Rate Of Land Use Change Research Articles

Global Land Use Change and Its Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

Anthropogenic activities have altered approximately two-thirds of the Earth's land surface. Urbanization, industrialization, agricultural expansion, and deforestation are increasingly impacting the terrestrial landscapes, leading to shifts of areas in artificial surface (i.e., humanmade), cropland, pasture, forest, and barren land. Land use patterns and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions play a critical role in global climate change. Here we synthesized 29 years of global historical data and demonstrated how land use impacts global GHG emissions using structural equation modeling. We then obtained predictive estimates of future global GHG emissions using a deep learning model. Our results show that, from 1992 to 2020, the global terrestrial areas covered by artificial surface and cropland have expanded by 133% and 6% because of population growth and socioeconomic development, resulting in 4.0% and 3.8% of declines in pasture and forest areas, respectively. Land use was significantly associated with GHG emissions (p < 0.05). Artificial surface dominates global GHG emissions, followed by cropland, pasture, and barren land. The increase in artificial surfaces has driven up global GHG emissions through the increase in energy consumption. Conversely, improved agricultural management practices have contributed to mitigating agricultural GHG emissions. Forest, on the other hand, serves as a sink of GHG. In total, global GHG emissions increased from 31 to 46 GtCO2eq from 1992 to 2020. Looking ahead, if current trends in global land use continue at the same rates, our model projects that global GHG emissions will reach 76 ± 8 GtCO2eq in 2050. In contrast, reducing the rates of land use change by half could limit global GHG emissions to 60 ± 3 GtCO2eq in 2050. Monitoring and analyzing these projections allow a better understanding of the potential impacts of various land use scenarios on global climate and planning for a sustainable future.

Comparing the process of converting land use purposes between socio-economic regions in Vietnam from 2007 to 2020

Abstract Reporting land use changes over time is important for evaluating land resource management. This study applied GIS technology to determine land use fluctuations for the entire mainland territory in Vietnam. In particular, the research focused on two main issues: (1) spatial fluctuations of some main land groups in Vietnam, and(2) the rate of land use change in socio-economic regions in the two periods 2007–2016 and 2016–2020. Research results showed that the Forests land group showed a growth of over 14% and spatial fluctuations took place in all regions, except for two regions with little change in this land group: Red River Delta (RRD) and Mekong River Delta (MRD). Meanwhile, crops decreased by over 16% from 2007–2020 and appeared heavily in the Northern Midlands and Mountains (NMR), North Central and Central Coast regions (NCR), and Central Highlands region (CHR). Urban land group increased by 3% during 2007–2020. The speed of land use conversion also showed different results between economic regions and inthe two research periods. The results showed that the recent research period witnessed a higher rate of land use conversion in the regions compared to the period 2007–2016. In particular, the NMR region showed that the conversion rate was the largest in both stages.

Spatial-temporal changes of landscape ecological risk in the Liuchong river basin from the perspective of production-life-ecological space

Promoting the construction of ecological civilization and sustainable development in karst mountainous areas by analyzing the spatial and temporal changes of landscape ecological risks is critical in karst mountainous watersheds. In this study, the land use transfer matrix, landscape ecological risk evaluation model, ecological contribution rate of land use change, and spatial autocorrelation analysis were combined to quantitatively analyze the land use and landscape ecological risk of a typical karst watershed, Liuchong River Basin, over the past 20 years. The results revealed that: 1) From 2000 to 2020, the functional classification of land use in the Liuchong River Basin was dominated by the woodland ecological space, and the most significant shifting characteristics were the increase in the area of watershed ecological space and industrial production space and the decrease in woodland ecological space, with shifts in the middle reaches of the Liuchong River being the most drastic; 2) Generally, the change of the regional landscape pattern was related to the transformation of the land use function type of “production-life-ecological space,” and the spatial aggregation of ecological risk level showed a gradual weakening trend. 3) The conversion of the watershed ecological space to the grassland ecological and agricultural production spaces, the conversion of urban living space to the agricultural production space, and the conversion of the rural living space to the agricultural production space were the dominant factors affecting ecological improvement, whereas the conversion of the woodland ecological space to the grassland ecological space, the woodland ecological space to the agricultural production space, and the grassland ecological space to the agricultural production space contributed to ecological degradation. The study findings can be used as a reference for the coordinated development of “production-life-ecological space” in karst watersheds and provide a scientific basis for ecological environmental protection and sustainable utilization.

Anthropogenic land-use change decreases pollination and male and female fitness in terrestrial flowering plants

Abstract Background and Aims The majority of the earth's land area is currently occupied by humans. Measuring how terrestrial plants reproduce in these pervasive environments is essential for understanding their long-term viability and their ability to adapt to changing environments. Methods We conducted hierarchical and phylogenetically-independent meta-analyses to assess the overall effects of anthropogenic land-use changes on pollination, and male and female fitness in terrestrial plants. Key Results We found negative global effects of land use change (i.e., mainly habitat loss and fragmentation) on pollination and on female and male fitness of terrestrial flowering plants. Negative effects were stronger in plants with self-incompatibility (SI) systems and pollinated by invertebrates, regardless of life form and sexual expression. Pollination and female fitness of pollination generalist and specialist plants were similarly negatively affected by land-use change, whereas male fitness of specialist plants showed no effects. Conclusions Our findings indicate that angiosperm populations remaining in fragmented habitats negatively affect pollination, and female and male fitness, which will likely decrease the recruitment, survival, and long-term viability of plant populations remaining in fragmented landscapes. We underline the main current gaps of knowledge for future research agendas and call out not only for a decrease in the current rates of land-use changes across the world but also to embark on active restoration efforts to increase the area and connectivity of remaining natural habitats.

Spatial patterns analysis of land use changes using spatial metrics in the peri-urban area of Surakarta City 2023

The development of cities and the transformation of suburbs are interrelated. Limited land in urban areas causes urban development to move outward towards peri-urban areas. Morphologically, the spatial development of urban fairy areas causes land use change. Surakarta City, as the mother city of the Subosukowonosraten Area, has experienced over-capacity, causing the effect of Surakarta City towards its periphery. This study aims to analyze spatial patterns of land use change using a spatial metrics approach. Research is quantitative descriptive research with a spatial approach. The results showed an increasing trend of residential land use change in all peri-urban zones of Surakarta City, with a faster rate of land use change in the peri-urban area of the inner zone as an area directly adjacent to the core city. The pattern of land use change shows the inner zone, and the outer zone shows the development of clustering patterns. In contrast, the urban shadow zone and rural hinterland zone show the development of longitudinal patterns.

Saffron-cowled Blackbirds’ reduced nest success in Argentina’s agricultural land highlights the importance of non-agricultural habitat for its conservation

Abstract The Saffron-cowled Blackbird (Xanthopsar flavus) is a globally endangered icterid endemic to the southern South American grasslands. Temperate grasslands are among the most threatened ecosystems in South America due to their high rate of land use change. In northeastern Argentina, over the last century, the conversion of natural grasslands to livestock farming, croplands, and afforestation has resulted in significant losses of breeding habitat for the Saffron-cowled Blackbird. Consequently, it has suffered severe populational declines, and its remaining populations are fragmented. In order to understand the impact of agricultural systems on the Saffron-cowled Blackbird populations, we studied its breeding biology (clutch size, hatching success, nestling production, and fledgling success) and the main parameters that influence nest survival rate in five breeding habitat types. During the breeding seasons of 2015 to 2019, we located nests and monitored their fate. We found that the cumulative probability of nest survival over the entire nesting cycle (i.e. laying, incubation, and chick rearing) was 0.06, and was lower for nests situated in grazed land covers. Conversely, nest survival was greater in breeding sites without agricultural use, particularly in marshes. Predation was the main cause of nest failure (76%), followed by brood parasitism (10%), and trampling by cattle and agricultural machinery (6%). Brood parasitism rates were higher in grazed paddocks, contributing together with predation to the failure of nests in this habitat. Our findings indicate a negative impact of livestock ranching on Saffron-cowled Blackbird reproduction. Non-agriculture habitats, such as wetlands and flooded areas, are important as refuges for nesting. Thus, the creation of breeding refuges (non-productive sites) within agricultural matrices, in association with biodiversity-friendly agricultural practices, is crucial to ensure the Saffron-cowled Blackbird’s maintenance.

Spatial-Temporal Evolution and Prediction of Carbon Storage in Jiuquan City Ecosystem Based on PLUS-InVEST Model

Based on the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goal strategies, it is important to explore the impact of land use change on carbon storage and the drivers of spatial variation in carbon storage in the Northwest Arid Zone, which is vital to improve the carbon sink increment of the regional ecosystem and promote the regional carbon breakeven. The arid region of northwest China is an extremely fragile natural ecology, and with the rapid advancement of new urbanization, the rate of land use change has accelerated significantly, which has a certain impact on the carbon storage and fixation capacity of ecosystems. The PLUS-InVEST model was used to simulate the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of carbon storage under natural development, intensive development, water resource constraint, and ecological protection scenarios in Jiuquan City in 2035, and the parameter optimal geographic detector model was used to analyze the spatial divergence drivers of carbon storage. The results showed that:① the area of cultivated land, watershed, and construction land in Jiuquan City showed a significant increasing trend from 1990 to 2020, whereas the area of the remaining land use types showed a decreasing trend. ② The carbon storage in Jiuquan City increased from 7 722 808.1 t to 7 784 371 t from 1990 to 2020, and the conversion of grassland into unused land was the main cause of the loss of regional carbon storage, accounting for 85% of the total loss. ③ All four development scenarios in 2035 showed an increasing trend of carbon storage, among which the ecological protection scenario had the most significant increase, with an increment of 76 989.29 t. ④ The degree of land use, population density, GDP density, and NDVI were the main driving factors of the spatial variation in carbon storage in Jiuquan City, among which the degree of land use had the strongest explanatory power (q value of 0.849), and the interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors enhanced the explanatory power of each factor on the spatial variation in carbon storage. The results of the study can provide a scientific basis and decision basis for the integrated ecosystem management and territorial space optimization in Jiuquan City.

A Study on the Performance of Image Recognition Technology in Web GIS for Land Use Change Monitoring

Abstract In order to monitor land use change more accurately and rationally manage and utilize land resources, a GIS-based land use change monitoring method is proposed. Based on the satellite remote sensing images provided by the data processing module, the filtering and enhancement processing of land satellite remote sensing images has been completed. The classification module processes the remote sensing images and uses the multi-scale land use multi-categorization network to extract the land use classification results. Image recognition technology stratifies the scenes and images of the study area, utilizes GIS data and remote sensing images superimposed on each other, uses the internal GIS data as training samples, and transforms the various information existing in GIS to form a knowledge rate and a rule base, which is applied to the RS image classification and recognition process. The fastest rate of land use change in a city was found to be the construction land, with the highest rate of 0.1395%. The degree of utilization of arable land enters into a period of decline, and the unutilized land enters into a period of development. Through the change monitoring module, we can accurately monitor and calculate the dynamics of land use, the rate of change in the degree of utilization, and the results of the transfer matrix.

Spatial transformation of land use and land cover and identification of hotspots using geospatial technology: a case of major industrial zone of eastern India.

Technology-driven population expansion is closely linked to land use change. Unregulated mining, urbanization, industrialization, and forest clearing threaten land use and cover. This study used GIS and statistical methods to examine land use and cover changes in eastern India's Asansol-Durgapur Development Authority (ADDA). The Kappa coefficient was used to validate each year's LULC map accuracy. This region is changing rapidly due to industrial and urban development, which might cause environmental issues. Thus, this area is ideal for a scientific land-use change study. The central hypothesis of this study is that the LULC of an industrial area is spatially heterogeneous and that the number of hotspots is gradually increasing in response to the dynamicity of land use change over time and space. Three years (1992, 2007, and 2022) were used to determine the estimated transition rate. Hotspots of land use change were identified using autocorrelation statistics for LULC clustering using Moron's I and Gi Z statistics. The proportion of land encompassed by natural vegetation experienced a decline from 12% in 1992 to 4% in 2022. Similarly, the extent of land occupied by agricultural activities decreased from 47 to 38% during the period spanning from 1992 to 2022. The industrial and coal mining sectors experienced a modest growth rate of 1% during the period spanning from 1992 to 2022. If the current rate of land use change persists, it will gradually and consistently alter the existing landscape. This study's findings can potentially inform strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts of industrialization and urbanization on the region's natural resources.

Mapping socio-environmental pressures to assess Portuguese soil vulnerability

Soil degradation has concerning impacts on ecosystem functions and biodiversity, decreasing essential processes such as food production or sustaining water quality. We studied eight soil threats to assess degradation processes: hydrogeological risks, soil sealing, salinization, desertification, contamination, compaction, erosion and decline in soil organic matter. A knowledge-based methodology was used measure the importance of 15 anthropogenic and environmental variables, with top weights of water availability (0.11), rate of land use change (0.09) and agricultural practices (0.09). Variables were combined into one additive model per threat to assess its distribution in Portugal. Merged soil threat vulnerability maps provided a spatial representation of the distribution of aggregated soil vulnerability, to find a 58% of moderate vulnerable soils where multiple threats coexist and are key for future management changes, a 32% of low vulnerable soils with reduced levels of soil threats, where temperature and precipitation are the main drivers of soil degradation and a 10% of highly vulnerable soils, which encompasses populated urban areas and rural civil parishes, where contamination and high rates of land turnover are the main drivers. Our maps can be used to make informed decisions on soil management and establish strategic policies for a sustainable use of land.

Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Evolution and Factors Influencing Ecological Land in Northwest Yunnan from the Perspective of Leading the Construction of a National Ecological Civilization

Yunnan Province has emerged as a trailblazer in fostering an ecological civilization, assuming a prominent and pioneering role as the vanguard of ecological conservation in the southwestern region of China. Within the expansive tapestry of Yunnan Province, the northwest region has assumed a pivotal and indispensable position in spearheading the advancement of ecological civilization. To unravel the intricate and complex dynamics at play, this investigation employed a comprehensive array of methodologies, encompassing the sophisticated land use transfer matrix, the dynamic degree of land use, the center-of-gravity migration model, and the standard deviation ellipse. These sophisticated approaches were employed to delve deeply into the nuanced characteristics of the spatiotemporal evolution of ecologically pristine land in northwest Yunnan, while meticulously exploring the multifaceted factors that have intricately shaped its trajectory. The research findings illuminated several pivotal domains: (1) In terms of quantitative transformations, a substantial conversion of vast grassland expanses into cultivated land transpired from 2000 to 2010, spanning an expansive territory of 1303 km2. The most significant transformations were observed between forested land and grassland (591.81 km2) and from cropland to built-up land (51.99 km2). (2) Turning our attention to the pace of transformation, a closer examination of the land use dynamic degree revealed that urban construction land exhibited the highest degree of dynamism throughout the study period, demonstrating an average annual growth rate of 3.89% from 2000 to 2010, followed by a more accelerated growth rate of 6.14% from 2010 to 2020. In terms of the comprehensive land use dynamic degree, the annual rates of land use change from 2000 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2020 were only 0.1% and 0.03%, respectively. These figures indicate a gradual and deliberate overall pace of land use change in the northwest region of Yunnan throughout the entire study period. (3) Regarding spatial transformations, between 2000 and 2010, there was a discernible southeastern displacement of the center of gravity for ecological land. However, from 2010 to 2020, the center of ecological land experienced a migration towards the northwest, covering an impressive migration distance of up to 48,657.35 m. Simultaneously, the index of biological abundance exhibited high values in the northwest and low values in the southeast, indicative of favorable ecological conditions in the northwest region. (4) An analysis of the influencing factors revealed that the adaptive and dynamic nature of social and economic factors played a pivotal role in shaping the alterations observed in the ecological landscape. The study of ecological land use in northwest Yunnan holds the potential to provide valuable support for the protection and sustainable utilization of regional ecological land use, thereby contributing to the consolidation of the ecological security barrier in southwestern Yunnan and the preservation of biodiversity.

ANALISIS PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI DAS BATANG TABIR KABUPATEN MERANGIN, PROVINSI JAMBI (Land Use Change Analysis in Batang Tabir Watershed Merangin Regency, Jambi Province)

A continuous land use change in a watershed will affect the hydrological characteristics of the watershed. The Batang Tabir watershed has experienced a decrease in its carrying capacity shown by an increase in the frequency of flooding and the area of flood inundation. This study analyzes the land use changes in the Batang Tabir watershed, Merangin Regency, Jambi Province. The data used are DEM, topographic maps, river network maps, and Landsat imagery. Analysis of land use change used the Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) and the accuracy of image interpretation was carried out through the Kappa accuracy test. The land use prediction using the ANN model. The results showed that the rate of land use change increased in secondary forests, built-up areas, agriculture, and open areas; primary forests, paddy fields, and shrubs continued to decline. It is predicted in the year 2030, the trend will be the same; the built-up areas, agriculture, and secondary forests will increase, while primary forests, paddy fields, shrubs, and open areas will decrease.

Ecological sensitivity study of the South-North Water Transfer central line water source area based on land use change

Land use change and ecological sensitivity studies are relevant to the dynamic stability of the overall regional ecological environment. In this study, Nanyang City, a South-North Water Transfer water source area, was used as the study area to analyse land use changes and landscape pattern changes in Nanyang City from 1990 to 2020 based on land use data. Hierarchical analysis (AHP method) was used and combined with six sensitivity factors to conduct a multi-factor comprehensive ecological sensitivity evaluation of Nanyang City. The results show that: (1) between 1990 and 2020, the transfer of water and construction land in Nanyang City was larger, increasing by 30.25% and 99.56% respectively, with a small decrease in the area of cultivated land and a small increase in the area of forest land; the overall rate of land use change in Nanyang City during the 30-year period was first slow and then fast. (2) At the level of patch types, the fragmentation of cultivated land and construction land is the highest; during the study period, the overall fragmentation of the study area tends to decrease; at the level of landscape, each landscape type develops in the direction of equilibrium. (3) The ecological sensitivity increases gradually from the urban cluster in the central plain area to the periphery, with the highly sensitive areas distributed in the water area, the medium sensitive areas in the mountainous area, and the low sensitive areas and insensitive areas in the cultivated land and town planning area.

Swelling Cities? Detecting China’s Urban Land Transition Based on Time Series Data

It is common to see urban land expansion worldwide, and its characteristics, mechanisms, and effects are widely known. As socio-economic transition and the change of land use policies may reverse the trend of urban expansion, in-depth research on the process of urban land use change is required. Through a process perspective, this paper reveals the change paths, development stages, and spatial patterns of urban residential land use with data from 323 cities in China from 2009 to 2016. The results show that: (1) theoretically, urban residential land use change can be divided into four development stages: an initial stage (Ⅰ), a rapid development stage (Ⅱ), a transition stage (Ⅲ), and a later stage of transition (Ⅳ). The rate of land use change is low—increase—decrease—approaching zero. (2) In about 68.7% of China’s cities, urban residential land is experiencing a transition, shifting from accelerating growth to decelerating growth. Given the distinctive transition process, it has been suggested that urban planning and land use policies should give timely responses to the new trends and spatial differences.

Land use change and its implications for biodiversity and jaguar conservation

Protected areas are frequently established to prevent declines in biodiversity, but their effectiveness in preserving biodiversity can depend on how land outside their borders is managed. We evaluated how land use changes from 1989 to 2016 in the Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT) landscape might affect the role of the RBSAT for conservation of biodiversity, with an emphasis on conservation of jaguars, a keystone species. We estimated the rate of land use change within and surrounding the RBSAT, a 215 km2 natural reserve in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, from 1989 to 2016 using supervised classifications of satellite imagery. We also analyzed the distribution of two GPS collared male jaguars. The RBSAT and surrounding landscape became increasingly fragmented and impacted by human use over the previous ca. 30 years. The largest increases were seen in infrastructure and intensive agriculture, while the largest decreases were seen in pasture, tropical deciduous forest, and secondary vegetation. Jaguars were located more frequently than expected in secondary vegetation, the most common cover class, which decreased from 34.8 % of the landscape to 32.1 % by 2016. Only 23 % of jaguar locations fell within the boundaries of the RBSAT, due to increases in preferred habitat attributes of jaguars and prey outside the Reserve. Increasing fragmentation compromises the RBSAT’s role as a biodiversity reserve, especially for interior-dependent species. Fragmentation and edge habitats in combination with increasing agriculture enhance suitability of the landscape surrounding the RBSAT for prey of jaguar, and only 23 % of jaguar locations were within the RBSAT itself. This increases the likelihood of jaguar-related conflicts in surrounding communities. Regional landscape planning should include policies that incentivize practices that maintain remaining larger habitat patches and minimize the likelihood of human-wildlife conflicts.

An expanding cityscape and its multi-scale effects on lizard distribution.

Urbanization results in complex and variable changes to environmental conditions, which translate to shifts in selection pressures for organisms. Size of a city as well as the intensity and extent of urbanization can synergistically influence how organisms are impacted. However, less is known about how landscape heterogeneity, rate of land-use change, and scale of urbanization affect species persistence. We evaluate the ways in which urbanization changes the environment and examine how some of these environmental factors influence the presence of the lizard Psammophilus dorsalis (Peninsular rock agama), in Bengaluru, India. Variability in environmental factors across the study area was characterised by measures of habitat composition and diversity, habitat connectivity, rate of habitat change, predation pressure, land surface temperature (LST) and artificial light at night (ALAN), that were derived from remotely sensed and citizen science data. Most of these factors showed high variance across two measures of urbanization: distance from city center and proportion of built-up area. Habitat diversity and ALAN were the only two factors that changed predictably and in a non-linear way, with distance from the city center and proportion of built-up area. We then used a multi-scale approach to examine the relative importance of some these environmental factors at the landscape scale, as well as additional factors at the microhabitat-scale, in predicting the presence and relative abundance of P. dorsalis respectively. At the landscape scale, LST, which is positively correlated with proportion of cropland, predicted lizard presence; whereas at the microhabitat scale, P. dorsalis was more likely to be found in sites with higher proportions of rocks. Overall, we demonstrate that urbanization can result in environmental predictors that do not vary linearly across the urbanization gradient. For the iconic rock agama, many of these environmental factors do not seem to be strong selection pressures that influence their distribution in the expanding cityscape. Whether this urban utilizer can continue to persist with increasing anthropogenic development is uncertain. To better understand drivers of species persistence, we emphasize the importance of quantifying urbanization across multiple axes, considering environmental factors that are relevant to species at different spatial and temporal scales.

Monitoring the Spatio-Temporal Changes of Non-Cultivated Land via Long-Time Series Remote Sensing Images in Xinghua

The amount of cultivated land per capita in China is relatively low, and the phenomenon of non-agricultural cultivated land (NACL) in recent years has negatively impacted the stability of grain production in China. In this study, long-time series images obtained via satellite remote sensing were used to monitor spatio-temporal changes in NACL at the county scale. Seven-phase images were acquired from 1990 to 2020 (every five years) using medium-resolution Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, and Sentinel MSI. Vegetation indices and texture features were extracted for all images. Terrain features such as slope, aspect and elevation were extracted from the DEM data. Combining vegetation index features, texture features, terrain features and multispectral bands, the image classification was performed using the random forest (RF) algorithm. The indices of classification accuracy assessment indices included overall accuracy (OA) and multiclass F-scores (F_m). Zonal statistics were used to calculate the area of cultivated land in towns for 1990 and 2020, and to create grades for the reduction of cultivated land. Finally, indicators including land use dynamic degree (LUDD), land use type change (LUTC) and land use change rate (LUCR) were adopted to reflect the spatio-temporal of NACL in the study area. The results show that RF classification algorithm achieves accurate and efficient land use extraction. The OA were greater than 86%, and the F_m were over 0.88. The cultivated land area in the study area showed decreasing trend. From 1990 to 2020, the ratio of cultivated land decreased from 59.75% to 50.21%. Meanwhile, the dynamic degree of cultivated land increased annually. The conversion of cultivated land into construction land was dominant, accounting for 31.84% of the total change in cultivated land over the past 30 years. This study also reveals that NACL is highly related to local economic and land-use policies. Multi-source remote sensing data have been used to quantitatively analyse the spatio-temporal changes in cultivated land conversion, providing a reference for relevant land management departments to master cultivated land use changes and adjust land management policies.

PERAN SUBAK DALAM MENGURANGI ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN DI KELURAHAN PENATIH, KOTA DENPASAR

Subak is a community organization that functions to regulate the distribution system of irrigation flows that irrigate each plot of rice fields. Based on data from the Denpasar City Agriculture Office, the area of ​​rice fields in 2017 reached 2,464 hectares. Then, in early 2018 it became 2,444 hectares, or shrunk by 20 hectares. Therefore the authors conducted research on; First, identify the role of subak in reducing land use change that occurs in Penatih Village with its 3 subaks included in the government program, namely sustainable subak; Second, investigate what factors can reduce land conversion in Denpasar City, especially in Penatih Village. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of subak in reducing land conversion in Penatih Village and the dominant factors that play a role in reducing the rate of land conversion. Using descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods, this study found that subak has an important role in reducing the rate of land use change. This can be seen from the mindset that Subak already knows what land is and land use change. From the technology of rice fields, it is also currently easier for Subak to manage agricultural land. Now, how can Subak apply the existing and mutually agreed upon awig - awig to reduce land conversion and plan to develop the existing potential so that the income of farmers will increase. The dominant factors that play a role in reducing land use change are the rice field technology factor from the mindset subsystem, the awig - awig factor and subak organization from the social subsystem, and the suitability of land and rice fields from the physical subsystem.

A framework linking biogeography and species traits to plant species vulnerability under global change in Mediterranean-type ecosystems

We review the roles that plant species traits and biogeography play in species’ exposure and vulnerability to decline or extinction under global change, focusing on separate and combined impacts of multiple threats – climate change, land-use change, and altered disturbance regimes. We establish a conceptual framework and research agenda for identifying the spatial characteristics of species ranges, as well as the life history and functional traits, that are associated with extinction risk for plant species with functional attributes emblematic of fire-prone, winter-precipitation Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs). MTEs worldwide are characterized by their high plant diversity and unique floras, historical and contemporary high rates of land use change, and strong interactions between climate, fire, and land use. We focus on the California Floristic Province (CFP), an MTE that is a global plant diversity hotspot, and show how our framework can be used to understand the relationships between vulnerability to multiple global change drivers, species traits, and biogeography. Vulnerability can be assessed across species using linked distribution and population models that forecast plant responses to global change scenarios. Our overarching hypothesis is that species-specific vulnerability to global change in MTEs is a function of interactions between species and spatial traits: the nature of this interaction will depend on the type of global change process.

Spatial Analysis Of Land Use Changes Towards Banjarbaru City's Regional Spatial Plan

Banjarbaru City is one of the cities in South Kalimantan Province which is developing quite rapidly from year to year. Hence, it is necessary to research and study changes in land use and their suitability with the city development plan. The purpose of this study is to examine changes in the area and types of land use changes in Banjarbaru City within a period of 8 years, from 2013 to 2021, determine the rate of land use change, and assess the suitability of land use changes to the applicable Banjarbaru City spatial plan. This research method is an overlay to see changes in land use and the suitability of changes in land use with the direction of spatial functions in the Regional Spatial Plan. The result of this research is that in an area of ​​16,414.00 ha (53.7%) there is a change in land use in Banjarbaru City in the period 2013-2021. The biggest land use changes are dry land agriculture, vacant land, wetland agriculture, housing, and villages. The use of dry land and agricultural land has the largest decrease in area, which is 15,090.71 ha or a decrease of 365.5%. The use of vacant land increased in an area of ​​14,715.684 hectares or an increase of almost 4 times. Wetland agriculture has decreased in an area which is reduced by 986.55 ha or decreased by 65.8%. The use of land for housing/residential in the form of housing or villages has also undergone considerable changes. The use of residential land has increased by 528.105 hectares (44.626%) and the village area to 444.32 ha (21.2%). The suitability of land use with the RTRW in Banjarbaru City is 16,742.86 ha (54.8%) categorized as appropriate, while an area of ​​13,779.69 ha (45.2%) is categorized as not in accordance with the applicable RTRW.