Broadcast Rate Research Articles

Apollo Black-and-White Television Scan Converter

The communication system considerations of the Apollo space program limits the bandwidth available for TV signals to 0.5 MHz. Consequently, the Apollo black-and-white TV cameras operate at slow scan rates. The Command Module camera operates at ten frames/s and the Lunar Surveying camera produces one frame in 1.6 s. Both cameras are non-interlaced. The signals as received on the ground are not compatible with the standard broadcast rates, and scan conversion is required to convert to standard EIA format video signals suitable for transmission over commercial broadcast networks. The scan converter primarily consists of a kinescope which displays the slow-scan video, a vidicon camera which stores and converts the information to broadcast field and line rates, and a magnetic disc recorder which stores and repeatedly plays back the broadcast video. A detailed discussion of the various features and performance of the scan converter is presented, including incorporated image-enhancement techniques, pictures through the system, comments on actual performance and potential for improvement.

Relative Efficiency of Broadcast Versus Banded Potassium for Corn1

AbstractThree experiments were conducted in Illinois to determine the relative efficiency of broadcast versus banded potassium for corn. The pounds of banded K required to obtain a specified corn yield were divided by the pounds of broadcast K required to obtain the same yield. This ratio (banded K/broadcast K) represents the relative efficiency of broadcast K in terms of banded K, with respect to corn yield. Four or 5 rates of broadcast K and 4 rates of banded K, in factorial arrangement, constituted the fertilizer treatments.Multiple regression equations of the quadratic form were calculated to express yield as a function of broadcast and of banded K. The regression equations account for 77, 81, and 62% of the variation in yield for the Cisne, Bluford, and Belknap soils, respectively. The largest yield increases from added K were 83, 33, and 13% for the three soils.Less K was required to obtain a given yield when the K was banded than when broadcast. The relative efficiency of broadcast K, as compared to banded K, ranged from 0.33 to 0.88. In some cases, no rate of broadcast K equaled the yield produced by a given rate of banded K.

Relative Efficiency of Broadcast Versus Banded Phosphorus for Corn1

AbstractExperiments were conducted on Zanesville, Elliott, and Muscatine soils to determine the relative efficiency, with respect to corn yields, of broadcast P as compared to banded P. The 16 fertilizer treatments consisted of 4 rates of banded P and 4 rates of broadcast P in factorial combinations.Yields from each of the 3 soils were used to calculate a multiple regression equation for each soil. The equation is of a quadratic form, and it expresses the relation between yield and rates of banded and broadcast P. The regression equations account for 77 to 88% of the variation in yield.The largest yield increases from added P were 1287, 1474, and 873 pounds of corn per acre for the Zanesville, Elliott, and Muscatine soils, respectively. With all the P either banded or broadcast, the relative efficiency of broadcast P ranged from 0.49 to 1.23 for the 3 soils For a given soil, the relative efficiency of broadcast P varied with rate. At 35.2 pounds of P added per acre, higher yields were obtained on Zanesville and Elliott soils if a combination of banded and broadcast application were used than if all the P was added either banded or broadcast. Banding all the P gave higher yields than the other application methods if 17.6 and 8.8 pounds of P per acre were added. Yields from the Muscatine soil were not dependent on whether all the P was drilled, broadcast, or applied by a combination of both methods.

Television and radio program ratings and measurements: A selected and annotated bibliography

Following testimony dealing with the role played by television audience ratings in determining whether a given program will or will not be kept on the air, Chairman Oren Harris of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce requested the American Statistical Association to examine, describe, and evaluate the statistical reliability and validity of the various commercial rating services. The ASA's Technical Committee on Broadcast Ratings, under the Chairmanship of William G. Madow, produced its report early in 1961. It was published by the House Commerce Committee in March, under the title, Evaluation of Statistical Methods Used in Obtaining Broadcast Ratings (House Report 193, 87th Congress, 1st Session). Although the entire report is highly technical, it is recommended to all those seriously interested in the rating services and their standards. For those without the statistical background to understand certain portions of the report, attention is called to more easily read articles, such as H...