Production Rate Research Articles

Impact of compositional tuning on Ni-B electrocatalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution

Transition metal boride (TMB) materials have gained enormous attention as an interesting class of catalysts. The precise role of the metal-to-boron molar ratio on composite formation and its relation to electrocatalytic activity for HER is still unclear. Herein, the Ni-B electrode was synthesized by a varying nickel-to-boron molar ratio (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2) using a simple and low-cost chemical bath depositiontechnique. The change in molar ratio influencesNi-B electrode structural composition, electrocatalytic activity, and the onsite rate of hydrogen production. An insightful compositional variation was interpreted from the XPS study.It revealsonly the NB3 electrode (Ni-B with molar ratio 1:1.5) exhibited the pure form of Ni-B in the core and partially oxidized layer on the surface. In theother electrodes, partially oxidized Ni-B in the core and a completely oxidized layer on the surface were observed. The synergic effect of the composition of pure and partially oxidized Ni-B phase enhanced the HER performance. It delivereda low overpotential of 57 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and a low Tafel slope of 80 mV/dec for HER. Also exhibited a highest hydrogen production rate of 1111.4 ml/hr in a prototype water electrolyzer under alkaline medium ever reported.

Development of a fluorescent rapid method for assessing the primary production of phytoplankton as an initial link in carbon flux at the “Gelendzhik” carbon supersite

The parameters of primary productivity were studied in different seasons at the carbon polygon: the rate of primary production, the concentration of chlorophyll a, the assimilation number (AN), the rate of electron transport in photosystem II of phytoplankton (rETR), and the photosynthetic efficiency (AN/rETR). The direct correlation between the values of AN and rETR allows using the coefficient of photosynthetic efficiency to calculate primary production in mass units of carbon to assess the carbon flux from the atmosphere. This coefficient has seasonal specificity.

Green hydrogen, power, and heat generation by polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer and fuel cell powered by a hydrokinetic turbine in low-velocity water canals, a 4E assessment

Thousands of kilometers of man-made low-velocity water transfer canals around the world can be used as a source of renewable energy for electricity and green hydrogen production. These canals have not been well investigated as an energy source, according to the literature. In the present paper, three technologies of Hydrokinetic Turbine (HKT), Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell, and Electrolyzer (PEM-FC/EL) are utilized to produce electricity, green hydrogen, and heat using these canals. Thermodynamic, economic, and environmental models of the cycle are presented, coded in the Engineering Equation Solver software, and finally validated with published research and manufacturers’ data. Two scenarios were examined, first HKT, PEMEL, and PEMFC were used for electricity generation (power-to-hydrogen-to-power, P2X2P) and second only HKT and PEMEL were used for green hydrogen production (power-to-hydrogen, P2X). While both scenarios are economical, the P2X scenario has a smaller payback period (less than 2 years) and a higher net present value. Practical correlations are derived to determine the rate of hydrogen production, power generation, and emission reduction as a function of water velocity. The round-trip energy and exergy efficiency of the system is 46.17% and 20.78% and it reduces carbon dioxide by 0.874 tons/year when water velocity is 1.5 m/s.

The Significant Enhanced Quiet‐Time Equatorial Ionization Anomaly by the Intense Solar Flare on 06 September 2017

AbstractOn 06 September 2017, two X‐class intense solar flare cases (X2.2 and X9.3) are observed. The X2.2/X9.3 case starts at 0857/1153 UT and peaks at 0910/1202 UT. The latter one is the most powerful event in recent decades and the more “geoeffective.” Using the total electron content (TEC) from the Global Navigation Satellite System, the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model, the enhanced equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) during the intense “geoeffective” X9.3 solar flare are investigated in this work. The observed and modeled TEC indicate that the daytime plasma is obviously enhanced by the solar flares. The model results show that the significant enhancement in EIA due to solar flare has a maximum density of 6.63 × 1011 m−3 at pre‐noon sector. It has a maximum increase in the percentage of 26.59%. Four areas of enhanced and two areas of reduced electron density are found, forming a butterfly‐like structure. Based on the term analysis of ion continuity equation, the rate of chemical production during daytime is considerably strengthened, with an average magnitude of 7.37 cm−3s−1. The roles of ambipolar diffusion are positive at almost all local time (LT) of EIA, except for the post‐dusk sector. The daytime eastward electric field is weakened by an average intensity of 0.12 mV/m, preventing the formation of enhanced EIA. The effects of the disturbed horizontal winds (major: meridional winds) have an obvious hemispheric asymmetry.

Status of mushroom production: global and national scenario

Relevance. Mushroom farming has the potential to be a very profitable agribusiness venture that addresses several contemporary issues such as resource utilization, circular economy. Increasing mushroom production will increase its availability across the country, which will further help reduce food insecurity and also increase the income of small and marginal producers.Results. Mushrooms have enormous potential for medicinal and nutraceutical purposes. Over the past 20 years, global mushroom production has grown at a CAGR of 8.26%. This average annual growth rate is the highest for the Asian continent. Mainly six species of mushrooms dominate the global production and market, namely shiitake (26%), oyster mushroom (21%), black ear mushroom (21%), button mushroom (11%), flammulina (7%), straw mushroom (1%) and other types (13%). In the Russian Federation, industrial mushroom growing is actively developing. In recent years, 85 enterprises have been opened. The average annual growth rate of fresh mushroom production was 11.7%. Champignons and oyster mushrooms are mainly grown in Russia. Many obstacles faced by mushroom producers, including lack of technical knowledge, inadequate infrastructure, unorganized market, expensive inputs, etc., still need to be addressed through sufficient research and additional legislative solutions tailored to the requirements of Russian mushroom producers. Growing investments in smart automation to improve the efficiency and productivity of cultivated mushroom production involve advanced technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT).

Study on the reaction mechanism and kinetics of limestone hydrogenation by micro fluidized bed: Effect of H2 concentration and natural limestone

Limestone decomposition is the first step in cement production, which produces a significant amount of CO2 and poses a significant challenge to achieve carbon neutrality. Hydrogenation of limestone can produce CO or CH4 instead of CO2, which can be considered as a new way of carbon capture, making it a promising method for carbon emission reduction. In this work, pure CaCO3 and several natural limestone samples were hydrolyzed under varying H2 concentration using a micro fluidized bed (MFB) reactor combined with online mass spectrometry to reveal the mechanism and kinetics of limestone hydrogenation.The main gases produced by hydrogenation at 1 atm are CO and CO2. The CO2 comes from the calcination of CaCO3. The CO comes from 2 steps: the first step is the in-situ hydrogenation of CaCO3 and the second step is the Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) reaction. The activation energy (Ea) of CO2 formation in H2 atmosphere is lower than in Ar atmosphere. However, there is no obvious effect of different H2 concentrations on the Ea of CO2 formation. The Ea of CO in situ formation is 72.70 KJ/mol, 54.53 KJ/mol, 71.34 KJ/mol and 60.29 KJ/mol in 10%, 30%, 50% and 70% H2 atmosphere, respectively. The H2 concentration also has no significant effect on the in-situ CO evolution. However, the H2 concentration can affect the Ea of CO produced by RWGS. The Ea is 75.67 KJ/mol, 167.59 KJ/mol and 221.47 KJ/mol in 10%, 30% and 50% H2 atmosphere, and this reaction doesn't occur in 70% H2 atmosphere. Compared with the pure CaCO3, the hydrogenation of limestone can produce more CO and less CO2. In limestone, impurity elements are the main factor affecting the reaction kinetics. Transition metals can increase the rate of CO2 production, but have no apparent effect on CO. The CO2 yield of high impurity limestone is higher than that of limestone with low impurities. Transition metals can also reduce the Ea of CO2 formation and the RWGS reaction. In the 50% H2 atmosphere, the Ea of CO2 formation is 88.87 KJ/mol and the Ea of CO from RWGS is 137.60 KJ/mol. However, under the same conditions, the Ea of pure CaCO3 is 126.91 KJ/mol and 221.47 KJ/mol.

Effects of water sprays on hydrogen autoignition in heated air

The effects of water mist with different diameters and mass loadings on hydrogen auto-ignition in air with elevated temperatures and pressures are studied. It is shown that smaller droplets with larger mass loading are the most effective in inhibiting the auto-ignition process. Under elevated initial pressures and temperatures, the role of water mist in impacting auto-ignition is minimal, primarily because the ignition delay is substantially shorter than the droplet evaporation duration. As the initial temperature decreases, there exists a temperature value below which water mist markedly extends the ignition delay time, even escalating it by up to two orders of magnitude or causing a complete suppression of ignition. The rate of production for important radicals was analyzed. The data indicates that the evaporation of the water mist lowers the initial temperature, leading to a reduction in the rate of the temperature-sensitive fast chain branching reaction. In contrast, the third body reaction that generates HO2 is not sensitive to temperature. Meanwhile, the introduction of H2O results in an earlier activation of the third body reactions. Consequently, the production of HO2 is enhanced, emphasizing the role of subsequent slow chain propagation reactions that generate OH, thereby extending the ignition delay. By deactivating the mass transfer between two phases and introducing artificial species, it is evident that water vapor dilution and thermal effects predominantly influence the ignition delay, while its role as a direct reactant is minimal.

SnS2-supported MAPbI3 composites for effective photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Metal halide perovskites have demonstrated encouraging photocatalytic potential due to their favorable photoelectric properties. However, severe carrier recombination greatly affects their catalytic performance. Here, we introduced cocatalyst SnS2 to synthesize novel SnS2/MAPbI3 composites via the electrostatic coupling method, which presented excellent hydrogen production performance. The hydrogen production rate of 5 % SnS2/MAPbI3 (5 wt% SnS2/MAPbI3) reached 445.96 μmol·g−1·h−1, about 325-fold increase compared to pure MAPbI3 (1.37 μmol·g−1·h−1). The 16 h cycle stability test proved its stability and effectiveness. Detailed experimental characterizations and analysis indicate that the cocatalyst SnS2 reduces the surface overpotential and facilitates electron transport and efficiently separates photogenerated charge carriers. This work provides new insights into effective photocatalysts based on MAPbI3.

Local exhaust characteristics of a cultural relic restoration workbench for different exhaust areas

The release of harmful gases and dust during the restoration of cultural relics has been a long-standing problem that cannot be ignored. A workbench is proposed for discharging pollutants during cultural relic restoration. The workbench adopts an exhaust air mode, which can reduce the area of the exhaust control plane and reduce the exhaust air volume of a semi-enclosed space through an air curtain at both ends. A theoretical analysis, experimental tests, and visual experiments are conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed exhaust mode. The results indicated that the air curtain at both ends can effectively improve the exhaust-air velocity of the exhaust control plane. For an exhaust-air flow rate of 972 m3/h, increasing the air-supply velocity at the slot vents from 0 to 4.86 m/s causes the average exhaust-air velocity to increase from approximately 0.24 m/s to 0.34 m/s. Combining an exhaust-air flow rate of 766 m3/h with an air-supply velocity of 3.61 m/s requires a 37% lower exhaust-air flow rate per unit pollutant production rate than that required using pure exhaust air. The exhaust mode of the cultural relic restoration workbench has enormous potential for energy savings in ventilation.

Interfacial Bi–S chemical bond-coupled sulfur vacancy in Bi4NbO8Cl@ZnIn2S4−x S-scheme heterojunction for superior photocatalytic hydrogen generation

Strategies such as reducing charge transfer resistance and enhancing transmission driving force are considered effective in achieving higher photocatalytic performance. In this study, Bi4NbO8Cl@ZnIn2S4−x S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst with atomic-level interface Bi–S chemical bond connection was successfully constructed through in-situ growth of ZnIn2S4−x nanosheets containing sulfur vacancies (Sv) on Bi4NbO8Cl microplates. Firstly, the S-scheme charge transfer mode effectively spatially separated photogenerated carriers while retaining their reactivity to the maximum extent. Secondly, the interfacial Bi–S bond served as a “bridge” to lessen the interface resistance and provide a high-speed channel for the transmission of photogenerated carriers. Lastly, Sv effectively expanded the Fermi level (Ef) difference between the two semiconductors in the heterojunction, so as to enlarge the built-in electric field (IEF) at the interface and reinforce the driving force for charge transfer. Owing to the synergistic effects of these advantages, the Bi4NbO8Cl@ZnIn2S4−x composite exhibited an average hydrogen production rate of up to 8.7 mmol g−1h−1 under visible light, which was 4.0 and 14.5 times that of ZnIn2S4−x and Bi4NbO8Cl samples, respectively. This work presents a novel approach for designing interfacial chemically bonded S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts with high catalytic activity.

A social media simulation for investigating humor in speech acts

This report presents the development of the SocialNet Discourse Completion Task (DCT) to investigate humor in social media compliment responses. Building on observations by Bell et al. (2021), who introduced DCTs to explore L2 humor production, and Hashimoto and Nelson (2020), who emulated online forum interaction to produce language samples comparable to corpus data, this study extends DCTs to computer-mediated communication (CMC) using a “CMC-for-CMC” approach. The task engages participants with humorous contexts, amusing compliments, and close emulation of online interactions, revealing increased humor production rates. This report discusses the benefits of the instrument, provides preliminary evidence supporting its effectiveness and validity, and outlines its future directions in L2 pragmatics studies.

Techno-economic performance analysis of biomass-to-methanol with solid oxide electrolyzer for sustainable bio-methanol production

The analysis of the technical and economic performance of an integrated biomass to methanol and solid oxide electrolysis process (BtM-SOEC) is studied to find more sustainable process of bio-methanol production. The oil palm empty fruit branch (EFB) which is abundant in Thailand is used as biomass feedstock. Modeling of the BtM-SOEC is done using Aspen Plus. For technical aspects, the production rate of oxygen and hydrogen from the SOEC can be enhanced through an appropriate adjustment of the number of cells and cell temperature. The BtM-SOEC offers higher methanol yield and overall efficiency, while consumes less energy than the conventional biomass to methanol process (BtM). The maximum methanol production rate of 0.4995 kmol h-1 derived from BtM-SOEC is achieved at a number of cells of 325 cells and a cell temperature of 700 oC, at this condition the overall efficiency is 64.79 %. The economic assessment indicates that the conventional BtM and BtM-SOEC are still not economically feasible. However, the conventional BtM is more economically feasible than the BtM-SOEC. The methanol cost of BtM-SOEC can turn out to be economically feasible when renewable electricity cost and SOEC cost decrease substantially. The methanol cost of the BtM-SOEC (620 USD ton-1) can be competitive to that of the BtM (703 USD ton-1) when the cost of input renewable electricity decreases by 80%. Consequently, this research highlights the potential of BtM-SOEC from agricultural residues for sustainable bio-methanol production in the future market condition that the cost of renewable electricity tends to continuously decrease with the technology development and increased technology adoption and the carbon policy tends to be tightened to relieve global warming.

Synthesis of nitrogen and phosphorus-doped chitosan derivatives for enhanced flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties in epoxy resin composites.

Biomass-based flame retardants have attracted significant academic interest due to their environmental benefits and sustainability. Nevertheless, devising straightforward, eco-friendly, and mild methodologies to synthesize flame retardants of epoxy resins (EP) remains a formidable challenge. This paper reports the successful synthesis of a novel nitrogen and phosphorus-doped chitosan derivatives flame retardant (MMCA) utilizing phytic acid, chitosan, and melamine cyanurate via electrostatic self-assembly and physical encapsulation in an acidic aqueous solution. The incorporation of 5wt% MMCA into the EP readily achieved a UL-94V-0 rating. This improvement can be primarily attributed to the early formation of a continuous, dense, robust, and expanded char layer during combustion, coupled with the synergistic flame retardant mechanisms of radical scavenging and the dilution of non-combustible gases. Compared to pristine EP, EP/5MMCA exhibited significant reductions of 23.7%, 29.2%, and 24% in total smoke production rate, peak heat release rate, and peak smoke production rate, respectively. Moreover, the strategic introduction of MMCA also enhanced the glass transition temperature, storage modulus, and crosslinking density of EP, improving its tensile, compressive and impact properties. This study proposes a simple, viable, and environmentally sustainable strategy for the fabrication of biomass-based flame retardants, resulting in notable improvements the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, fire safety, and mechanical robustness of EP.

Photothermal-assisted S-scheme heterojunction of Cu3SnS4/Mn0.3Cd0.7S for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is regarded as an economically viable and environmentally benign strategy. However, the practical application of photocatalytic hydrogen production is constrained by the sluggish reaction kinetics and rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. Herein, a Cu3SnS4/Mn0.3Cd0.7S (CTS/MCS) S-scheme photocatalyst with photothermal effect was synthesized via an ultrasound-assisted self-assembly method and applied for the first time to photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The hydrogen production rate of CTS/MCS-5 reached 72.5 ± 0.8 mmol/h g−1, representing a 3.44-fold increase relative to Mn0.3Cd0.7S, and the apparent quantum yield of CTS/MCS-5 reached 17.5 % at 450 nm. The photothermal effect induced by Cu3SnS4 can elevate the local surface temperature of the catalyst, providing a portion of the energy required for the reaction, thereby reducing the reaction barrier and further promoting photocatalytic reactions. This research highlights the significance of the S-scheme heterojunction and the photothermal effect as an effective strategy to enhance photocatalytic activity, offering new insights for the development of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution technology.

Investigation of oil-based CO2 foam EOR and carbon mitigation in a 2D visualization physical model: Effects of different injection strategies

CO2 flooding in low-permeability and tight oil reservoirs often encounters gas channeling, which affects oil recovery. To address this, oil-based CO2 foam development is explored using a two-dimensional visual physical model. The study includes three experimental setups: CO2 flooding followed by oil-based CO2 foam flooding, CO2 Huff-n-Puff (HnP) followed by oil-based CO2 foam HnP, and oil-based CO2 foam HnP followed by oil-based CO2 foam flooding. Findings reveal that using oil-based CO2 foam after CO2 development increases recovery factors by 15.62% and 35.86% for HnP and flooding, respectively, and significantly boosts CO2 storage. The CO2 storage is 1.96 times and 6.03 times higher than the initial one. After oil-based CO2 foam is used, the red area near the outlet of the visualization model becomes shallower, indicating a further decrease in residual oil saturation. The oil-based CO2 foam method reduces residual oil saturation and extends production duration while decreasing gas production rates. This approach effectively plugs gas channels, enhancing CO2 sweep efficiency, crude oil mobility, and recovery. The results provide innovative strategies for oilfield development, supporting carbon sequestration and offering substantial economic and environmental benefits.

Efficient Hydrogen Peroxide Production: Enhancing Electron Transfer on PANI/ CdS Photocatalysts in Aqueous Solution

The conventional anthraquinone process for hydrogen peroxide production is energy-intensive and complex. We present a sustainable alternative: a photocatalytic technology driven by solar energy for the green and efficient generation of H2O2. In this study, we synthesized polyaniline (PANI), a conductive polymer, and combined it with CdS nanoparticles (CdS-NP) using a hydrothermal method to create PANI/CdS-NP composites. The unique hollow raspberry-like structure of the composite enhances light utilization through multiple reflections and refractions. PANI significantly improved the photoresponse and photocatalytic activity of CdS-NP. Under visible light and an air flow of 20mL·min-1, the 10wt%-PANI/CdS-NP composite exhibited a remarkable photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production rate of 371.33 μmol·h-1·g-1, surpassing the pristine CdS-NP by 1.74 times, and all without any sacrificial agents. Work function calculations revealed that the electron transport between CdS and PANI follows the type II heterojunction photocatalytic mechanism, with the one-step two-electron ORR being the dominant pathway. This work not only contributes to the theoretical understanding of photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis but also offers a promising route toward the green and sustainable production of H2O2.

Enhancing hydrogen production from anaerobic digestion of pretreated fruit and vegetable peels using Clostridium butyricum NE133

This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of hydrogen production (HP) by Clostridium butyricum NE133 from different fruit and vegetable peels (FVPs) as substrates. In addition, the kinetic parameters of hydrogen production and optimization of the anaerobic dark fermentation conditions were analyzed. Clostridium butyricum NE133 was isolated from domestic wastewater and selected as the front runner hydrogen-producer from glucose with maximum hydrogen production (Hmax) of 1778.00 ± 15.03 mL/L, maximum production rate (Rmax) of 961.95 mL/L/h and lag phase (λ) of 28.12 h. NE133 was genetically identified (accession number PP581793) and shown to harbor the Fe-Fe hydrogenase gene. This isolate showed a high potential to produce hydrogen from anaerobic fermentation of watermelon peels with Hmax of 1062.67 ± 11.92 mL/L, Rmax of 268.01mL/L/h and λ of 33.92 h. The watermelon peels were subjected to different pretreatment methods to enhance the dark fermentation by C. butyricum NE133. It was revealed that the combined physicochemical treatment (0.05 M H₂SO₄/121°C) significantly increased hydrogen yield, with 2300.33 ± 0.88 mL/L, Rmax of 1065.56 mL/L/h and λ of 22.39 h with a high accuracy of R2 (0.9999). The study emphasizes the effectiveness of using C. butyricum NE133 for sustainable biohydrogen production. The findings also indicate the feasibility of converting agricultural waste into valuable energy sources, contributing to waste management and renewable energy solutions.

Enhancing Filter Assembly and Printing Efficiency through Automation and Virtual Reality Integration

This paper presents a comprehensive approach to improving the assembly and printing process of filters in a selected company. Currently, the company's process involves significant manual labor, which leads to inefficiencies and potential health risks for employees. The proposed solution integrates the use of pneumatic cylinders to automate the assembly and printing process, reducing manual effort and improving production efficiency. The fixture and filter were modeled using SOLIDWORKS 2022 and simulated in virtual reality with Pixyz Review software. The virtual reality simulation serves as an innovative training tool for new employees, enhancing understanding and accuracy in the assembly process. The study compares the current state, where manual handling results in a time-consuming process with a lower production rate, to the proposed automated system. The proposed solution eliminates unnecessary intermediate storage and manual fixture transfers, significantly reducing the total assembly and printing time from 24 s to 22 s per unit. This results in a 14.16 % increase in production efficiency, allowing the company to produce 1227.3 filters per shift compared to the current 1075 filters.

Evaluating the Performance and Waste Reduction Strategies of Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R Facilities in Sukoharjo: A Case Study of Anugrah Palur

Abstract In 2023, the Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R facilities in Sukoharjo have shown varied performance, with 4 out of the 12 facilities operating at optimal levels. Among these, Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R Anugrah Palur stands out as one of the facilities functioning efficiently. This research aims to investigate the waste management mechanisms and strategies for waste reduction implemented at Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R Anugrah Palur. To achieve this, a mixed-methods approach was employed, encompassing load count analysis, as well as observations and interviews with key stakeholders. The findings of the study revealed that over a span of eight days, Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R recorded an average daily waste generation of 724.76 kg. This equates to an average household waste production rate of 2.07 kg per family per day, or 0.69 kg per individual. The facility demonstrated a high recovery factor of 89.11%, successfully managing to process and reduce 645.86 kg of waste each day. These results highlight the effectiveness of the waste management practices at Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R Anugrah Palur and provide valuable insights into efficient waste reduction strategies that can be applied in similar contexts.

Synergistic interplay of CuOx and Pd nanodots on TiO2 for efficient and highly selective photocatalytic oxidation of CH4 to oxygenates with O2

Direct photocatalytic methane oxidation to produce liquid oxygenates offers a promising approach for the upgrading of abundant methane under mild conditions, yet it remains a formidable challenge in achieving high reaction rates while maintaining high selectivity. Herein, we report the highly dispersed CuOx and Pd nanodots decorated TiO2 for photocatalytic oxidation of CH4 with O2 at room temperature, which exhibits a remarkable C1 oxygenates production rate of 39.5 mmol·g−1·h−1 with a nearly 100 % selectivity, outperforming most of the state-of-the-art photocatalysts. Both experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the impressive photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergy of Cu+ species and Pd nanodots. Cu+ species not only promote the interfacial electrons transfer from TiO2 to Pd, but also mediate CH4 oxidation reaction to avoid overoxidation of oxygenates to CO2, while the resulting electron-rich Pd sites boost the production of primary products (CH3OOH and CH3OH) by lowering the reaction energy. This work provides a new pathway for developing highly efficient photocatalysts for the selective conversion of methane to value-added chemicals by designing bimetallic cocatalysts.