perceived wellness may provide coaches with information about the intensity of output that can be expected from individual players during a training session.

A BRIEF NOTE ON THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE RATING OF PERCEIVED EXERTION SCALE IN MONITORING EXERCISE INTENSITY AMONG CHINESE OLDER ADULTS IN HONG KONG.

This study examined the validity and reliability of the Cantonese Borg 6-20 Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale in monitoring exercise intensity among Chinese older adults. A total of 40 apparently healthy older adults (16 men, 24 women; M age=69.8 yr., SD=4.56) performed two trials of three intermittent exercise tests administered in random order using the cycle ergometer. Results revealed significant differences of RPE, HR, and VO2 between different workloads, and there were moderate to high correlations between RPE and HR and VO2, respectively. Results also found moderate consistency of RPE between Trial 1 and Trial 2. These indicated that the Cantonese 6-20 RPE scale can be used as a valid and reliable tool for monitoring exercise intensity among the Chinese older adults.

Validity Of A Visual Analog Scale For Assessing RPE

PURPOSE: Traditional measures of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) are ordinal and thus violate statistical assumptions required for parametric analysis. This study aimed to evaluate the validity of a visual analog RPE scale (VRPE) during physical activity. METHODS: Nine participants (M = 4, F = 5, AGE = 23±4 y) completed 9 separate, counter-balanced, trials. Each trial included 3 physical activity assessments: 1 mile run/walk, 1-minute push-up and 3-minute step test. Following each assessment, participants recorded their exertion using one of three scales: Borg 6-20, OMNI 0-10 or VRPE. VRPE required participants to mark a single perpendicular line intersecting a 100 mm horizontal line that represented their exertion level. The horizontal line was anchored on the left with “No Exertion” and on the right with “Maximal Exertion”. RESULTS: A Spearman-Rho rank order correlation revealed moderate, positive relationship between all RPEs (VRPE v. Borg; r = 0.71, p < 0.001, VPRE v. Omni; r = 0.75, p < 0.001, and Borg v. Omni; r = 0.87, p < 0.001). Test-retest analysis showed high reliability with no difference between VRPE scale measures (ICC = 0.97, p < 0.001; F (2.26) = 0.590, p = 0.56). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the VRPE could provide a valid continuous measurement for evaluating subjective ratings of exertion, although more research is warranted.

Comparison of Physiological Responses following Blood Flow Restriction between Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise and Running Exercise

It is well known that low-intensity resistance exercise combined with blood flow restriction (LIRE + BFR) can lead to increase in the metabolic stress and motor unit recruitment, which may contribute to greater gains in muscle hypertrophy, strength and endurance after a period of training. However, the effect of running exercise combined with blood flow restriction (RE + BFR) on acute physiological responses is still unknown. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the physiological responses following LIRE +BFR or RE + BFR. METHODS: Twelve male track and field athletes were recruited to participate in this study. All participants underwent two conditions: (1) LIRE (41.3 ± 6.1 kg, 30 rep x 5 sets, 1min rest interval) + BFR (149.7 ± 4.9 mmHg). (2) RE (8.4 ± 1.7 km/hr, 2 min x 5 sets, 1min rest interval) + BFR. Heart rate (HR) and Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were obtained (pre-ex, post-ex and 5 min post-ex) using the Heart Rate Monitor (Polar RS800CX, Polar Electro Oy, Finland) and Borg RPE Scale (6-20 point scale). Blood lactate (pre-ex and 3 min post-ex), muscle tissue oxygen saturation (from 5 min pre-ex to 5 min post-ex) and muscle activation (during-ex) were also determined using lactate meter (Lactate Pro™, KDK Corporation, Japan), near-infrared spectroscopy (Portamon™, AS Zetten, Netherlands) and electromyography machine (TeleMyo DTS®, Noraxon, USA). One-way ANOVA with repeated measures was performed to examine the differences of muscle activation between the treatments. Two-way ANOVA (treatment x time) with repeated measures was used to evaluate the treatment effects on other measured variables. RESULTS: Both LIRE +BFR and RE + BFR elicited higher HR (post-ex, 162.7 ± 4.9 vs. 163.5 ± 9.2 bpm), RPE (post-ex, 16.1 ± 0.7 vs. 15.9 ± 0.8), blood lactate (3 min post-ex, 5.6 ± 1.8 vs. 5.7 ± 2.2 mmol/L) response and lower muscle tissue oxygen saturation (during-ex, 47.5 ± 6.7 vs. 46.7 ± 4.6 %). However, no significant differences were observed between the treatments. Furthermore, RE + BFR resulted in greater muscle activation of the tibialis anterior (+18.7%), biceps femoris (+23.1%) and gastrocnemius (+17.7%) muscles when compared with LIER + BFR. CONCLUSION: RE + BFR may be a practical training strategy for promoting muscular fitness on track and field athletes.

Testing a modified perceived exertion scale for Alzheimer's disease.

Standardized methods for prescribing and monitoring exercise intensity are needed to advance exercise research in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concurrent validity of a modified 1-10 Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale against heart rate (HR) in older adults with mild-to-moderate AD (N = 8, age 77-87 years). RPE and HR were assessed every 5 min during each exercise session with 3,988 data pairs. Pearson and Spearman correlations and mixed models for correlated data were used for analysis. Results show the correlation between RPE and HR and between RPE and change in HR from resting was -.11 (SE = .15) and -.31 (SE = .17), respectively. The proportions of variance explained by RPE overall, RPE within participant, and RPE within session were only 4.0, 5.3, and 6.7%, respectively. We conclude that the modified 1-10 RPE scale did not show concurrent validity to HR, with large between-individual variability.

Percepción de la intensidad al esfuerzo: un estudio multi-method en actividad física

3 Facultad de Psicologia-Universidad de Barcelona (Espana) Abstract : >e current study had two aims: a) to determine whether the three Borg scale values assigned by young athletes to three activities of in- creasing intensity showed a signi+cant progression; and b) to analyse the relationship between the body mass index (BMI) of these athletes and their heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Method: >irty- +ve young athletes (mean age 21 years ± 0.5) performed three activities involving an increasing intensity of exercise: mild, moderate and vigorous (ACSM, 2011). Heart rate was monitored using the Polar Team 2 system, and at the end of each activity participants completed the Borg RPE scale. Indirect observational methodology (Borg scale) was complemented by a quasi-experimental approach in order to make causal inferences by means of a synchronous design involving a known assignment variable and a single group. A multiple regression analysis was performed, considering HR and RPE as predictors of BMI. Results: >e RPE of all participants incr eased across the three activities, but in no case did the trend achieve statistical signi+cance. Participants with higher values of HR and RPE also had a higher BMI, and in the regression analysis HR and RPE explained around one-quarter of BMI. >is study provides an integrated assessme nt of the relationship between BMI, HR and RPE factors that are usually examined

Rating of perceived exertion as a tool for prescribing and self regulating interval training: a pilot study.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the usefulness of the 6-20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale for prescribing and self-regulating high-intensity interval training (HIT) in young individuals. Eight healthy young subjects (age = 27.5±6.7 years) performed maximal graded exercise testing to determine their maximal and reserve heart rate (HR). Subjects then performed two HIT sessions (20 min on a treadmill) prescribed and regulated by their HR (HR: 1 min at 50% alternated with 1 min at 85% of reserve HR) or RPE (RPE: 1 minute at the 9-11 level [very light-fairly light] alternated with 1 minute at the 15-17 level [hard-very hard]) in random order. HR response and walking/running speed during the 20 min of exercise were compared between sessions. No significant difference between sessions was observed in HR during low- (HR: 135±15 bpm; RPE: 138±20 bpm) and high-intensity intervals (HR: 168±15 bpm; RPE: 170±18 bpm). Walking/running speed during low- (HR: 5.7±1.2 km · h−1; RPE: 5.7±1.3 km · h−1) and high-intensity intervals (HR: 7.8±1.9 km · h−1; RPE: 8.2±1.7 km · h−1) was also not different between sessions. No significant differences were observed in HR response and walking/running speed between HIT sessions prescribed and regulated by HR or RPE. This finding suggests that the 6-20 RPE scale may be a useful tool for prescribing and self-regulating HIT in young subjects.

Special Considerations for Exercise Testing and Programming for Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury

Special Considerations for Exercise Testing and Programming for Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury

RPE-derived work rates can be accurately produced without external feedback or reference to the RPE Scale.

Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) are used to prescribe exercise intensity. This study assessed whether the accurate production of exercise intensity is affected when the rater cannot see the RPE scale. After completing a graded exercise test, 15 active, male participants (M age = 34, SD = 6.7 yr.; M mass = 73.9, SD = 14.8kg, M height = 1.74, SD = 0.08m) completed 3 x 4 min. cycling trials at four randomised RPE-based intensities (RPEs 11, 13, 15, and 17). Participants were allocated to a Full feedback group or a No feedback group (RPEs not in view). On the third trial, No feedback conditions were imposed on the Full feedback group. No statistically significant differences between groups' mean work rates were observed. Changing from Full feedback to No feedback conditions led to a significant overestimation between the trials for power output at RPE 11. Intra-class correlations were significant at RPEs 11, 13, and 17 between all trials for both conditions. Provided adequate familiarisation, active participants can accurately produce RPE derived work rates, even when RPE is not in view.

Sex-Specific Responses to Self-Paced, High-Intensity Interval Training With Variable Recovery Periods

This study examined sex-specific responses during self-paced, high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Sixteen (8 men and 8 women) individuals completed a peak oxygen uptake test and 3 treadmill HIIT sessions on separate days. The HIIT sessions consisted of six 4-minute intervals performed at the highest self-selected intensity individuals felt they could maintain. Recovery between intervals was counterbalanced and consisted of 1-, 2-, or 4-minute recovery during each trial. Relative measures of intensity, including percentage of velocity at VO2peak (vVO2peak), %VO2peak, %HRmax, and blood lactate concentration ([La]), were observed during the trials. Perceived readiness was recorded immediately before and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded at the end of each interval with session RPE recorded after each trial. Results revealed a significant effect of sex on %vVO2peak (p < 0.01) and %HRmax (p < 0.01). Data show that across trials, men self-select higher %vVO2peak (84.5 vs. 80.7%), whereas women produce higher %HRmax (96.9 vs. 92.1%) and %VO2peak (89.6 vs. 86.1%) with no difference in [La] or perceptual responses. These findings support the notion that women may demonstrate improved recovery during high-intensity exercise, as they will self-select intensities resulting in greater cardiovascular strain. Moreover, results confirm previous findings suggesting that a 2:1 work-to-rest ratio is optimal during HIIT for both men and women.

Use of rating of perceived exertion for determining plyometric exercises intensity in physically active men

The purpose of this study was to use rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale to evaluate popular bilateral plyometric exercise intensities. Fourteen physically active men (age 20.64 ± 1.4 years; height 176.93 ± 6.83 cm; weight 75.28 ± 11.1 kg) volunteered to participate in this study and performed a set of ten repetitions plyometric exercises to depth jump from 35 cm box, 35 cm box jump, depth jump from 60 cm box, 60 cm box jump, pike jump, tuck jump, and squat jump in a session with 5-min rest in between exercises. RPE was measured following the completion of each exercise using 0–10 Borg RPE scale. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and the level of significant was set at p <0.05. The results indicated that squat jump was harder than other types of bilateral plyometric exercises such as 35 cm box jump, depth jump from 35 cm box, and tuck jump (p < 0.05). Moreover, the 35 cm box jump was easier than other plyometric exercises (p < 0.05). With regard to the results of this investigation, it can be recommended that athletes and strength and conditioning professionals use these findings to design plyometric training in their training schedule and keep in their mind that plyometric exercises have different intensities, however, the total volume was matched.

Prediction of Maximal or Peak Oxygen Uptake from Ratings of Perceived Exertion

Maximal or peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2 max and V˙O2 peak , respectively) are commonly measured during graded exercise tests (GXTs) to assess cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), to prescribe exercise intensity and/or to evaluate the effects of training. However, direct measurement of CRF requires a GXT to volitional exhaustion, which may not always be well accepted by athletes or which should be avoided in some clinical populations. Consequently, numerous studies have proposed various sub-maximal exercise tests to predict V˙O2 max or V˙O2 peak . Because of the strong link between ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and oxygen uptake (V˙O2), it has been proposed that the individual relationship between RPE and V˙O2 (RPE:V˙O2) can be used to predict V˙O2 max (or V˙O2 peak) from data measured during submaximal exercise tests. To predict V˙O2 max or V˙O2 peak from these linear regressions, two procedures may be identified: an estimation procedure or a production procedure. The estimation procedure is a passive process in which the individual is typically asked to rate how hard an exercise bout feels according to the RPE scale during each stage of a submaximal GXT. The production procedure is an active process in which the individual is asked to self-regulate and maintain an exercise intensity corresponding to a prescribed RPE. This procedure is referred to as a perceptually regulated exercise test (PRET). Recently, prediction of V˙O2max or V˙O2 peak from RPE:V˙O2 measured during both GXT and PRET has received growing interest. A number of studies have tested the validity, reliability and sensitivity of predicted V˙O2 max or V˙O2 peak from RPE:V˙O2 extrapolated to the theoretical V˙O2 max at RPE20 (or RPE19). This review summarizes studies that have used this predictive method during submaximal estimation or production procedures in various populations (i.e., sedentary individuals, athletes and pathological populations). The accuracy of the methods is discussed according to the RPE:V˙O2 range used to plot the linear regression (e.g., RPE9–13 versus RPE9–15 versus RPE9–17 during PRET), as well as the perceptual endpoint used for the extrapolation (i.e., RPE19 and RPE20). The V˙O2 max or V˙O2 peak predictions from RPE:V˙O2 are also compared with heart rate-related predictive methods. This review suggests that V˙O2 max (or V˙O2 peak ) may be predicted from RPE:V˙O2 extrapolated to the theoretical V˙O2 max (or V˙O2 peak) at RPE20 (or RPE19). However, it is generally preferable to (1) extrapolate RPE:V ˙ O 2 to RPE19 (rather than RPE20); (2) use wider RPE ranges (e.g. RPE ≤ 17 or RPE9–17) in order to increase the accuracy of the predictions; and (3) use RPE ≤ 15 or RPE9–15 in order to reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications in clinical populations.