Rates Of Morphological Evolution Research Articles

The cichlid pharyngeal jaw novelty enhances evolutionary integration in the feeding apparatus.

The modified pharyngeal jaw system of cichlid fishes is widely viewed as a key innovation that substantially facilitated the evolutionary exuberance of this iconic evolutionary radiation. We conduct comparative phylogenetic analyses of integration, disparity, and rate of evolution among feeding-related, skeletal structures in Neotropical cichlids and North American centrarchids, which lack the specialized pharyngeal jaw. Contrasting evolutionary patterns in these two continental radiations, we test a classic decoupling hypothesis. Specifically, we ask whether the modified pharyngeal jaw in cichlids resulted in enhanced evolutionary independence of the oral and pharyngeal jaws, leading to increased diversity of trophic structures. Contrary to this prediction, we find significantly stronger evolutionary integration between the oral and pharyngeal jaws in cichlids compared to centrarchids, although the two groups do not differ in patterns of integration within each jaw system. Further, though we find no significant differences in disparity, centrarchids show faster rates of morphological evolution. Our results suggest that the modified pharyngeal jaw resulted in less evolutionary independence and slower rates of evolution within the feeding system. Thus, we raise the possibility that the cichlid novelty enhances feeding performance, but does not prompt increased morphological diversification within the feeding apparatus, as has long been thought.

Systematics of the avian family Alaudidae using multilocus and genomic data

The family Alaudidae, larks, comprises 93–100 species (depending on taxonomy) that are widely distributed across Africa and Eurasia, with single species extending their ranges to North and northernmost South America and Australia. A decade-old molecular phylogeny, comprising ∼80% of the species, revealed multiple cases of parallel evolution and large variation in rates of morphological evolution, which had misled taxonomists into creating many non-monophyletic genera. Here, we reconstruct the phylogeny of the larks, using a dataset covering one mitochondrial and 16 nuclear loci and comprising all except one of the currently recognised species as well as several recently proposed new species (in total 133 taxa; not all loci available for all species). We provide additional support using genome-wide markers to infer a genus-level phylogeny based on near-complete generic sampling (in total 51 samples of 44 taxa across 40 species). Our results confirm the previous findings of rampant morphological convergence and divergence, and reveal new cases of paraphyletic genera. We propose a new subfamily classification, and also that the genus Mirafra is divided into four genera to produce a more balanced generic classification of the Alaudidae. Our study supports recently proposed species splits as well as some recent lumps, while also questioning some of the latter. This comprehensive phylogeny will form an important basis for future studies, such as comparative studies of lark natural history, ecology, evolution and conservation.

Evidence for an evo-devo-derived hypothesis on three-dimensional flower shape modularity in a tropical orchid clade.

Covarying suites of phenotypic traits, or modules, are increasingly recognized to promote morphological evolution. However, information on how modularity influences flower diversity is rare and lacking for Orchidaceae. Here, we combine high-resolution X-ray computed tomography scanning with three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to test various hypotheses about three-dimensional patterns of flower evolutionary modularity in Malagasy Bulbophyllum orchids and examine rates and modes of module evolution. Based on the four evolutionary modules identified (i.e., sepals, lateral petals, labellum + column-foot, and column-part), our data support the hypothesis that both genetic-developmental and functional adaptive factors shaped evolutionary flower trait covariation in these tropical orchids. In line with "evo-devo" studies, we also find that the labellum evolved independently from the rest of the petal whorl. Finally, we show that modules evolved with different rates, and either in a neutral fashion (only column-part) or under selective constraints, as likely imposed by pollinators. Overall, this study supports current views that modular units can enhance the range and rate of morphological evolution.

Depth as a driver of evolution and diversification of ancient squat lobsters (Decapoda, Galatheoidea, Phylladiorhynchus)

The exceptional hidden diversity included in the squat lobster genus Phylladiorhynchus and its wide bathymetric and geographic range make it an interesting group to thoroughly study its evolutionary history. Here we have analyzed the entire currently known species diversity of Phylladiorhynchus using an integrative approach that includes morphological and molecular characters. The aim was to establish whether depth range (bathymetry) has played a role in their morphological and molecular evolution and in their diversification pathways. Phylogenetic analyses recovered the genus as monophyletic and as the sister group of Coralliogalathea, conforming with current systematic hypotheses, although their placement in a monophyletic Galatheidae is doubted. All the analyzed species represent well-supported lineages, structured in ten clades, correlated in most part with the morphological phylogeny. The reconstruction of ancestral habitat showed that the most recent common ancestor of Phylladiorhynchus most likely lived in shallow water environments. The divergence time estimation analyses dated the origin of the genus back to the Upper Jurassic, preceding the origin of all the other galatheoid lineages. Morphological analyses suggested that species from deeper waters exhibit greater morphological divergences and lower genetic divergences in comparison to species from shallower waters. In Phylladiorhynchus, the colonization of deeper waters has taken place independently multiple times since the Lower-Cretaceous. Our reconstruction of ancestral habitat suggests that shallow water ancestors might show an acceleration in the molecular rate of evolution and a slowdown in the rates of morphological evolution in comparison to deep sea lineages. However, although lineages from shallow and deep sea habitats show slight differences in diversification trends, bathymetry does not significantly affect the diversification rate in Phylladiorhynchus according to our diversification analyses.

Rapid Parallel Morphological and Mechanical Diversification of South American Pike Cichlids (Crenicichla).

Explosive bouts of diversification are one of the most conspicuous features of the tree of life. When such bursts are repeated in similar environments, it suggests some degree of predictability in the evolutionary process. We assess parallel adaptive radiation of South American pike cichlids (Crenicichla) using phylogenomics and phylogenetic comparative methods. We find that species flocks in the Uruguay and Iguazú River basins rapidly diversified into the same set of ecomorphs that reflect feeding ecology. Both adaptive radiations involve expansion of functional morphology, resulting in unique jaw phenotypes. Yet, form and function were decoupled such that most ecomorphs share similar mechanical properties of the jaws (i.e., jaw motion during a feeding strike). Prey mobility explained 6- to 9-fold differences in the rate of morphological evolution but had no effect on the rate of mechanical evolution. We find no evidence of gene flow between species flocks or with surrounding coastal lineages that may explain their rapid diversification. When compared with cichlids of the East African Great Lakes and other prominent adaptive radiations, pike cichlids share many themes, including the rapid expansion of phenotypic diversity, specialization along the benthic-to-pelagic habitat and soft-to-hard prey axes, and the evolution of conspicuous functional innovations. Yet, decoupled evolution of form and function and the absence of hybridization as a catalyzing force are departures from patterns observed in other adaptive radiations. Many-to-one mapping of morphology to mechanical properties is a mechanism by which pike cichlids attain a diversity of feeding ecologies while avoiding exacerbating underlying mechanical trade-offs. [Adaptive radiation; ecological opportunity; feeding kinematics; functional trade-off; hybridization; introgression.].

Why does pollen morphology vary? Evolutionary dynamics and morphospace occupation in the largest angiosperm order (Asterales).

Morphological diversity (disparity) is a key component of biodiversity and increasingly a focus of botanical research. Despite the wide range of morphologies represented by pollen grains, to date there are few studies focused on the controls on pollen disparity and morphospace occupation, and fewer still considering these parameters in a phylogenetic framework. Here, we analyse morphospace occupation, disparity and rates of morphological evolution in Asterales pollen, in a phylogenetic context. We use a dataset comprising 113 taxa from across the Asterales phylogeny, with pollen morphology described using 28 discrete characters. The Asterales pollen morphospace is phylogenetically structured around groups of related taxa, consistent with punctuated bursts of morphological evolution at key points in the Asterales phylogeny. There is no substantial difference in disparity among these groups of taxa, despite large differences in species richness and biogeographic range. There is also mixed evidence for whole-genome duplication as a driver of Asterales pollen morphological evolution. Our results highlight the importance of evolutionary history for structuring pollen morphospace. Our study is consistent with others that have shown a decoupling of biodiversity parameters, and reinforces the need to focus on disparity as a key botanical metric in its own right.

Morphological volatility precedes ecological innovation in early echinoderms.

Origins of higher taxonomic groups entail dramatic and nearly simultaneous changes in morphology and ecological function, limiting our ability to disentangle the drivers of evolutionary diversification. Here we phylogenetically compare the anatomy and life habits of Cambrian-Ordovician echinoderms to test which facet better facilitates future success. Rates of morphological evolution are faster and involve more volatile trait changes, allowing morphological disparity to accrue faster and earlier in the Cambrian. However, persistent life-habit evolution throughout the early Palaeozoic, combined with iterative functional convergence within adaptive strategies, results in major expansion of ecospace and functional diversity. The interactions between tempo, divergence and convergence demonstrate not only that anatomical novelty precedes ecological success, but also that ecological innovation is constrained, even during a phylum's origin.

Analyzing Disparity and Rates of Morphological Evolution with Model-Based Phylogenetic Comparative Methods.

Understanding variation in rates of evolution and morphological disparity is a goal of macroevolutionary research. In a phylogenetic comparative methods framework, we present three explicit models for linking the rate of evolution of a trait to the state of another evolving trait. This allows testing hypotheses about causal influences on rates of phenotypic evolution with phylogenetic comparative data. We develop a statistical framework for fitting the models with generalized least-squares regression and use this to discuss issues and limitations in the study of rates of evolution more generally. We show that the power to detect effects on rates of evolution is low in that even strong causal effects are unlikely to explain more than a few percent of observed variance in disparity. We illustrate the models and issues by testing if rates of beak-shape evolution in birds are influenced by brain size, as may be predicted from a Baldwin effect in which presumptively more behaviorally flexible large-brained species generate more novel selection on themselves leading to higher rates of evolution. From an analysis of morphometric data for 645 species, we find evidence that both macro- and microevolution of the beak are faster in birds with larger brains, but with the caveat that there are no consistent effects of relative brain size.[Baldwin effect; beak shape; behavioral drive; bird; brain size; disparity; phylogenetic comparative method; rate of evolution.]

Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity

The positive correlation between speciation rates and morphological evolution expressed by body size is a macroevolutionary trait of vertebrates. Although taxic diversification and morphological evolution are slow in coelacanths, their fossil record indicates that large and small species coexisted, which calls into question the link between morphological and body size disparities. Here, we describe and reassess fossils of giant coelacanths. Two genera reached up to 5 m long, placing them among the ten largest bony fish that ever lived. The disparity in body size adjusted to taxic diversity is much greater in coelacanths than in ray-finned fishes. Previous studies have shown that rates of speciation and rates of morphological evolution are overall low in this group, and our results indicate that these parameters are decoupled from the disparity in body size in coelacanths. Genomic and physiological characteristics of the extant Latimeria may reflect how the extinct relatives grew to such a large size. These characteristics highlight new evolutionary traits specific to these “living fossils”.

Delayed Adaptive Radiation among New Zealand Stream Fishes: Joint Estimation of Divergence Time and Trait Evolution in a Newly Delineated Island Species Flock.

Adaptive radiations are generally thought to occur soon after a lineage invades a region offering high levels of ecological opportunity. However, few adaptive radiations beyond a handful of exceptional examples are known, so a comprehensive understanding of their dynamics is still lacking. Here, we present a novel case of an island species flock of freshwater fishes with a radically different tempo of adaptive history than that found in many popular evolutionary model systems. Using a phylogenomic data set combined with simultaneous Bayesian estimation of divergence times and trait-based speciation and extinction models, we show that the New Zealand Gobiomorphus gudgeons comprise a monophyletic assemblage, but surprisingly, the radiation did not fully occupy freshwater habitats and explosively speciate until more than 10 myr after the lineage invaded the islands. This shift in speciation rate was not accompanied by an acceleration in the rate of morphological evolution in the freshwater crown clade relative to the other species, but is correlated with a reduction in head pores and scales as well as an increase in egg size. Our results challenge the notion that clades always rapidly exploit ecological opportunities in the absence of competing lineages. Instead, we demonstrate that adaptive radiation can experience a slow start before undergoing accelerated diversification and that lineage and phenotypic diversification may be uncoupled in young radiations. [Adaptive radiation; Eleotridae; freshwater; Gobiomorphus; New Zealand.]

INCORPORATING INFORMATION ON VARYING SEDIMENTATION RATES INTO PALEONTOLOGICAL ANALYSES

ABSTRACTStratigraphic changes in the clustering of first or last taxon occurrences are a joint expression of evolutionary, ecological, taphonomic, and sedimentological processes. Sedimentation rates control the degree of sedimentary dilution and condensation and thus alter the time contained in a given thickness of sediment. However, it remains poorly explored quantitatively how distinct the stratigraphic patterns in the first and last occurrences can be under different deposition models with a constant thickness of accumulated sediment. Here, I present an algorithm that translates ecological or evolutionary signals between time and stratigraphic height. It is implemented for R Software as the package DAIME and complemented by tools to quantify the uncertainties associated with the construction of deposition models. By modeling the stratigraphic expression of the K/Pg extinction and an earlier extinction pulse potentially linked to Deccan volcanism on Seymour Island under varying sedimentation rates, I show that (1) clustering of last occurrences ∼ 250 kyr prior to the K/Pg boundary can be equally explained by a stronger earlier extinction pulse or prolonged intervals with reduced sediment accumulation rate, but (2) when the temporal variability in sedimentation rate is known, the most plausible extinction dynamics can still be identified. The approach is applicable for any type of information transported as a part of the sedimentary record (e.g., fossils or trace elements) or data derived from it (e.g., isotope ratios and rates of morphological evolution).

Sphenodontian phylogeny and the impact of model choice in Bayesian morphological clock estimates of divergence times and evolutionary rates

BackgroundThe vast majority of all life that ever existed on earth is now extinct and several aspects of their evolutionary history can only be assessed by using morphological data from the fossil record. Sphenodontian reptiles are a classic example, having an evolutionary history of at least 230 million years, but currently represented by a single living species (Sphenodon punctatus). Hence, it is imperative to improve the development and implementation of probabilistic models to estimate evolutionary trees from morphological data (e.g., morphological clocks), which has direct benefits to understanding relationships and evolutionary patterns for both fossil and living species. However, the impact of model choice on morphology-only datasets has been poorly explored.ResultsHere, we investigate the impact of a wide array of model choices on the inference of evolutionary trees and macroevolutionary parameters (divergence times and evolutionary rates) using a new data matrix on sphenodontian reptiles. Specifically, we tested different clock models, clock partitioning, taxon sampling strategies, sampling for ancestors, and variations on the fossilized birth-death (FBD) tree model parameters through time. We find a strong impact on divergence times and background evolutionary rates when applying widely utilized approaches, such as allowing for ancestors in the tree and the inappropriate assumption of diversification parameters being constant through time. We compare those results with previous studies on the impact of model choice to molecular data analysis and provide suggestions for improving the implementation of morphological clocks. Optimal model combinations find the radiation of most major lineages of sphenodontians to be in the Triassic and a gradual but continuous drop in morphological rates of evolution across distinct regions of the phenotype throughout the history of the group.ConclusionsWe provide a new hypothesis of sphenodontian classification, along with detailed macroevolutionary patterns in the evolutionary history of the group. Importantly, we provide suggestions to avoid overestimated divergence times and biased parameter estimates using morphological clocks. Partitioning relaxed clocks offers methodological limitations, but those can be at least partially circumvented to reveal a detailed assessment of rates of evolution across the phenotype and tests of evolutionary mosaicism.

Macroevolutionary patterns of body plan canalization in euarthropods

AbstractReconstructing patterns of macroevolution has become a central endeavor in paleobiology, because it offers insight into evolutionary models shaping the history of life. As the most diverse and abundant animals since the Cambrian period, arthropods provide copious data to elucidate the emergence of body plans in metazoan lineages. However, information provided by fossils on the tempo and mode of this phenomenon has lacked a recent synthesis. Here, I investigate macroevolutionary patterns of morphological evolution in Euarthropoda using a combined extinct and extant dataset optimized for multivariate analyses. Overall ordination patterns between the main morphogroups are consistent with another, independently coded, extant-only dataset providing molecular and morphological rates of evolution. Based on a “deep split” phylogenetic framework, total-group Mandibulata and Arachnomorpha emerge as directional morphoanatomical lineages, with basal fossil morphogroups showing heterogeneously spread-out occupations of the morphospace. In addition to a more homogeneous morphological variation, new morphogroups arose by successive reductions of translation distances; this pattern was interrupted only by terrestrialization events and the origin of pancrustaceans. A displaced optimum type of model is proposed to explain the fast assembly of canalized body plans during the Cambrian, with basal fossil morphogroups fitting intermediate fitness peaks in a moving adaptive landscape. Given time constraints imposed by the paleontological evidence, and owing to the interplay between canalization and modularity, as well as a decoupling between molecular and morphological rates, the rise of euarthropods would support the view that the swiftness of the Cambrian explosion was mostly associated with the buildup of genetic regulatory networks.

Rapid size change associated with intra-island evolutionary radiation in extinct Caribbean \u201cisland-shrews\u201d

BackgroundThe Caribbean offers a unique opportunity to study evolutionary dynamics in insular mammals. However, the recent extinction of most Caribbean non-volant mammals has obstructed evolutionary studies, and poor DNA preservation associated with tropical environments means that very few ancient DNA sequences are available for extinct vertebrates known from the region’s Holocene subfossil record. The endemic Caribbean eulipotyphlan family Nesophontidae (“island-shrews”) became extinct ~ 500 years ago, and the taxonomic validity of many Nesophontes species and their wider evolutionary dynamics remain unclear. Here we use both morphometric and palaeogenomic methods to clarify the status and evolutionary history of Nesophontes species from Hispaniola, the second-largest Caribbean island.ResultsPrincipal component analysis of 65 Nesophontes mandibles from late Quaternary fossil sites across Hispaniola identified three non-overlapping morphometric clusters, providing statistical support for the existence of three size-differentiated Hispaniolan Nesophontes species. We were also able to extract and sequence ancient DNA from a ~ 750-year-old specimen of Nesophontes zamicrus, the smallest non-volant Caribbean mammal, including a whole-mitochondrial genome and partial nuclear genes. Nesophontes paramicrus (39-47 g) and N. zamicrus (~ 10 g) diverged recently during the Middle Pleistocene (mean estimated divergence = 0.699 Ma), comparable to the youngest species splits in Eulipotyphla and other mammal groups. Pairwise genetic distance values for N. paramicrus and N. zamicrus based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes are low, but fall within the range of comparative pairwise data for extant eulipotyphlan species-pairs.ConclusionsOur combined morphometric and palaeogenomic analyses provide evidence for multiple co-occurring species and rapid body size evolution in Hispaniolan Nesophontes, in contrast to patterns of genetic and morphometric differentiation seen in Hispaniola’s extant non-volant land mammals. Different components of Hispaniola’s mammal fauna have therefore exhibited drastically different rates of morphological evolution. Morphological evolution in Nesophontes is also rapid compared to patterns across the Eulipotyphla, and our study provides an important new example of rapid body size change in a small-bodied insular vertebrate lineage. The Caribbean was a hotspot for evolutionary diversification as well as preserving ancient biodiversity, and studying the surviving representatives of its mammal fauna is insufficient to reveal the evolutionary patterns and processes that generated regional diversity.

Extinction rates of non-avian dinosaur species are uncorrelated with the rate of evolution of phylogenetically informative characters.

Determining the factors that shape temporal variation in species diversity is an ongoing challenge. One theory is that species exhibiting lower rates of phenotypic evolution should be more likely to go extinct as they are more susceptible to changing environmental conditions. However, little work has been done to assess whether this process shapes comparatively few lineages, or is a common mechanism shaping changes in species diversity. Here, I analyse the correlation between rates of morphological evolution and extinction at the species level using six published morphological matrices of non-avian dinosaurs. I find no correlation between the two rates at different taxonomic scales, suggesting that extinction in these groups is better described by other factors. As there is a strong prior expectation of correlated rates, I suggest that traditional morphological matrices are inappropriate for addressing this question and that the characters governing lineage persistence are independent of those with high phylogenetic signal. This may be comprehensively determined with continued development of phenomic matrices.

Comparing Rates of Linage Diversification with Rates of Size and Shape Evolution in Catarrhine Crania

Many authors have hypothesized an association between rates of morphological evolution and rates of species diversification, however, this association has yet to be empirically tested in the primate cranium. In this investigation, we used phylogeny-based approaches to examine the relationship between rates of species diversification, rates of cranial size and shape evolution, and observed cranial morphological disparity of extant catarrhines (Order: Primates). We used 34 3D landmarks digitized from 2038 crania representing 42 catarrhine species and a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny to determine the rates of evolution of cranial size and shape, rates of lineage diversification, and levels of morphological disparity by clade. The only significant relationship among these variables was for evolutionary rates of size and shape change. We discuss these results in the context of primate and mammalian macroevolution, and in light of the proposed hypothesis that size is a “line of least evolutionary resistance” in cranial evolution.

Macroevolutionary analyses indicate that repeated adaptive shifts towards predatory diets affect functional diversity in Neotropical cichlids

AbstractDuring adaptive radiation, diversification within clades is limited by adaptation to the available ecological niches, and this may drive patterns of both trait and species diversity. However, adaptation to disparate niches may result in varied impacts on the timing, pattern and rate of morphological evolution. In this study, we examined the relationship between feeding ecology and functional diversification across a diverse clade of freshwater fishes, the Neotropical cichlids. Species dietary niches were ordinated via multivariate analysis of stomach content data. We investigated changes in the rate and pattern of morphological diversification associated with feeding, including dietary niche and degree of dietary specialization. A major division in dietary niche space was observed between predators that consume fish and macroinvertebrates vs. other groups with diets dominated by small invertebrates, detritus or vegetation. These trophic niches were strongly associated with groupings defined by functional morphospace. Clades within the piscivore/macroinvertivore group rarely transitioned to other dietary niches. Comparatively, high dietary specialization enhanced functional diversification, driving the evolution of more extreme morphologies. Divergent patterns of trophic diversification among Neotropical cichlids appear to derive from different performance demands in regional abiotic and biotic environments associated with biogeographical history.

Modules and Mosaics in the Evolution of the Tetonius – Pseudotetonius Dentition

The Tetonius-Pseudotetonius (T-P) transition is an often-cited example of phyletic gradualism, but rates of evolution and the roles of neutral and adaptive processes across this lineage remain unclear. Linking Tetonius and Pseudotetonius, two omomyid primates, are a series of stratigraphic and morphologic intermediates revealing trends suggestive of a functional and developmental reorganization of the dentition. Notable changes involved the P3, which reduced size and became indistinguishable from the canine and I2, and the P4, which became a robust tall-cusped tooth comparable to a molar. We test two hypotheses: (1) neutral evolution can explain the observed phenotypic differences in the lineage, and (2) P4 lost developmental association with P3 and became integrated with the molars. First, we calculate the rate of evolutionary differentiation, based on the ratio between inter- and intra-species variation in length and width of P3, P4, M1, and M2 teeth, between lineage segments and over the entire lineage. We test the second hypothesis by comparing bivariate correlations between teeth within individual lineage segments. As the lineage evolved, correlations between P3 and the molars diminished, whereas correlations between P4 and the molars increased. We found evidence of varying degrees of stabilizing selection in the lengths and widths of all cheek teeth and evidence of neutral evolution in the width of P4. These results support a trend towards P4 becoming integrated into the molar morphogenetic field, and demonstrates that morphological rates of evolution, and consequently the degree of selective pressures, vary through time and between teeth.

Deceleration of morphological evolution in a cryptic species complex and its link to paleontological stasis.

Morphological stasis or the absence of morphological change is a well-known phenomenon in the paleontological record, yet it is poorly integrated with neontological evidence. Recent evidence suggests that cryptic species complexes may remain morphologically identical due to morphological stasis. Here, we describe a case of long-term stasis in the Stygocapitella cryptic species complex (Parergodrilidae, Orbiniida, Annelida). Using phylogenetic methods and morphological data, we find that rates of morphological evolution in Stygocapitella are significantly slower than in closely related taxa (Nerillidae, Orbiniidae). Assessment of quantitative and qualitative morphology revealed the presence of four morphotypes with only subtle differences, whereas molecular data supports 10 reproductively isolated clades. Notably, estimates for the time of Stygocapitella species divergence range from ∼275 million years to ∼18 million years, including one case of two morphologically similar species that have diverged about 140 million years ago. These findings provide evidence for morphological deceleration and long-term morphological stasis in Stygocapitella, and that speciation is not necessarily accompanied by morphological changes. The deceleration of morphological divergence in Stygocapitella can be potentially linked to niche conservatism and tracking, coupled with the fluctuating dynamics of the interstitial environment, or genetic constraints due to progenetic evolution. Finally, we conclude that failing to integrate speciation without morphological evolution in paleontology may bias estimates of rates of speciation and morphological evolution.

Two new species of fossil Paratydeidae (Acari: Trombidiformes) from the late Eocene amber highlight ultraslow morphological evolution in a soil-inhabiting arthropod lineage

We describe two species of soil mite of the family Paratydeidae from the late Eocene Rovno amber: Scolotydaeus vlaskini sp. nov. and Tanytydeus pogrebnyaki sp. nov. This is the first formal description of fossils from the family Paratydeidae. These exceptionally well-preserved fossils have very similar morphologies compared to extant species, suggesting that Paratydeidae is a lineage that has experienced extremely slow rates of phenotypic evolution. To infer rates of morphological evolution in this group, we used a combination of tip dating (from the fossils) and internal node dating (based on molecular outgroup time-calibrated analysis) in a Bayesian phylogenetic framework. This analysis inferred Paratydeidae as an ancient lineage, originating 242 Ma (stem group) and diversifying 150 Ma (crown group), having ultraslow average rates of morphological evolution, i.e. 4.53e-04 changes per site per million years, which is equivalent to one change in any of the characters per 46.0 million years, per each branch of the tree. Based on our divergence time estimates, we suggest that the present global distribution of the group could be explained by their early evolution on the Pangaean supercontinent. Analysis of character state distributions in the fossil specimens suggests later extinction of ancestral taxa in the Palaearctic.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:265A36D2-B6AE-4150-B5B6-59054D33CEA0