Entrainment Rate Research Articles

Cumulonimbus Clouds Convert a Smaller Fraction of CAPE into Kinetic Energy in a Warmer Atmosphere

Abstract This study investigates how entrainment’s diluting effect on cumulonimbus updraft buoyancy is affected by the temperature of the troposphere, which is expected to increase by the end of the century. A parcel model framework is constructed that allows for independent variations in the temperature (T), the entrainment rate ε, the free-tropospheric relative humidity (RH), and the convective available potential energy (CAPE). Using this framework, dilution of buoyancy is evaluated with T and RH independently varied and with CAPE either held constant or increased with temperature. When CAPE is held constant, buoyancy decreases as T increases, with parcels in warmer environments realizing substantially smaller fractions of their CAPE as kinetic energy (KE). This occurs because the increased moisture difference between an updraft and its surroundings at warmer temperatures drives greater updraft dilution. Similar results are found in midlatitude and tropical conditions when CAPE is increased with temperature. With the expected 6%–7% increase in CAPE per kelvin of warming, KE only increases at 2%–4% K−1 in narrow updrafts but tracks more closely with CAPE at 4%–6% in wider updrafts. Interestingly, the rate of increase in the KE with T becomes larger than that of CAPE when the later quantity increases at more than 10% K−1. These findings emphasize the importance of considering entrainment in studies of moist convection’s response to climate change, as the entrainment-driven dilution of buoyancy may partially counteract the influence of increases in CAPE on updraft intensity. Significance Statement Cumulonimbus clouds mix air with their surrounding environment through a process called entrainment, which controls how efficiently environmental energy is converted into upward speed in thunderstorm updrafts. Our research shows that warmer temperatures will exacerbate the moisture difference between cumulonimbus updrafts and their surroundings, leading to greater mixing and less efficient conversion of environmental energy into updraft speeds. This effect should be considered in future research that investigates how climate change will affect cumulonimbus clouds.

3D Hydrodynamic Simulations of Massive Main-sequence Stars. III. The Effect of Radiation Pressure and Diffusion Leading to a 1D Equilibrium Model

We present 3D hydrodynamical simulations of core convection with a stably stratified envelope of a 25 M ⊙ star in the early phase of the main sequence. We use the explicit gas-dynamics code PPMstar, which tracks two fluids and includes radiation pressure and radiative diffusion. Multiple series of simulations with different luminosities and radiative thermal conductivities are presented. The entrainment rate at the convective boundary, internal gravity waves in and above the boundary region, and the approach to dynamical equilibrium shortly after a few convective turnovers are investigated. We perform very long simulations on 8963 grids accelerated by luminosity boost factors of 1000, 3162 and 10,000. In these simulations, the growing penetrative convection reduces the initially unrealistically large entrainment. This reduction is enabled by a spatial separation that develops between the entropy gradient and the composition gradient. The convective boundary moves outward much more slowly at the end of these simulations. Finally, we present a 1D method to predict the extent and character of penetrative convection beyond the Schwarzschild boundary. The 1D model is based on a spherically averaged reduced entropy equation that takes the turbulent dissipation as input from the 3D hydrodynamic simulation and takes buoyancy and all other energy sources and sinks into account. This 1D method is intended to be ultimately deployed in 1D stellar evolution calculations and is based on the properties of penetrative convection in our simulations carried forward through the local thermal timescale.

Diagnosing tracer transport in convective penetration of a stably stratified layer

We use large-eddy simulations to study the penetration of a buoyant plume carrying a passive tracer into a stably stratified layer with constant buoyancy frequency. Using a buoyancy-tracer volume distribution, we develop a method for objectively partitioning plume fluid in buoyancy-tracer space into three regions, each of which corresponds to a coherent region in physical space. Specifically, we identify a source region where undiluted plume fluid enters the stratified layer, a transport region where much of the transition from undiluted to mixed fluid occurs in the plume cap and an accumulation region corresponding to a radially spreading intrusion. This method enables quantification of different measures of turbulence and mixing within each of the three regions, including potential energy and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates, an activity parameter and the instantaneous mixing efficiency. We find that the most intense buoyancy gradients lie in a thin layer at the cap of the penetrating plume. This provides the primary stage of mixing between plume and environment and exhibits a mixing efficiency around 50 %. Newly generated mixtures of environmental and plume fluid join the intrusion and experience relatively weak turbulence and buoyancy gradients. As the intrusion spreads radially, environmental fluid surrounding the intrusion is mixed into the intrusion with moderate mixing efficiency. This dominates the volume of environmental fluid entrained into the region containing plume fluid. However, the ‘strongest’ entrainment, as measured by the specific entrainment rate, is largest in the plume cap, where the most buoyant environmental fluid is entrained.

Aircraft Observations Reveal the Relationship Between Cumulus Entrainment Rate and Aerosol Loading

AbstractThe influence of entrainment, a key process characterized by the entrainment rate in cumulus parameterization, on aerosol‐cloud interactions has been widely recognized. However, despite qualitative links established between entrainment and aerosol loading, a quantitative relationship based on observational evidence remains elusive. This study utilizes aircraft observations of cumulus clouds during two field campaigns to determine the quantitative relationship between entrainment rate and aerosol loading. In both campaigns, the entrainment rate is negatively correlated with aerosol loading. It is speculated that increased aerosol loading enhances cloud edge droplet evaporation, which leads to increased buoyancy and vertical velocity within the cloud, thereby reducing the entrainment rate. Further analysis shows that the response of entrainment rate to aerosol perturbations is more significant in smaller cumulus clouds with weak buoyancy and less pronounced under opposite conditions. These findings shed new light on improving the description of aerosol‐cloud interactions in cumulus parameterizations.

Direct Entrainment as a Measure of Dilution

Abstract The turbulent transport of mass, energy, moisture, and momentum between the clouds and the surrounding environment plays a central role in determining the vertical structure of the troposphere. This article investigates the connection between net entrainment, defined here as the net transport of air into individual clouds, and net dilution, defined as the tendencies of passive tracers such as static energy or total water mixing ratio. Entrainment and detrainment rates for 2.6 × 106 individual cloud samples are obtained from a large-eddy simulation of shallow convective boundary layer atmosphere that explicitly calculates the turbulent fluxes across the cloud boundaries. The equations describing the tendencies of cloud mass and tracer concentrations are derived as a function of directly calculated entrainment and detrainment rates of the individual clouds, and used to calculate net entrainment and dilution rates. Directly calculated net entrainment and dilution rates agree well with cloud mass and tracer tendencies and give a dilution time scale of 13 min. In contrast, the traditional bulk-plume approximation overestimates the effect of entrainment and detrainment on the dilution of cloud field properties due to the differential tracer transport through the moist shell surrounding the cloud. Using direct measures of entrainment and detrainment for individual clouds separates different processes that influence the turbulent mass transport between the clouds and their environment.

Are Parameterized Entrainment Rates as Scale‐Dependent as Those Estimated From Cloud Resolving Model Simulations?

AbstractEntrainment rates at varying horizontal grid spacing were diagnosed and analyzed based on Large Eddy Model (LES) and Cloud Resolving Model (CRM) simulations of shallow and deep convection. Results show the estimated entrainment rates increase with increasing resolution, and the growth rate is roughly power‐law related to resolution. However, all commonly used parameterizations except for the buoyancy sorting scheme fail to reproduce the monotonic increase of entrainment with resolution, but rather a slight decrease instead. For these schemes, it is suggested the power‐law fitting formula derived from LES/CRM simulations can be used as a scaling function for high‐resolution entrainment correction. Preliminary tests show that the application of entrainment scaling largely reduces the parcel buoyancy and thus the convective available potential energy, favoring the reduction of parameterized convection at high resolution.

TEMPORAL LINEAR STABILITY OF A CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERIC PARCEL WITH AN AFFINE VELOCITY FIELD

In this article, we study the temporal linear stability of some class of convective atmospheric parcels, assuming an input affine velocity profile. The purpose is to compare the results to those obtained in our previous studies [1]. The assumption of an affine velocity profile led to the establishment of a satisfying base flow since the pressure is hydrostatic and the vertical gradient of the density is decreasing. Subsequently, the disturbance of our basic flow allowed us to obtain dispersion relations whose resolutions have given eigenfrequencies. Numerical analysis of these eigenfrequencies has shown that apparent gravity is not a destabilizing parameter, unlike the real gravity intensity and the entrainment rate, which are destabilizing parameters for the atmospheric cell in full ascent in the atmospheric boundary layer.

Processes Controlling the Entrainment and Liquid Water Response to Aerosol Perturbations in Nonprecipitating Stratocumulus Clouds

Abstract It has been widely reported that an increase in aerosol concentration in nonprecipitating clouds leads to a decrease in their liquid water path. Here, we examine the physical mechanisms that drive this response in both subtropical and Arctic stratocumulus clouds using large-eddy simulations and mechanism suppression tests. Three processes have been previously identified to contribute to the decrease, namely, the size dependency of evaporation, sedimentation, and radiation and all act to modulate the rate of entrainment of warm, dry air at the boundary layer top. We find that the liquid water path decrease is correlated with the increased entrainment, as expected, but that decrease is enhanced by a reduction in cloud radiative cooling. The reduced cloud radiative cooling can occur even though locally at cloud top, the radiative cooling rates are stronger and helping to enhance entrainment. We find that slower droplet sedimentation contributes to the increased entrainment and decreased liquid water in both cases. Faster evaporation caused directly by smaller, more numerous droplets decreases the liquid water path but does not necessarily increase the entrainment rate. On the other hand, stronger radiative cloud-top cooling caused directly by smaller droplets increases the entrainment as much as slower sedimentation does but does not decrease the liquid water path as much. In general, processes that either directly or indirectly increase radiative cooling at cloud top are more important in the Arctic case and processes that increase the evaporation rate are more important in the subtropical case.

Entrainment rate predictions of axis-symmetric non-swirling jets using free-jet-theory, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes modelling and large-eddy-simulations resolved up to Kolmogorov scale

Jet entrainment - relevant to mixers, sprays and combustion technologies - has been the subject of this work. We limit our considerations to air jets issued from convergent nozzles of diameter smaller than 25.4 mm, the nozzle exit Reynolds number in the range 30,000 to 100,000 and Mach numbers not exceeding 0.4. The emphasis is on jet self-similarity region (60 < x/d0 < 210) and the key question is with which accuracy can Computational Fluid Dynamics (RANS and LES) and free-jet theory predict jet entrainment. Seven jets have been considered.The realizable k-є model has outperformed the other models and provides the entrainment predictions within ±6 % margin from the measured data. The standard k-є and the Shear-Stress Transport (SST) k-ω models deliver entrainment figures which are larger than the measured data by 22 % – 24 % whilst predictions of either the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) or Re-Normalization Group (RNG) k-є models can be off (too large) by as much as 34 % and 40 %, respectively. Such a clarity in classification of turbulence models has been obtained after minimization of numerical related errors to a degree which was not achievable in the past. The Panchapakesan&Lumly's jet has been computed using the Large Eddy Simulations with the filter size of the order of Kolmogorov scale throughout the jet e.g. at the inlet, potential core and the far field. Excellent predictions of the jet spread rate, velocity profiles and the entrainment have been obtained at the expense of huge computational resources.The well-known engineering correlation m˙e/m0˙=0.32(x/d0) provides entrainment figures that are by 10 % or less larger than the measured values.

Numerical investigation of air entrainment and outlet temperature characteristics of an infrared suppression device with obstacles

Infrared suppression devices (IRS) are crucial for stealth capabilities of modern naval ships and fighter jets. This study numerically investigates the air entrainment and outlet temperature characteristics of an IRS device with conical and spherical obstacles using finite volume method, to solve continuity, momentum, energy, and eddy viscosity-based k-ε equations. We vary Reynolds number (Ren), blockage volume ratio (Vob/Vmf), funnel-overlap height (Hov/Dn), and the nozzle inlet temperature (Tin/Tinf) within the ranges of 3.23×105 to 1.914×106, 0 to 0.106, 0 to 0.653, and 1.243 to 2.577, respectively, to analyze their impacts on enhancement in air entrainment and attenuation in outlet temperature. We observed that the dimensional air entrainment rate monotonously increases with the Reynolds number, and the obstacles further improve air ingestion. The conical obstacle entrains 28.96% more air than the spherical obstacle at a same Reynolds number (Ren=3.225×105) and blockage ratio. The blockage ratio positively impacts on the air ingress; and the maximum air ingestion occurs at a blockage ratio of 0.0266. An IRS with the higher positive overlap-height of funnels promotes air ingress to suppress the outlet temperature. Within the studied overlap height range (0–0.49), air ingress is enhanced by 50% and 85.9%, respectively at Ren=3.225×105 and 1.914×106. At Ren=1.914×106, the IRS exhibits 1.67 times more air entrainment rate at Tin/Tinf=1.91 than at Tin/Tinf=1.2438.

Experimental Study on the Spray Characteristics of Diesel and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) Fuels under Different Injection Pressures

This investigation employed the diffused back-illumination (DBI) technique to analyze the spray characteristics of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) fuel at three injection pressures and compared them with conventional diesel fuel. The results showed that as the injection pressure increased, the peak injection rates of both the HVO and diesel increased. At injection pressures above 120 MPa, the injection rates of both fuels were nearly identical, though differences were observed at lower pressures. Increasing the injection pressure reduced the injection delay. The HVO fuel exhibited a shorter spray tip penetration, lower equivalence ratio, larger spray angle, and spray volume, but its spray angle stability was lower than that of diesel. The ambient gas entrainment rate primarily occurred in two stages, significantly influenced by the spray breakup development stage. For diesel sprays, the injection pressure mainly affected the equivalence ratio near the nozzle with minimal downstream impact. Dent’s model provided better predictions of the penetration distance for diesel, while Hiroyasu’s model was more accurate in predicting the penetration distance of the HVO at 120 MPa and 180 MPa. Inagaki’s model performed better in predicting the spray angle for diesel, whereas Hiroyasu’s model was more accurate for the HVO spray angle predictions. Through this research, a better understanding of the spray characteristics of green fuels will be achieved, providing a reference for the design and optimization of new generation engines.

Estimating the benefits of floodplain restoration to juvenile Chinook salmon in the upper San Francisco Estuary, United States, under future climate scenarios

Many river systems within the Central Valley of California have been disconnected from their floodplains, hypothesized to be partially responsible for declining Chinook salmon populations (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). The primary floodplain of the system, Yolo By‐Pass (known regionally as “Yolo Bypass”), offered an opportunity to examine whether improved connectivity between the floodplain and river could limit negative climate change effects on salmon populations. Specifically, the top of the floodplain (Fremont Weir) is being modified to provide Sacramento River Chinook salmon better access to floodplain rearing habitat. We estimated restoration effects on the Yolo By‐Pass flood regime now and under future climate scenarios using flow rating curves. Additionally, we used temperature and flow‐specific effects on Chinook salmon population dynamics within the Yolo By‐Pass and Sacramento River complex to describe how the restoration project and climate change may interact to affect juvenile Chinook salmon biomass production. Our results indicate that the Fremont Weir restoration project will extend the frequency, timing, and duration of Yolo By‐Pass flooding. Our production model indicates that the modification will result in greater salmon entrainment rates into the Yolo By‐Pass, where salmon growth rates, survival rates, and biomass production were higher when compared to the Sacramento River main stem. The project appears to benefit all regional runs of Chinook salmon, which should help support life history diversity. Our results suggest that the weir modification should benefit native fish from the Central Valley that use floodplain habitat and that these benefits may be resilient to challenges created by a changing climate.

Evaluation of a New Approach for Entrainment and Detrainment Rate Estimation

AbstractEntrainment and detrainment rates (ε and δ) constitute the most critical free parameters in mass flux schemes commonly employed for cumulus parameterizations. Recently, Zhu et al. (2021) introduced a new approach that utilizes aircraft observations to simultaneously estimate ε and δ for cumulus clouds, overcoming the limitation of other observation‐based approaches that solely yield ε without offering insights into δ. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the reliability of this new approach. First, evaluation using an Explicit Mixing Parcel Model demonstrates the capability of the new approach to back‐calculate predetermined ε and δ based on the physical properties before and after the entrainment mixing. Second, evaluation using large‐eddy simulations illustrates that the new approach yields consistent ε and δ profiles compared to the traditional approach. Sensitivity tests indicate a weak sensitivity of the estimated δ with the new approach to the entrained air source. A decrease in the proportion of cloudy air in the assumed detrained air leads to a reduction in the estimated δ, while ε remains unaffected. Finally, the most appropriate assumptions for entrained and detrained air are discussed. Estimating ε for cumulus parameterizations involves acquiring ambient air more than 500 m away from the cloud edge as entrained air. Due to implicit mean field approximations in the traditional approach, determining the optimal assumption for detrained air properties proves challenging. This study confirms the reliability of the new approach in estimating ε and δ, providing confidence in its application to extensive observational data and advancement in parameterization.

Enrichment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids on Sea Spray Aerosol in Laboratory Experiments: The Role of Dissolved Organic Matter, Air Entrainment Rate and Inorganic Ion Composition

Enrichment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids on Sea Spray Aerosol in Laboratory Experiments: The Role of Dissolved Organic Matter, Air Entrainment Rate and Inorganic Ion Composition

Modeling and simulation of air-water upward annular flow characteristics in a vertical tube using CFD

Annular flow refers to a special type of two-phase flow pattern in which liquid flows as a thin film at the periphery of a pipe, tube, or conduit, and gas with relatively high velocity flows at the center of the flow section. This gas also includes dispersed liquid droplets. The liquid film flow rate continuously changes inside the tube due to two processes-entrainment and deposition. To determine the liquid holdup, pressure drop, the onset of dryout, and heat transfer characteristics in annular flow, it is important to have proper knowledge of flow characteristics. Especially a better understanding of entrainment fraction is important for the heat transfer and safe operation of two-phase flow systems operating in an annular two-phase flow regime. Therefore, the objective of this work is to develop a computational model for the simulation of the annular two-phase flow regime and assess the various existing models for the entrainment rate. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in ANSYS FLUENT has been applied to determine annular flow characteristics such as liquid film thickness, film velocity, entrainment rate, deposition rate, and entrainment fraction for various gas-liquid flow conditions in a vertical upward tube. The gas core with droplets was simulated using the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) which is based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. The Eulerian Wall Film (EWF) model was utilized to simulate liquid film on the tube wall. Three different models of Entrainment rate were implemented and assessed through user-defined functions (UDF) in ANSYS. Finally, entrainment for fully developed flow was determined and compared with the experimental data available in the literature. From the simulations, it was obtained that the Bertodano correlation performed best in predicting entrainment fraction and the results were within the ±30 % limit when compared to experimental data.

Impact of wave action on the entrainment rate and droplet size of oil

Oil dispersed on the water surface undergoes fragmentation into droplets, subsequently entering the water column under wave action. The oil entrainment rate and the droplet size distribution (DSD) significantly influence the subsequent migration and transformation of oil in the water column. A wave tank system was employed to investigate the impact of wave action on oil entrainment rate and DSD. The experimental results revealed that increased wave height and wave frequency facilitated the entry of oil into the water column and fragmented it into dispersed droplets. Relationships between oil entrainment rate and energy dissipation, as well as DSD, were established and supported by mathematical regression analyses. Non-linear regression analysis indicated that the cumulative frequency distribution of DSD adhered to the Log-Normal and Rosin-Rammler distributions. These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of natural oil dispersion and subsea transport, valuable for estimating the origin of oil spills.

A Case Study Featuring the Time Evolution of a Fire‐Induced Plume Jet Over the Rum Creek Fire: Mechanisms, Processes, and Dynamical Interplay

AbstractResults are presented from the Rum Creek fire during the California Fire Dynamics Experiment (CalFiDE). An instrumented payload aboard the NOAA Twin Otter (TO) aircraft, which included a scanning micro‐pulsed Doppler lidar (DL) and in situ chemistry packages, was used to address the evolution of a buoyant plume jet (BPJ) and transport dynamics over the southwest corner of the fire between 09/01/2022 and 09/02/2022. An approach previously developed to isolate updrafts was modified to account for the Gaussian core structure when addressing the evolution of the updraft, plume‐top entrainment, lateral entrainment, and the role of fire‐atmosphere interactions on the characteristics of the BPJ during four overpasses. A persistent cross‐valley flow leading up to the BPJ was observed for all four overpasses, with flow enhancement during the second overpass that coincided with changes in the BPJ structure and turbulence characteristics surrounding the BPJ. Length scales and entrainment rates were estimated at the lateral edges and the top of the plume. In the case of the latter, an analytical form of the BPJ profile above the vertical velocity maximum of the updraft was derived using a simplified form of the vertical momentum equation following a partial budget analysis that accounted for plume‐top entrainment and the boundary layer (BL) inversion. Velocity core strength and characteristics were analyzed away from the updraft with similar relationships between depth‐to‐widths of velocity cores found in a forthcoming study focused on wildfire plumes.

Physics schemes in the first version of NCEP operational hurricane analysis and forecast system (HAFS)

This document summarizes the physics schemes used in two configurations of the first version of the operational Hurricane Analysis and Forecast System (HAFSv1) at NOAA NCEP. The physics package in HAFSv1 is the same as that used in NCEP global forecast system (GFS) version 16 except for an additional microphysics scheme and modifications to sea surface roughness lengths, boundary layer scheme, and the entrainment rate in the deep convection scheme. Those modifications are specifically designed for improving the simulation of tropical cyclones (TCs). The two configurations of HAFSv1 mainly differ in the adopted microphysics schemes and TC-specific modifications in addition to model initialization. Experiments are made to highlight the impacts of TC-specific modifications and different microphysics schemes on HAFSv1 performance. Challenges and developmental plans of physics schemes for future versions of operational HAFS are discussed.

Overestimated Fog-Top Entrainment in WRF Simulation Leading to Unrealistic Dissipation of Sea Fog: A Case Study

Entrainment at the top of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is of significant importance because it controls the upward growth of the PBL height. An option called ysu_topdown_pblmix, which provides a parameterization of fog-top entrainment, has been proposed for valley fog modeling and introduced into the YSU (Yonsei University) PBL scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. However, enabling this option in simulations of sea fog over the Yellow Sea typically results in unrealistic dissipation near the fog bottom and even within the entire fog layer. In this study, we theoretically examine the composition of the option ysu_topdown_pblmix, and then argue that one term in this option might be redundant for sea-fog modeling. The fog-top variables are employed in this term to determine the basic entrainment in the dry PBL, which is already parameterized by the surface variables in the original YSU PBL scheme. This term likely leads to an overestimation of the fog-top entrainment rate, so we refer to it as redundant. To explore the connection between the redundant term and unrealistic dissipation, a widespread sea-fog episode over the Yellow Sea is employed as a case study based on the WRF model. The simulation results clearly attribute the unrealistic dissipation to the extra entrainment rate that the redundant term induces. Fog-top entrainment is unexpectedly overestimated due to this extra entrainment rate, resulting in a significantly drier and warmer bias within the interior of sea fog. When sea fog develops and reaches a temperature lower than the sea surface, the sea surface functions as a warming source to heat the fog bottom jointly with the downward heat flux brought by the fog-top entrainment, leading the dissipation to initially occur near the fog bottom and then gradually expand upwards. We suggest a straightforward method to modify the option ysu_topdown_pblmix for sea-fog modeling that eliminates the redundant term. The improvement effect of this method was supported by the results of sensitivity tests. However, more sea-fog cases are required to validate the modification method.

Evaluation of COSMO-CLM Model Parameter Sensitivity in the Study of Extreme Events across the Eastern Region of India

The present study aims to identify the parameters from the Consortium for Small-scale Modelling in CLimate Mode (COSMO-CLM) regional climate model that strongly controls the prediction of extreme events over West Bengal and the adjoining areas observed between 2013 to 2018. Metrics, namely Performance Score (PS) screen out the most persuasive parameter on model output. Additionally, the Performance Index (PI) measure the reliability of the model and Skill Score (SS) establishes the model performance against the reference simulation leading to the optimization of the model for a given variable. In this study, parameter screening for four output variables such as 2m-temperature, surface latent heat flux, precipitation and cloud cover of COSMO-CLM is accomplished. For heat wave simulations, 2m-temperature and surface latent heat flux are explored whereas cloud cover and precipitation are examined for extreme rainfall events. A total of 25 adjustable parameters representing the following parameterization schemes: turbulence, land surface process, microphysics, convection, radiation and soil. Out of the six parameterization schemes, the scaling factor of the laminar boundary layer for heat (rlam_heat) and the ratio of laminar scaling factors for heat over sea and land (rat_sea) from the land surface process is sensitive to SLH, TP. The exponent to get the effective surface area (e_surf) from the land surface has a large impact on 2m-temperature. A few parameters from microphysics (cloud ice threshold for auto conversion), convection (mean entrainment rate for shallow convection) and radiation (parameter for computing the amount of cloud cover in saturated conditions) play a significant role in producing TP, and TCC fields. It is evident from the results that the parameter sensitivities on model performance depend on the choice of the meteorological field. Furthermore, in almost all input model parameters, the model performance reveals the opposite character in different domains for a given meteorological field.