Chemical Reaction Rate Research Articles

Modelling heat and mass transfer in gyro-tactic hybrid nanofluid flow through a converging pipe with injection and suction

In the evolving field of nanotechnology, hybrid nanofluids play a crucial role in various engineering applications, including oil recovery, power generation and heat exchangers. This study investigates the enhancement of heat transfer in oil recovery using hybrid gyro-tactic nanofluids, addressing the growing challenge of declining extraction efficiency due to traditional methods. Efficient heat transfer is vital to maintain the mobility of crude oil during extraction and prevent gel formation, ensuring a continuous flow. The flow system, governed by nonlinear partial differential equations for momentum, energy, nanoparticle concentration, and microorganism density, is transformed into ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations. These equations are solved using the Spectral Relaxation Method, implemented in MATLAB to generate profiles for key variables such as velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration and microorganism density. Quantitative results show that increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction by 20% enhances heat transfer by 15%, while an inclined magnetic field reduces fluid velocity by 10%, leading to more controlled flow dynamics. The study also demonstrates that higher chemical reaction rates significantly suppress microorganism density, with a reduction of up to 25%. The novelty of this work lies in the combined analysis of several complex factors, including an inclined magnetic field, chemical reactions, variable viscosity, and microorganisms, whose interactions were not previously studied in this context. These findings provide critical insights for optimising heat transfer and improving oil recovery processes, offering solutions beyond existing technologies.

Analytical approach to control the irreversibilities in a chemically reactive nanofluid flow over a Darcy–Forchheimer medium with nonuniform heat source/sink

AbstractIn real‐world processes, such as heat transfer, fluid flow, and chemical reactions, irreversibility occurs frequently, which induces an augment in entropy. The optimization of the entropy generation in a mechanical system is one of the fundamental areas of research to channel the energy of the system for utilization. This research exhibits an entropy generation in a nanofluid flow drenched in a fluid‐saturated non‐Darcy porous medium toward a stagnation point. The flow line also experiences the existence of nonuniform heat generation/absorption following the first‐order chemical reaction, which enhances the applicability of this model in different domains of science and engineering. A special form of the Lie group approach is applied to revert the governing partial differential system into its self‐similar ordinary differential form. The solutions of the transformed nonlinear ODEs are acquired analytically through the DTM ‐Padé as well as numerically by the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RKF‐45) method coupled with the shooting process. The fallouts are vividly sketched graphically. One of the upshots reveals that the escalation of space and temperature‐reliant heat absorption parameters can optimize the thermal irreversibility of the system and so as the total entropy generation. Meanwhile, by incrementing the Darcy parameter from 0 to 0.8, the wall shear stress decays by 23.7%, whereas with the same hike in the Forchheimer resistance factor, declines the rate of heat and mass transfer approximately by 2.6% and 3.6%, respectively. Another upshot reveals that with the escalation of the space‐dependent heat source parameter from 0.1 to 0.5, the Nusselt number significantly decreased by 23.9%. Meanwhile boosting the temperature‐reliant heat sink parameter from ‐0.1 to ‐0.5 causes an inclination in the rate of heat transportation by 10.5%. Moreover, it is found that mass transport irreversibility can be controlled by enhancing the constructive chemical reaction rate. We hope that this study will be beneficial for many engineering and industrial processes, particularly in geothermal energy extraction, nuclear waste disposal management, groundwater filtration machinery and food processing equipment.

Influence of Air Quality Model Parameters on Pollution Concentration

Air pollution poses a significant threat to public health, ecosystems, and the global climate. Accurate prediction and effective management of air quality are of paramount importance, which, in turn, rely on sophisticated air quality models. These models integrate a variety of atmospheric parameters to simulate the dispersion of pollutants in the complex urban atmosphere, yet the influence of specific input parameters on predicted pollution concentrations has not been fully elucidated. This comprehensive study assesses how variations in model input parameters can lead to divergent pollution concentration outputs, with the goal of identifying those that are most critical to model accuracy. Using observational data from air quality monitoring stations in conjunction with meteorological records, the study explores the sensitivity of forecasted pollutant concentrations to fluctuations in model inputs such as emission source strength, atmospheric stability, wind speed and direction, diurnal heating patterns, chemical reaction rates, and boundary layer dynamics. Dispersion models are evaluated across different spatial and temporal scales to gauge their response to environmental variables and topographic features. The performance of these models is also assessed against satellite-derived pollutant measurements to encompass a broader geographical context. Through the application of numerical simulations and statistical analyses, the study quantifies the relative impact of each parameter. Cross-validation techniques, along with uncertainty quantification methods, are applied to ensure the reliability of the conclusions drawn. The research also incorporates the use of machine learning tools to identify complex patterns in the environmental data that may be missed by traditional modeling approaches. The abstract concludes that a detailed understanding of influential model parameters is essential for refining air quality predictions. Improvements in the accuracy of dispersion models will enable policymakers and urban planners to make better-informed decisions regarding air pollution control and mitigation strategies. This work forms the foundation for future advancements in the field of atmospheric sciences and encourages continued exploration into the interaction between anthropogenic activities, meteorological phenomena, and air quality outcomes

Portable syringe kit demonstration of gas generating reactions for upper secondary school chemistry

Abstract The main purpose of this study is to develop a portable syringe experiment kit for easy demonstration of the chemical kinetics of H2, C2H2, and CO2 gas-generating reactions for upper secondary school chemistry classrooms. The main apparatus comprises two large (A and C) and one small (B) Luer-lock-tip syringes connected with a 3-way stopcock. Ignition is applied to test H2 and C2H2 gases. In contrast, the turbidity of lime water is used to test CO2 gas. The effects of reactant species and concentrations on the reaction rates were demonstrated. The syringe kit was implemented through the 5E inquiry learning process for a group of 33 grade 11 students, leading to an improvement in their conceptual test scores on chemical reaction rates from 33.94 % to 78.03 %, with a normalized gain in the medium range (<g = 0.67>). This suggests that using the syringe kit within the 5E inquiry learning framework effectively supported students in developing a more accurate conceptual understanding of reaction rates.

Numerical Study of Nanomaterial Flow with Joule Effect, Coefficient of Rate of Chemical Reaction along with Viscous Dissipation and Heat Source

This research, investigate the flow of nanomaterials with heat radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule effect. The paper also investigates the rate of chemical reactions, which reveals how the concentration of nanoparticles in the nanofluid varies over time and space. A physical representation guided us to a nonlinear paired partial differential equation, which was then reduced to an ordinary differential equation using the similarity approach for different presumptions on the real situation. The computational effort is carried out by compressing the Runge-Kutta-Felberg method with the Newton-Raphson iterative strategy to solve non-linear linked ordinary differential equations by changing the boundary value issue to an initial value problem by selecting a guess value. Later, computations for numerous non-dimensional factors relevant in the investigation of fluid flow, such as temperature, are anticipated. It has been noted that the reaction rate parameter had a major impact on the concentration profiles, and that when the reaction rate parameter rises, the boundary layer’s concentration thickness increases.

Mass Transfer and MHD Free Convection Flow Across a Stretching Sheet with a Heat Source and Chemical Reaction

This work examines mass transfer and MHD free convective flow across a stretching sheet in the presence of a heat source and a chemical reaction. The sheet's stretching action propels the flow, while a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the flow direction influences it. The effects of gradients in temperature and concentration on buoyant forces are also taken into account. The continuity, momentum, energy, and concentration equations are among the coupled nonlinear partial differential equations that regulate the system. Similarity transformations are used to convert these equations into a system of ordinary differential equations, which are then numerically solved using bvp4c techniques. In this investigation, magnetic, buoyancy, chemical reaction rate, and heat source factors are the main parameters of interest. The outcomes show the influence of these parameters on the boundary layer's temperature, concentration, and velocity profiles. To quantify the mass transfer rate, heat transfer rate, and shear stress at the sheet surface, the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are calculated. By manipulating the magnetic field, chemical reactions, and heat generation, the work offers important new insights into how to best utilise MHD flows in industrial processes, such as polymer manufacturing, chemical reactors, and cooling systems.

Glare at Night-Time Driving: Effect of Correlated Color Temperature of Led Lamps.

This study aims to analyze the effect of correlated color temperature from LED glare sources on driving performance. The evaluation includes assessing the effect of disability glare on visual reaction time and rating discomfort glare using a standardized scale. LED technology is widely incorporated into various lighting systems; however, the impact of glare from oncoming car headlamps on driving performance at night-time is crucial for road safety. Twenty-three healthy young subjects participated in a laboratory-based experiment simulating night driving using a two-channel Maxwellian view optical system. Two LED lamps with correlated color temperature of 2800K and 6500K were used to generate a glare of 52 lx. Disability glare was quantified in terms of foveal reaction time and discomfort glare was rated using the de Boer scale. The results show that glare-induced effect is mitigated by an increase in background luminance. The correlated color temperature of the LED lamp does not affect either reaction time or discomfort glare rating. The greater short-wavelength emission of 6500K lamp does not intensify the effect of disability or discomfort glare, probably due to the macular pigment absorption on foveal vision and the transparency of ocular media, coupled with the involvement of other contributing factors. The correlated color temperature of the lamp is not the best descriptive parameter to identify its effect on glare. It is important to consider the impact of LED technology on visual performance to enhance road safety in critical glare situations during night driving.

Patterns of lean methane-air mixtures combustion in piston engine

The article is devoted to the study of the patterns of combustion of lean methaneair mixtures in marine internal combustion engine. Literature review shows that the implementation of combustion technology for a homogeneous lean methaneair mixture will increase the compression ratio, reduce fuel consumption and improve the environmental engine performance. However due to an increase in misfires and a decrease in the speed of flame propagation, the combustion of lean methaneair mixtures remains an unresolved problem. The article studies the influence of the excess air coefficient (from 1 to 1.4) on the turbulent combustion regime (assessed by the Karlowitz and Damkoehler criteria), the completeness and rate of fuel combustion. It was revealed that depletion of the air fuel mixture under conditions of intense turbulence leads to an increase in the Karlowitz criterion and a decrease in the Damköhler criterion. This indicates that the rate of chemical reactions in the flame front decreases, as a result of which the combustion process is characterized by stretching and rupture of the flame front. Therefore, to intensify the combustion of lean methaneair mixtures, it is advisable to increase the average speed of the vortex flow, and not the intensity of turbulence. A study of the influence of the excess air coefficient on the completeness and rate of fuel combustion showed that depletion of the mixture leads to a decrease in the completeness of fuel combustion from 93.5 % (at α=1) to 83 % (at α=1.4). The combustion rates also decrease and their maximum values shift from 13° (at α=1) to 24° (at α=1.4) degrees after top dead center. Therefore for efficient engine operation on lean mixtures, it is necessary to increase the fuel combustion rate through additional swirling of the gasair mixture or the use of combustion promoters.

Inorganic substrates in frozen solutions: Transformation mechanisms and interactions with organic compounds - A review.

In cold environments, such as polar regions and high latitudes, the freezing of aqueous solutions plays a crucial role in releasing and transforming nutrients, organic compounds, and trace gases. Freezing processes typically affect biogeochemical cycles and environmental processes by reducing the rate of chemical reactions. However, substantial studies have found that some chemical reactions may accelerate unexpectedly under freezing conditions. These reactions include oxidation of nitrite, dissolution of metals/metal oxides, transformation of halogen species, etc. Although freezing process significantly affects the interaction between the inorganic substrate and coexisting organic compounds, there are few review articles on the behavior of the inorganic compound. Therefore, this review examines the transformation behavior of inorganic substrates and their interactions with organic compounds during freezing. The transformation behavior of inorganic substrates during freezing was comprehensively discussed, their underlying mechanisms were elucidated, and the interactions between inorganic substrates and coexisting organic compounds were highlighted. Meanwhile, key factors influencing the freeze-induced chemical processes were articulated. Furthermore, the potential application of freezing reactions in engineering processes is explored. This article aims to improve understanding of the important role of freezing processes in the recycling of substrates in the natural environment and supplement knowledge in the field of ice chemistry.

Influence of cavity crystal defects on the thermal ecomposition mechanism of NTO

Abstract The impact of cavity crystal defects on the thermal decomposition process of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) was examined utilizing the reaction molecular dynamics method. A perfect crystal model of NTO and crystal models with cavity defects at concentrations of 0.78%, 1.17%, 2.34%, 3.13%, and 5.10% were constructed, and the potential energy and product changes in the isothermal mode at 2500 K were calculated. The impact of cavity defects was analyzed for the initial reaction stages, and the thermal decomposition reaction rate of 2500 K was calculated. The results demonstrate that at 2500 K, the complex reaction of NTO is enhanced, with the denitration reaction emerging as the dominant initial reaction type, followed by the ring-breaking reaction, and the proton transfer reaction occurring with a lower frequency. The principal intermediate products were CO2, NO2, HON, etc. The final products included N2, N4, H2O, HO2, and O2. In the range of 0.78% to 2.34% cavity content, the initial chemical reaction rate of NTO exhibited a slowing down trend with the increase of hole concentration. A collapse in the crystal structure accompanied this. Conversely, an acceleration was observed in the initial chemical reaction rate of NTO when the cavity concentration exceeded 2.34%.

Parameter Estimation and Identifiability in Kinetic Flux Profiling Models of Metabolism

Metabolic fluxes are the rates of life-sustaining chemical reactions within a cell and metabolites are the components. Determining the changes in these fluxes is crucial to understanding diseases with metabolic causes and consequences. Kinetic flux profiling (KFP) is a method for estimating flux that utilizes data from isotope tracing experiments. In these experiments, the isotope-labeled nutrient is metabolized through a pathway and integrated into the downstream metabolite pools. Measurements of proportion labeled for each metabolite in the pathway are taken at multiple time points and used to fit an ordinary differential equations model with fluxes as parameters. We begin by generalizing the process of converting diagrams of metabolic pathways into mathematical models composed of differential equations and algebraic constraints. The scaled differential equations for proportions of unlabeled metabolite contain parameters related to the metabolic fluxes in the pathway. We investigate flux parameter identifiability given data collected only at the steady state of the differential equation. Next, we give criteria for valid parameter estimations in the case of a large separation of timescales with fast–slow analysis. Bayesian parameter estimation on simulated data from KFP experiments containing both irreversible and reversible reactions illustrates the accuracy and reliability of flux estimations. These analyses provide constraints that serve as guidelines for the design of KFP experiments to estimate metabolic fluxes.

Flow structures and combustion regimes in an axisymmetric scramjet combustor with high Reynolds number

This study investigates the flow structures and combustion regimes in an axisymmetric cavity-based scramjet combustor with a total temperature of 1800 K and a high Reynolds number of approximately 1 × 107. The hydroxyl planar laser-induced fluorescence technique, along with the broadband flame emission and CH* chemiluminescence, is employed to visualize the instantaneous flame structure in the optically accessible cavity. The jet-wake flame stabilization mode is observed, with intense heat release occurring in the jet wake upstream of the cavity. A hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes/large-eddy simulation approach is performed for the 0.18-equivalent-ratio case with a pressure-corrected flamelet/progress variable model. The combustion regime is identified mainly in the corrugated or wrinkled flamelet regime (approximately 102 < Da < 104, 103 < Ret < 105 where $Da$ is the Damköhler number and $Re_t$ is the turbulent Reynolds number). The combustion process is jointly dominated by supersonic combustion (which accounts for approximately 58 %) and subsonic combustion, although subsonic combustion has a higher heat release rate (peak value exceeding 1 × 109 J (m3s)−1). A partially premixed flame is observed, where the diffusion flame packages a considerable quantity of twisted premixed flame. The shockwave plays a critical role in generating vorticity by strengthening the volumetric expansion and baroclinic torque term, and it can facilitate the chemical reaction rates through the pressure and temperature surges, thereby enhancing the combustion. Combustion also shows a remarkable effect on the overall flow structures, and it drives alterations in the vorticity of the flow field. In turn, the turbulent flow facilitates the combustion and improves the flame stabilization by enhancing the reactant mixing and increasing the flame surface area.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of coal and papermaking trash co-combustion in a circulating fluidized bed

Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion is a important method of waste treatment with the benefits of harmlessness, recycling, and energy recovery. Using the existing co-firing CFB boiler to dispose of waste can reduce investment in boilers and environmental protection equipment. However, there is currently limited research available on the co-combustion of coal and waste (especially for papermaking trash), and the mechanism of pollutant emissions during unit operation remains unclear. In this work, the co-combustion of coal and papermaking trash in a three-dimensional industrial-scale CFB are investigated by using the Dense Discrete Phase Model (DDPM) method. Both homogeneous reactions (such as fuel particle pyrolysis, combustion, and surface reaction) and non-homogeneous reactions (such as gas combustion and pollutant generation) are considered. The co-combustion characteristics are comprehensively analyzed in terms of gas distribution, chemical reaction rates, and bed temperature under various operating conditions, including fuel mixing ratio, secondary air arrangement, and excess air coefficient. The results are obtained by comparing the distribution profile along the height. By reducing the mixing ratio of papermaking trash, the excess air coefficient, and adjusting the secondary air arrangement in the lower region, an expanding, reducing atmosphere is observed in the vicinity of the fuel feeding point. This, in turn, leads to an increase in CO concentration and a decrease in NO emissions, which is attributable to the interplay of gas distribution, chemical reaction rates, and bed temperature. A reduction in NO gas emissions was achieved by adjusting the secondary air arrangement and the excess air coefficient. Overall, this work provides valuable insights into the co-combustion characteristics of coal and papermaking trash in an industrial-scale circulating fluidized bed boilers.

Microstructural Thermal Zones in Reaction of Nanoenergetics.

Despite the potential of nanoenergetics as promising energy sources with high energy densities and fast energy release, our limited ability to predict combustion speeds restricts the utilization of nanoenergetics. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of thermal microstructures subject to heterogeneous reactions and propose a new scaling for combustion wave speeds. To control reaction heterogeneity, two different particle interfacial morphologies of physically mixed and core-shell Al/CuO nanoparticles were synthesized. The combustion dynamics and temperature fields were obtained at micrometer-scale resolutions using high-speed and infrared cameras. Experiments showed that the core-shell Al/CuO exhibiting less reaction heterogeneity had a faster wave speed than the physically mixed counterpart, although the measured chemical reaction rates were lower. By employing the thermal structure analysis, we found that the shortened preheat zone and the lengthened reaction zone, attributed to the lower reaction onset temperature and reaction rate, led to the increased wave speed despite the lower reaction rate in the core-shell Al/CuO. From these analyses, we developed a new scaling that describes the combustion wave speeds in nanoenergetics based on intrinsic properties and thermal structures for both morphologies.

Fast Collective Hydrogen-Bond Dynamics in Hexafluoroisopropanol Related to its Chemical Activity.

Using fluorinated mono-alcohols, in particular hexafluoro-isopropanol (HFIP), as a solvent can enhance chemical reaction rates in a spectacular manner. Previous work has shown evidence that this enhancement is related to the hydrogen-bond structure of these liquids. Here, we investigate the hydrogen-bond dynamics of HFIP and compare it to that of its non-fluorinated analog, isopropanol. Ultrafast infrared spectroscopy experiments show that the dynamics of individual hydrogen-bonds is about twice as slow in HFIP as in isopropanol. Surprisingly, from dielectric spectroscopy we find the opposite behavior for the dynamics of hydrogen-bonded clusters: collective rearrangements are 3 times faster in HFIP than in isopropanol. This difference indicates that the hydrogen-bonded clusters in HFIP are smaller than in isopropanol. The differences in cluster size can be traced to changes in the hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor strengths upon fluorination. The smaller cluster size can boost reaction rates in HFIP by increasing the concentration of reactive, terminal OH-groups of the clusters, whereas the fast collective dynamics can increase the rate of formation of hydrogen-bonds with the reactants. The longer lifetime of the individual hydrogen-bonds in HFIP can enhance the stability of the hydrogen-bonded clusters, and so increase the probability of reactant-solvent hydrogen-bonding.

Determining reaction rate parameters for an energetic material through inverse multi-scale analysis of shock-to-detonation transition

ABSTRACT In multi-scale predictive models of shock-to-detonation transition (SDT), microstructure-aware burn models are employed to connect meso-scale dynamics with macro-scale energy release. Meso-scale calculations of hotspot ignition and growth rely on chemical reaction rates expressed in Arrhenius forms. However, even for well-studied energetic materials such as HMX, the reaction time scales and pathways provided by available reaction kinetic schemes vary widely. Uncertainties in reaction rate parameters can amplify to produce large uncertainties in predicted initiation envelopes (James curves or Pop-plots). To better pin down reaction rate parameters for HMX, we perform an inverse analysis to extract the rate constants in an Arrhenius model (assuming a single reaction global kinetics model) that best predicts an experimentally obtained criticality envelope. Interestingly, the estimated global kinetic scheme is shown to conform to the well-known Henson 1-equation model. To establish the validity of the inverse analysis, we further carry out a forward analysis using the determined rate law and demonstrate good predictions of SDT for a different class of pressed HMX material. While the inverse analysis has been applied herein to HMX, the paper presents a general route to arrive at global kinetics models that can be applied to a wide class of EM species.

Magneto‐Optical Control of Ordering Kinetics and Vacancy Behavior in Fe–Al Thin Films Quenched by Laser

One of the issues arising in materials science is the behavior of nonequilibrium point defects in the atomic lattice, which defines the rates of chemical reactions and relaxation processes as well as affects the physical properties of solids. It is previously theoretically predicted that melting and rapid solidification of metals and alloys provide a vacancy concentration in the quenched material, which can be comparable to that quantity at the point of melting. Here, the vacancy behavior is studied experimentally in thin films of the near equiatomic Fe–Al alloy subjected to nanosecond laser annealing with intensities up to film ablation. The effects of laser irradiation are studied by monitoring magneto‐optically the ordering kinetics in the alloy at the very ablation edge, within a narrow (micron‐scale) ring‐shaped region around the ablation zone. Quantitatively, the vacancy supersaturation in the quenched alloy has been estimated by fitting a simulated temporal evolution of the long‐range chemical order to the obtained experimental data. Laser quenching (LQ) of alloys and single‐element materials will be a tool for obtaining novel phase states within a small volume of the crystal.

Modulating the Band Structure of Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus via Electronic Effects of Organic Functional Groups for Enhanced Hydrogen Production Activity.

Electronic effects of organic functional groups play a fundamental role in determining the rate and/or direction of organic chemical reactions. The implementation of this concept in selective organic catalysis is achieved by tuning the electronic effects of organic functional groups to alter the corresponding reactivity. However, this approach has hardly been applied to modulate the band structure of inorganic materials. Here, we show that modulating the electronic band structure of two-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) is possible via the electronic effects of organic functional groups covalently modified on its surface. Organic functional group can either donate or withdraw charge density from BP surface, which will alter the bonding/anti-binding orbitals occupancy and thus shift the band-edge positions of functionalized BP downward/upward. Therefore, the valence-band maxima and the conduction-band minima of functionalized BP can be continuously tuned by changing the binding group with different Hammett parameters. Finally, unexpectedly high hydrogen evolution reaction rates under visible light are achieved using functionalized BP heterojunctions as photocatalysts. This work underscores the significant role of electronic effects in chemically controlling BP's band structure, offering greater flexibility and affordability beyond physical method limits.

Modulating the band structure of two‐dimensional black phosphorus via electronic effects of organic functional groups for enhanced hydrogen production activity

Electronic effects of organic functional groups play a fundamental role in determining the rate and/or direction of organic chemical reactions. The implementation of this concept in selective organic catalysis is achieved by tuning the electronic effects of organic functional groups to alter the corresponding reactivity. However, this approach has hardly been applied to modulate the band structure of inorganic materials. Here, we show that modulating the electronic band structure of two‐dimensional black phosphorus (BP) is possible via the electronic effects of organic functional groups covalently modified on its surface. Organic functional group can either donate or withdraw charge density from BP surface, which will alter the bonding/anti‐binding orbitals occupancy and thus shift the band‐edge positions of functionalized BP downward/upward. Therefore, the valence‐band maxima and the conduction‐band minima of functionalized BP can be continuously tuned by changing the binding group with different Hammett parameters. Finally, unexpectedly high hydrogen evolution reaction rates under visible light are achieved using functionalized BP heterojunctions as photocatalysts. This work underscores the significant role of electronic effects in chemically controlling BP’s band structure, offering greater flexibility and affordability beyond physical method limits.

MHD Casson flow across a stretched surface in a porous material: a numerical study

In this study, we examine the nature of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Casson flow of fluid across a stretched surface in a porous material. It studies how the behaviour of Casson fluids is affected by a number of variables, including thermal radiation, chemical processes, Joule heating, and viscosity dissipation. The Keller box strategy, based on the finite difference method (FDM), is used to tackle the complex numerical problem. Graphical representations are used to show the effects of different system parts. Comprehensive tables displaying surface transfer of mass, heat, and drag rates are given for your convenience. The study focuses on how particle motion transforms kinetic energy into heat. Increased Brownian motion leads to a higher temperature profile and a reduced concentration profile. Thicker concentration profiles are created by increased Lewis number (Le\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$Le$$\\end{document}) values and rates of chemical reactions, resulting in changes in mass transfer across fluids. This in-depth investigation focuses on the complicated interactions between various variables and how they influence the Casson fluid's behaviour in the system under study.