Condensation Rate Research Articles

Development and evaluation of a hybrid membrane condenser for water recovery from cooling tower plume

Cooling towers discharge a tremendous amount of water vapor from industries into the atmosphere. Recovering this water will increase efficiency, contribute to water security and industrial sustainability. Thus, suitable technology is needed. This study investigates the feasibility of a microporous hydrophobic propylene membrane to recover water from an artificial humid gas, representing water vapor from a cooling tower. Water was used as a cooling medium in the permeate side of the membrane module. Experimental results showed that water vapor condensed on the surface of the membrane on the feed and the permeate sides. Thus, the membrane module worked as a conventional membrane condenser (MCo) and a transport membrane condenser (TMC) simultaneously, resulting in high water recovery, reaching up to four times that of the TMC mode alone. Key factors influencing rate of condensation and water recovery, such as feed velocity and cooling water temperature, are thoroughly investigated. As feed velocity increased, the rate of condensation also increased, but the water recovery decreased. Lowering the cooling water temperature increased the rate of condensation as well as the water recovery. The results show a maximum water recovery of 75 % under optimal conditions, highlighting the novel and improved performance of the proposed configuration for water vapor recovery from cooling tower plumes compared to previous MCo studies.

Visualization study of condensate coverage characteristics on aerosol-deposited walls with different inclination angles

The radioactive aerosols deposited wash-down by condensate on walls in containment is one of the pathways for radioactive migration. Condensate film coverage is critical to the transport properties of aerosol particles during wash-down. In this paper, an experimental study was carried out to visualize the processes of condensation and aerosol wash-down on an aerosol-containing wall. The evolutionary pattern of condensate was observed in the experiment. Variations in condensate coverage on walls with different inclination angles of 0°, 0.4°, 2°, 30°, and 90° were noted. The effect of coverage on aerosol removal efficiency was also analyzed based on the results. Experimental results show that wall coverage on horizontal (0°) or quasi-horizontal walls (0.4°) is close to 100 %. For inclined or vertical walls, under the influence of thermal capillary forces, rivulets are the main forms of condensate coverage, with the maximum area that can be covered by rivulets being about 2/3 of the wall area. The experimental results show that the removal efficiency of aerosol during washing will be higher than the coverage rate of condensate. In the experiments, both condensation rate and aerosol loading tended to promote the spreading of condensate.

Numerical investigation of soot formation in methane/n-heptane laminar diffusion flame doped with hydrogen at elevated pressure

The addition of hydrogen in a dual-fuel mode based on natural gas and diesel offers great potential for improving engine efficiency and reducing emissions. Therefore, detailed numerical simulations have been used to explore the effects of soot formation characteristics of natural gas-diesel dual-fuel engines doped by hydrogen at elevated pressure. Numerical simulations are compared with available experimental data, the effects of H2 addition on soot formation in laminar CH4 + n-heptane, H2 + CH4 + n-heptane, FH2 + CH4 + n-heptane diffusion flames at 2, 4, 6 and 8 atm are simulated, FH2 is added to separate the H2 chemical effects. The results show that the dilution and thermal effects of H2 inhibit soot formation, while the chemical effects of H2 promote soot formation under different pressures. The addition of H2 increases the concentration of H and OH radicals, which promotes the formation of C2H2 and benzene (A1). By simplifying the reaction path and analyzing the production rate of A1, the mechanism of H2 addition to promote A1 formation is illustrated. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pyrene (A4), benzo(ghi)fluoranthene (BGHIF) and benzo(a)pyrene (BAPYR) are inhibited at higher pressures that result in lower inception and condensation rates. Therefore, the increase of hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition (HACA) rate is the main reason for the increase of soot formation under chemical effects. While the O2 oxidation rate decreases and the OH oxidation rate increases, that is due to the decrease of O2 concentration and the increase of OH concentration in the soot formation area under chemical effects.

Influence of wall temperature on condensation rate in duct flow of humid air: a comprehensive computational study

Influence of wall temperature on condensation rate in duct flow of humid air: a comprehensive computational study

Assessment of thermoeconomic and thermoenvironmental impacts of a novel solar desalination system using a heat pump, evacuated tubes, cover cooling, and ultrasonic mist

Various desalination methods have been introduced to address the growing demand for freshwater. Among these methods, solar stills have emerged as one of the simplest approaches. However, their performance has been hindered by low reliability, particularly due to heavy reliance on solar energy year-round. Addressing this issue, this study presents a novel and reliable solar desalination unit incorporating an evacuated tube water solar heater as a heat collector and a 250 W heat pump unit for condensation. Additionally, ultrasonic atomizers are integrated to facilitate vapor generation and accelerate its separation from the hot water fed into the desalination unit. The research commences with the selection of the optimal number of atomizers, followed by a comprehensive analysis encompassing environmental, economic, exergy, and energy (4E) considerations for the system with the optimal atomizer configuration. Furthermore, cover cooling is implemented to enhance condensation rates. Results indicate that the system, equipped with a single atomizer, yields 19.565 L/m2 per day of distilled water, with daily energy and exergy efficiencies of 62.39 % and 6.04 %, respectively. Following cover cooling, the system achieves production of 20.95 L/m2 of distilled water per day, accompanied by energy and exergy efficiencies of 65.48 % and 6.67 %, respectively. These improvements represent enhancements in freshwater production, energy efficiency, and exergy efficiency by 431.7 %, 57.82 %, and 74.61 %, respectively. Additionally, the system demonstrates a cost reduction of 14.36 % and a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions by 11.17 tons CO2, underscoring its economic and environmental benefits.

Development of a laboratory complex for measuring the condensation of atmospheric water vapors

This article presents the results of an experimental study of multiphase flows focusing on the influence of convective condensation of atmospheric water vapour on heat and mass transfer. The primary emphasis is on developing a laboratory setup capable of directly measuring the condensation rate of atmospheric water vapour on a water surface. Such an approach provides the opportunity to obtain more precise and reliable data on convective condensation and its impact on the water balance under various conditions. The experimental results revealed a nonlinear relationship between the condensation rate and the moisture excess, which differs from the linear relationship described by Dalton's law. This deviation was thoroughly examined, and a linear relationship between downward molecular flows and the forces induced by differences in relative humidity concentrations in the convective layer was proposed. The estimated average values of the condensation rate obtained in the experiments were 0.017 L/m²·hour, which, according to estimations, accounts for the condensation flux of water from the atmosphere to the ocean, consistent with the precipitation-evaporation balance in the land-ocean water balance. This information helps to more accurately determine the role of convective condensation in the water balance, contributing to refining assessments of water balance components in various watersheds. The results of this study have practical significance for hydrologists, climatologists, and experts in thermohydraulics and energy engineering. The proposed approaches and methods for measuring convective condensation of atmospheric water vapour can be applicable in various engineering systems and technologies to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of water balance calculations and forecasts.

Enhancement in Heat Transfer Performance of Water Vapor Condensation on Graphene-Coated Copper Surfaces: A Molecular Dynamics Study.

The condensation of water vapor plays a crucial role in various applications, including combating water scarcity. In this study, by employing molecular dynamics simulations, we delved into the impact of graphene coatings on water vapor condensation on copper surfaces. Unique to this work was the exploration of various levels of graphene coverage and distribution, a facet largely unexplored in prior investigations. The findings demonstrated a notable increase in the rate of water vapor condensation and heat transfer performance as the graphene coverage was reduced. Using graphene coverages of 84%, 68%, and 52%, the numbers of condensed water molecules were 664, 735, and 880 molecules/ns, respectively. One of the most important findings was that when using the same graphene coverage of 68%, the rate of water vapor condensation and heat transfer performance increased as the graphene coating became more distributed. The overall performance of the water condensation correlated well with the energy and vibrational interaction between the graphene and the copper. This phenomenon suggests how a hybrid surface can enhance the nucleation and growth of a droplet, which might be beneficial for tailoring graphene-coated copper surfaces for applications demanding efficient water vapor condensation.

Experimental Investigation of Single Slope Solar Still by Varying Water Depth and with External Reflector

Solar distillation converts salt water into drinkable water, requiring minimal maintenance and energy-saving. However, the desalination process has drawbacks because the system's slow evaporation and condensation rate leads to low freshwater output. Consequently, this method is not widely utilized due to its limited productivity. To address this issue, the study's primary aim was to enhance the productivity of the single-slope solar still. This was achieved by altering the water depth from 3 cm to 6 cm and incorporating an external reflector. The experiments were conducted in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India (11.0168° N, 76.9558° E), with a condensing cover inclined at 11 degrees. The research occurred on varying days between October and November 2023, with water depths ranging from 3 to 6 cm. A comprehensive analysis investigated the influence of different factors on daily production, such as ambient temperature, solar intensity, and inner and outer glass temperatures. The experimental results indicate that the solar still with a single basin, operating at a water depth of 3 cm, achieved the highest water productivity (2.68 L/day) and displayed the best efficiency (30.52%) compared to 4, 5, and 6cm depths. Furthermore, incorporating an external reflector into the solar system still demonstrated a notable elevation in temperature, resulting in a significant boost in water productivity of 3.085 liters per day. This improvement also led to an increase in efficiency of 35.1%.

Effect of 2-butanone addition to ethylene fuel on soot formation in counterflow diffusion flames using newly proposed soot model

An improved consistent soot model is proposed and applied to evaluate the effect of 2-butanone addition (10 % to 50 % on a volume basis represented as case 1 to case 5) to ethylene fuel on soot formation using a counterflow burner configuration. The predictive capability of the suggested soot model is verified by assessing its performance against existing experimental data on soot formation (SF) configuration-type ethylene counterflow flames at diverse strain rates and various fuel additives. The proposed soot model comprises 55 inception reactions with temperature-dependent collision efficiency and 10 condensation reactions from 10 PAH species (from naphthalene to larger PAHs up to coronene), including modified HACA surface growth and oxidation reactions. 2-butanone is produced as a byproduct during the pyrolysis of biomass and the microbiological fermentation of agricultural waste. It holds various benefits as a prospective biofuel for spark ignition (SI) engines. Limited information exists regarding its sooting characteristics due to a lack of available soot measurements. The simulations are conducted for the soot formation (SF) type counterflow flames with a fixed fuel and oxidizer jet velocity. The proposed soot model can effectively replicate both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the experimental trends and shows a better agreement than the existing models available in the literature. The soot volume fraction (SVF) and the particle number density (PND) decrease with increasing the 2-butanone concentration in the binary fuel mixture. The PAH concentration decreases with increasing 2-butanone addition in the fuel mixture. The peak SVF and the maximum temperature are reduced by ∼22.7 % and ∼3.6 %, with a 40 % increase in the 2-butanone portion in the fuel mixture from case 1 to case 5. Increasing the 2-butanone content in the fuel mixture decreases the inception rate, HACA rate, and condensation rate while it increases the oxidation rate.

Experimental and computational modeling analysis of double slope solar still with a trapezoidal channel for preheating

In specific locations in India, water scarcity is an important issue, therefore several efforts are made to produce treated water so that rural and urban areas have access to safe and sustainable drinking water. The solar still method is the most affordable water purification option available in these hot areas. This research aims to enhance the performance of passive double-slope solar stills by analyzing the effects of preheated water on evaporation and yield rates. A new method was adopted to maintain the lowest water depth in the basin of a solar still by using a channel attachment to move the feed water. Additionally, the study investigates the impact of a trapezoidal channel attachment within the solar still, a first-time innovation, on its efficiency and yield rate. Computational fluid dynamics and experimental data collected on February 10, 2024, in Kattankulathur was analyzed to assess temperature variations and yield rates. A three-dimensional full-scale simulation was carried out using Ansys Fluent with a two-phase (evaporation and condensation) model, where the flow in the channels of the rate varied from 0.87 × 10-4 to 5.21 × 10-4 Ls−1 and the highest yield is achieved at flow rate of 1.74 × 10-4 Ls−1. The accuracy of the simulation technique was evaluated by comparing it to experimental data, and found a good match. The results demonstrated that solar still with trapezoidal channels significantly increased the overall yield rate. Optimal performance was achieved under specific environmental conditions, with a cumulative yield of 2.45 Lm−2 at a basin water depth of 10 mm, marking a 37.64 % increase over the conventional solar still. Economic analysis indicated a reduction in the payback period to 299 days, affirming the system’s cost-effectiveness. The trapezoidal channel design is limited to a cross-section of 10 mm2, and positioned at a 17° angle on the middle sidewall to minimize the shadow formation on the basin of still and maintain high yield and evaporation–condensation rates. The novelty of this work is to integrate trapezoidal channels on the double slope solar still and to optimize its design and flow rate to maximize the overall production.

Selection of ideal emissivity spectrum for radiative cooling and its application in water harvesting

Radiative cooling, a novel cooling technology for condensation water harvesting without energy input, offers a promising solution to the water scarcity. According to the actual locations and atmospheric conditions, selecting the ideal radiative cooling spectrum is crucial to achieve improved condensation efficiency. In this work, we analyze the condensation rate and condensation power in the southern, middle and northern China with three ideal radiative cooling emitters, namely, 4-infinite, single-window, and double-window emitter. Depending on variations in temperature, relative humidity, or the heat transfer coefficient, an optimal emitter can be selected based on the calculated boundary conditions and differences in condensation rate. Meanwhile, three multilayer design of 4-infinite emitter, double-window emitter and single-window emitter are developed using the memetic algorithm. Their emissivity aligns well with the impedance theory. They are then applied to a case study that assesses condensed water collection in Hangzhou, utilizing real-time atmospheric and environmental data in the whole year. Regarding the all-day dew collection, the average daily water generation per week in Hangzhou can be up to 256.94 mLm−2. For the solar water purification, the average condensation rate throughout the year is 1.956 Lm−2hour−1 withh=10Wm−2K−1. Our findings demonstrate that the multilayer design significantly enhances the water harvesting. Hence, our research provides valuable insights for selecting suitable ideal radiative coolers for water harvesting in specific atmospheric conditions and geographical locations.

Design and Performance Analysis of a Small-Scale Prototype Water Condensing System for Biomass Combustion Flue Gas Abatement

This article outlines the design and performance of a flue gas condensation system integrated with a biomass combustion plant. The system comprises a biomass plant fuelled by wood chips, generating flue gases. These gases are condensed via a double heat exchanger set-up, extracting water and heat to reduce concentrations of CO, CO2, and NOx while releasing gases at a temperature close to ambient temperature. The 100 kW biomass plant operates steadily, consuming 50 kg of wood chips per hour with fuel energy of 18.98 MJ/kg. Post combustion, the gases exit at 430 °C and undergo two-stage cooling. In the first stage, gases are cooled in a high-temperature tube heat exchanger, transferring heat to air. They then enter the second stage, a flue gas/water heat exchanger, recovering sensible and latent thermal energy, which leads to water condensation. Flue gas is discharged at approximately 33 °C. Throughout, parameters like the flue gas temperatures, mass flow, fuel consumption, heat carrier temperatures, and water condensation rates were monitored. The test results show that the system can condense water from flue gas at 75 g/min at 22 °C while reducing pollutant emissions by approximately 20% for CO2, 19% for CO, 30% for NO, and 26% for NOx.

Mitigating low-temperature corrosion in flue-gas heat exchangers for improving thermal storage efficiency in geothermal power plants

Geothermal energy is a renewable and stable energy source that plays a crucial role in providing heat. However, underground sulfur fumes have been restricting the heat exchange and storage rate for years. Accurately predicting the condensation of acidic substances of flue gas heat exchangers is crucial in geothermal heat storage. In this paper, Acid and water vapor have been firstly utilized to forecast the deposition of acidic substances on the heat exchanger’s surface. Utilizing gas–liquid equilibrium data of H2SO4-H2O solution and multi-component transport theory, a numerical model has been developed to analyze the impact of acidic deposition and corrosion characteristics. The results shown a correlation between the distribution of acidic substances deposition within heat exchanger and temperature distribution. When water vapor volume fraction increased from 3 % to 18 %, there was a corresponding increase of acid condensation rate on surface. Specifically, the condensation rate increased by 9.6 %, 16.1 %, and 21.8 % respectively under the flow rates of 5 m/s, 8 m/s, and 10 m/s, while the acid mass fraction decreased by 22.4 %, 20.7 %, and 20.1 % respectively. Acidic substances predominantly deposit in specific areas of the heat exchanger. Moreover, Water vapor content increasing can lead to reduction deposition of acidic substances, this may be a potential method to reduce loss of heat exchanger and increase heat storage. These findings offer a significant step forward heat exchanger technology and geothermal energy application.

Fate of oscillating homogeneous ℤ2-symmetric scalar condensates in the early Universe

Dark matter, if represented by a ℤ2-symmetric scalar field, can manifest as both particles and condensates. In this paper, we study the evolution of an oscillating homogeneous condensate of a ℤ2-symmetric scalar field in a thermal plasma in an FLRW universe. We focus on the perturbative regime where the oscillation amplitude is sufficiently small so that parametric resonance is inefficient. This perturbative regime necessarily comprises the late stage of the condensate decay and determines its fate. The coupled coarse-grained equations of motion for the condensate, radiation, and spacetime are derived from first principles using nonequilibrium quantum field theory. We obtain analytical expressions for the relevant microscopic quantities that enter the equations of motion and solve the latter numerically. We find that there is always a nonvanishing relic abundance for a condensate with a ℤ2 symmetry that is not spontaneously broken. This is because its decay rate decreases faster than the Hubble parameter at late times due to either the amplitude dependence or the temperature dependence in the condensate decay rate. Consequently, accounting for the condensate contribution to the overall dark matter relic density is essential for ℤ2 scalar singlet dark matter.

Influence of precursor aging and condensation progression on silica thin films grown by electrochemically induced sol-gel deposition

Electrochemically induced sol-gel enables the fast synthesis of functional oxide coatings. In the case of silica, the condensation reaction can be catalysed by electrogenerated hydroxides. Using this technique, highly organized nanostructured thin films can be deposited onto conductive substrates by combining structure-directing templates with the electrochemically induced silica sol-gel process that occurs locally at the electrode surface. This specific template-directed process, called electrochemically assisted self-assembly (EASA), utilizes a sol-gel precursor solution optimized for a minimal spontaneous condensation (and gelation) rate in the absence of an electrochemical trigger. Despite the slow kinetics of the condensation reaction, the solution remains unstable and some incipient condensation reactions will still occur over time, continuously modifying the Si(IV) precursor solution. In this work, we discuss how precursor's aging affects the deposition rate and the properties of the deposited coatings. Two distinct aging effects are observed: an aging effect which occurs over time and an aging effect which occurs through electrochemical activation during preceding depositions. Both these aging effects result in accelerated film growth rates, up to 200 × faster than the deposition rate from a fresh precursor solution. Additionally, it was observed that time aging yields less resistive, weaker films, while electrochemical aging leads to films which retain similar properties as films grown using fresh precursor solutions. The time aging effect could be inhibited by storing the precursor solution at -35 °C. These observations are explained based on the different condensation pathways during acidic and alkaline condensation, which is known to yield inherently different silica oligomer products. The results and insights described here contribute to upscaling the electrochemical sol-gel process for mesoporous silica films and provides further fundamental insights into the underlying silica condensation reactions.

Angle between DNA linker and nucleosome core particle regulates array compaction revealed by individual-particle cryo-electron tomography

The conformational dynamics of nucleosome arrays generate a diverse spectrum of microscopic states, posing challenges to their structural determination. Leveraging cryogenic electron tomography (cryo-ET), we determine the three-dimensional (3D) structures of individual mononucleosomes and arrays comprising di-, tri-, and tetranucleosomes. By slowing the rate of condensation through a reduction in ionic strength, we probe the intra-array structural transitions that precede inter-array interactions and liquid droplet formation. Under these conditions, the arrays exhibite irregular zig-zag conformations with loose packing. Increasing the ionic strength promoted intra-array compaction, yet we do not observe the previously reported regular 30-nanometer fibers. Interestingly, the presence of H1 do not induce array compaction; instead, one-third of the arrays display nucleosomes invaded by foreign DNA, suggesting an alternative role for H1 in chromatin network construction. We also find that the crucial parameter determining the structure adopted by chromatin arrays is the angle between the entry and exit of the DNA and the corresponding tangents to the nucleosomal disc. Our results provide insights into the initial stages of intra-array compaction, a critical precursor to condensation in the regulation of chromatin organization.

Effect of patterned condensation surface on the performance of a newly designed basin-type solar desalination unit

Evaporative solar desalination systems present a cost-effective solution for generating clean water from brine solutions or seawater. This study investigates the impact of condensation surface inclination, surface pattern, and wettability on the performance of a newly proposed basin-type solar desalination unit using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based simulations. The proposed design of the system shows better performance in terms of water production compared to previously developed conventional units. It was observed that the wettability-based patterning with different arrangements on the condensation surface has a significant effect on the rate of water condensation. Five different cases of surface patterning on the condensation surface were considered. In one case, coatings of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic strips were considered (termed as Pattern-I, Pattern-II and Pattern-II for different cases based on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic coverages). In another case, small rectangular patches of hydrophilic (or hydrophobic) layers were coated on a hydrophobic (or hydrophilic) base substrate (termed as checkerboard Pattern-IV or V). The result shows 75.0% more efficiency for a checkerboard-based surface (Pattern-IV) and 150% more efficiency for a strip-based (Pattern-II) pattern than the pristine wettability surface of conventional design. Furthermore, the validation of the surface characteristics was performed based on available literature which implied satisfactory performance.

Numerical Investigation of a Two-Phase Ejector Operation Taking into Account Steam Condensation with the Presence of CO2

The application of a two-phase ejector allows for the mixing of liquid and gas and provides effective heat transfer between phases. The aim of the study is a numerical investigation of the performance of a water-driven, condensing two-phase ejector. The research was performed using CFD methods, which can provide an opportunity to analyze this complex phenomenon in 2D or 3D. The 2D axisymmetric model was developed using CFD software Siemens StarCCM+ 2022.1.1. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approach with the Realisable k-ε turbulence model was applied. The multiphase flow was calculated using the mixture model. The boiling/condensation model, where the condensation rate is limited by thermal diffusion, was applied to take into account direct contact condensation. Based on the mass balance calculations and developed pressure and steam volume fraction distributions, the ejector performance was analyzed for various boundary conditions. The influence of the suction pressure (range between 0.812 and 0.90) and the steam mass flow rate (range between 10 g/s and 25 g/s) is presented to investigate the steam condensation phenomenon inside the ejector condenser. The provided mixture of inert gas (CO2) with steam (H2O) in the ejector condenser was investigated also. The weakening of the steam condensation process by adding CO2 gas was observed, but it is still possible to achieve effective condensation despite the presence of inert gas.

Optimization study on acid condensation and anti-corrosion performance of 3-D finned tube heat exchangers

Low-temperature acid corrosion on flue gas heat exchanger surfaces seriously reduces the stability, safety, and economy of equipment operation. Efficient strategies are urgently required to improve the anti-corrosion performance of heat exchangers. In present paper, a three-dimensional heat and mass transfer model integrating the acid dew point, acid condensation rate, and solution concentration was developed to predict the corrosion characteristics on the surfaces of 3-D finned tube heat exchangers. Firstly, a comparative analysis of acid condensate characteristics for 3-D finned tubes with different configurations was performed. The results showed that the elliptical tube effectively improves the distribution uniformity of acid condensate rate and promotes anti-corrosion performance. Then, the effects of five operating parameters (gas temperature, gas velocity, water vapor concentration, acid vapor concentration and wall temperature) on overall corrosion characteristics were systematically examined in terms of acid dew point, condensation rate and solution concentration using single-factor and orthogonal analysis, and the effect order of each factor was determined. Furthermore, optimization analysis of anti-corrosion performance was conducted based on the orthogonal results, and the optimum working conditions (water vapor concentration below 11.8% and wall temperature of 347 K to 355 K) are recommended. This research can provide theoretical guidance for the anti-corrosion designation and optimization of 3-D finned tube exchangers.

Effect of hydrocarbon volume ratio in sweet top-of-the-line corrosion under water-hydrocarbon co-condensation

Wet gas pipelines transport unprocessed natural gas that contains water and carbon dioxide (CO2), which combination can lead to severe wall loss caused by CO2 or sweet corrosion in carbon steel. Under specific conditions, CO2 corrosion occurs at the top section of the pipeline, which is known as top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC). TLC tests were conducted in the water-hydrocarbon co-condensation environment using 10 vol% n-heptane and 25 vol% n-heptane to simulate the internal condition of a wet gas pipeline to study the effect of hydrocarbon volume ratio towards TLC. The presence of n-heptane showed minimal effect on the gas temperature profile; however, n-heptane suppressed the water condensation, resulting in a tremendous decrease in the water condensation rate (WCR). The TLC rates were found to be lower in the presence of n-heptane, which can be attributed to the reduced WCR and water-wetted areas. The presence of n-heptane had no significant effect on the pitting rates but showed an increasing pit ratio as the n-heptane volume increased. TLC tests were conducted at three durations: one day, two days and three days showing that n-heptane has no significant effect on corrosion kinetics.