Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks Research Articles

Identifying Misbehaving Greedy Nodes in IoT Networks.

One of the central communication infrastructures of the Internet of Things (IoT) is the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, which defines Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR- WPAN). In order to share the medium fairly in a non-beacon-enabled mode, the standard uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA). The nature of connected objects with respect to various resource constraints makes them vulnerable to cyber attacks. One of the most aggressive DoS attacks is the greedy behaviour attack which aims to deprive legitimate nodes to access to the communication medium. The greedy or selfish node may violate the proper use of the CSMA/CA protocol, by tampering its parameters, in order to take as much bandwidth as possible on the network, and then monopolize access to the medium by depriving legitimate nodes of communication. Based on the analysis of the difference between parameters of greedy and legitimate nodes, we propose a method based on the threshold mechanism to identify greedy nodes. The simulation results show that the proposed mechanism provides a detection efficiency of 99.5%.

GSA-RPI: GSA based Rendezvous Point Identification in a two-level cluster based LR-WPAN for uncovering the optimal trajectory of Mobile Data Collection Agent

Energy efficient data collection with minimum delay is very essential for IoT applications using sensors attached to Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPAN). The nature and position of the data collection and processing point, termed as Sink, plays a vital role in the data reliability, delay, and network lifetime. The static sink causes hot-spot problem to occur in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), since the nodes nearer to the sink may die quickly. The Mobile Data Collection Agent (MDCA), commonly known as Mobile Sink (MS), can be used to mitigate this problem. A two level clustering scheme with an optimal data collection strategy is proposed in this work. In the first level, hierarchical clusters are formed and the Cluster Heads (CHs) are selected based on the residual energy and connectivity of the devices. The CHs are partitioned into disjoint sets and each set is represented by a Rendezvous Point (RP) that covers every element in the set. In the second level clustering, a deterministic approach is used for the RP identification followed by a meta-heuristic approach known as Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) for RP optimization. Finally, the MDCA collects data by visiting RPs along the path obtained using Simulated Annealing (SA). The proposed method is compared with Particle Swarm Optimization based path finding, SPT-GDA, and BR-CTR algorithms. The algorithms are analyzed for number of CHs, RPs, path length, Average Residual Energy, and Network Lifetime in LR-WPAN.

Developing new connectivity architectures for local sensing and control IoT systems

While improvement can be done in every component of the Internet of Things (IoT) as an evolving technology, this work focuses on connectivity. Currently, the main in-building connectivity technology for IoT enterprise deployments is the low rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN). However, despite the low power and complexity, the two main issues of the LR-WPAN are very slow data access and short coverage range. To address these issues, 802.11ax can be a promising alternative due to its new IoT-oriented features that explicitly target the resource-constraint requirements. This work proposes and implements two IoT connectivity architectures to deploy the 11ax protocol stack in the sensor motes for sensing the environment and also in the backhaul link to collect and relay the sensed data to the remote processing server. The LR-WPAN is also implemented to be utilized as the baseline and reference point for comparison purposes. Furthermore, a decision model with two integrated modules is proposed to measure and evaluate the performance of the proposed architectures on the basis of the IoT requirement factors that directly contribute to IoT efficiency. The model includes an extensive set of IoT use cases to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed architectures and determine their contribution to performance enhancement of the IoT systems.

☆Improving IEEE 802.15.4 channel access performance for IoT and WSN devices

IEEE 802.15.4 is a well-known protocol for low power, low rate wireless personal area networks that determines the specifications for the physical layer and the media access control sub-layer. However, IEEE 802.15.4 suffers from several limitations that play a role in reducing its performance such as using a default maximum backoff (macMaxCsmaBackoffs) value for channel access. In terms of energy efficiency, complexity, delay, using a default macMaxCsmaBackoffs does not provide optimum performance in every channel condition. For this reason, we built an adaptive channel access model, ACAMRO that maximizes channel utilization via adjusting macMaxCsmaBackoffs according to channel conditions. ACAMRO provides higher throughput which yields up to a 120% performance gain compared to the default IEEE 802.15.4 setup. It provides an implementation requiring low memory space that is less than 20 kBytes. Measured results show that ACAMRO achieves significant throughput increase, and a low complexity solution for Internet of Things devices.

Improving IEEE 802.15.4 performance with a switched Gold sequence chip formation

Low power, low data rate, low complexity wireless networks are among the most preferred ones in the data communication between wireless sensors, IoT devices, and control applications. IEEE 802.15.4 is a well-known standard for low rate wireless personal area networks which specifies only physical layer and media access control layer. However, IEEE 802.15.4 suffers from several limitations that play a role in deteriorating its performance such as using a standard PN sequence for every channel types. Noise level and interference are significant factors that should be taken into consideration for the achievement of successful communication in different channel characteristics. Utilization of a standard PN sequence would not give optimum performance results for every channel types. In this study, we design a IEEE 802.15.4 peer to peer network simulator to compare the performance of standard IEEE 802.15.4 PN chip sequences and generated Gold sequences in terms of data throughput. The results from Monte Carlo simulations show that Gold sequences give better throughputs compared to standard PN sequence of IEEE 802.15.4. However, both chip sequences could not achieve any data transfer for the noisier channels that show a chip error rate greater than 0.18. To overcome this problem, each symbol of the physical layer protocol data unit is matched with a Gold set with greater spreading factors. Obtained results show that, using variable length Gold sets according to operation environment increases the data throughput in IEEE 802.15.4 networks.

Performance enhancement of LR WPAN spread spectrum system using chaotic spreading sequences

Performance enhancement using chaotic spreading sequences on Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network is presented. Several one-dimensional chaotic maps are used for generating optimized chaotic sequences for spread spectrum applications. The system parameter of one-dimensional chaotic maps is varied to generate sample-based chaotic signals. Correlation properties analysis is used to generate optimized chaotic sequences. Spreading sequences with a high value of Golay figure of merit are chosen as optimized spreading sequences. Chaotic sequences with high Golay figure of merit factor are expected to have better synchronization and bit error performance. The LR-WPAN model is programmed for USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) software defined radio platform using LabVIEW. The performance of chaotic spreading sequences is evaluated against Gold spreading sequences using the proposed system model. The performance evaluation is based on comparing bit error rate and error vector magnitude in multiple access scenario. The results show that optimized chaotic sequences have better performance than Gold codes.

An Efficient Resource Allocation Scheme for Applications in LR-WPANs Based on a Stable Matching With Externalities Approach

This paper deals with an efficient resource allocation algorithm for Wide-Area Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), based on the IEEE 802.15.4 m standard. The proposed scheme aims at lowering the spectrum congestion problems and optimizing performance in terms of data packets dropping probability for all the active clusters of end-devices. The algorithm realizes a many-to-one mapping between the sets of LR-WPANs and available access bands (i.e., TV white space bands). It is based on a matching game with externalities and involves two-side preferences, i.e., clusters over bands and bands over clusters, respectively. The procedure provides high resource reuse, adaptation to changes of system conditions, and improvements on quality of service. Furthermore, a post-matching procedure is also discussed to ensure stability of the provided many-to-one matching. Finally, the good behavior of the matching approach is validated by providing performance comparisons with alternative schemes based on the random assignment, the Brelaz graph coloring algorithm applied in a modified form, and potential game strategy.

Design of Eight Parallel 512-Point MDF FFT/IFFT Processor for WPAN Applications

This paper presents a high-speed FFT algorithm for high data rate wireless personal area network applications. In a wireless personal area network, the FFT/IFFT block leads the major role. Computational requirements of FFT processors are a heavy burden in most real-time applications. From the previous work, it can be recognized that most of the FFT structures follow the divide and conquer algorithms, which improve the computational efficiency. In the proposed model, a new design of 512-point FFT/IFFT processor is derived by mixed approach for a Radix-26 algorithm, which has been presented and implemented using the Eight Parallel Multipath Delay Feedback (MDF) architecture. In this work, three distinct complex multiplication approaches are derived; from the analysis, a mixed approach has been proposed to reduce the multiplier complexity and also the equivalent normalized area. The proposed design is compiled and simulated with 90[Formula: see text]nm CMOS technology optimized for a 1.2[Formula: see text]V supply voltage. The proposed Mixed Radix-26 algorithm has been verified and validated using existing architectures. It has been found that the proposed mixed approach for Radix-26 algorithm reduces the normalized area by 8.603% compared with verified architectures. Also, the multiplier complexity is reduced by more than 33% using Canonical Signed Digit constant multiplier. The proposed architecture is suitable for applications like OFDM based WPAN applications at high data processing rates.

Design of wide band printed monopole antenna for low rate wireless personal area networks

AbstractA dual‐band printed monopole antenna useful in low‐rate wireless personal area networks (LR‐PAN) and GPS operation for tablet devices is presented. Antenna has monopole strips arranged in planar configuration on substrate suitable to match standard tablet computer display size. The overall antenna dimension is 150 × 50 × 1.6 mm3. The long and short strips of monopole are separated by notch to increase the bandwidth of antenna. The operating impedance bandwidths of 14.97% and 5.09% are obtained across LR‐PAN band and GPS band, respectively. The presented monopole antenna provides significant gain in order of 4.48 dBi for lower resonant mode and 3.26 dBi for higher resonant mode. The antenna covers LR‐WPAN frequency bands of 868.3 MHz, 915/920 MHz, GSM 850, UMTS/LTE 850, 1.57 GHz GPS bands.

Security Bootstrapping for Secure Join and Binding on the IEEE 802.15.4-Based LoWPAN

The IEEE 802.15.4-based low-data rate wireless personal area network (LoWPAN) is a basic building block of the Internet of Things. When the sensor devices are deployed on the LoWPAN, each of the devices should first join the LoWPAN, allowing for the binding of two or more devices with each other for cooperation; therefore, the join-and-binding protocol should be secured against malicious effects as part of the normal operation of the LoWPAN. Security bootstrapping for the join and binding involves the establishment of a trust relationship so that the devices are joined or bound securely. In this paper, a new, secure join-and-binding protocol is proposed for the IEEE 802.15.4-based LoWPAN. The proposed protocol is different from the previous works in terms of security and efficiency, as it is based on a new security bootstrapping scheme for which device identifiers that are constructed from an elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman public key and a media access control address are used. The proposed protocol is extensively analyzed and compared with previous schemes in terms of security and performance.

Performance Evaluation of Different Backoff Algorithms in IEEE 802.15.4 using Double Sensing

<p>The IEEE 802.15.4 is the standard for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area network (LR-WPAN). It is widely used in many application areas. The standard uses Slotted CSMA/CA mechanism in its contention access period (CAP) for the beacon enabled mode. The protocol has two modes - single sensing (SS) and double sensing (DS). The protocol also adopts a binary exponential backoff (BEB) algorithm. In this paper, we explore the saturation throughput, delay and energy consumption of this standard with double sensing (DS) using the existing BEB algorithm. We also investigate three other backoff schemes - exponential increase exponential decrease (EIED), exponential increase linear decrease (EILD) and exponential increase multiplicative decrease (EIMD). From simulation results, it is found that the EIED, EILD, EIMD perform better than the BEB for higher loads. It shows that the EIED, EILD, EIMD have better throughput and lower delay than the BEB. The EIED outperforms the other schemes in terms of throughput, delay and energy for the higher loads.</p>

Implementation of Energy Efficiency Based on Time Scheduling to Improve Network Lifetime in Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)

ZigBee applications of IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) with Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) can be integrated with e-health technology Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). WBAN are small size and can communicate quickly making it easier for people to obtain information accurately.WBAN has a variety of functions that can help human life. It can be used in the e-health, military and sports. WBAN has the potential to be the future of wireless communication solutions. WBAN use battery as its primary power source. WBAN has limited energy and must be able to save energy consumption in order to operate for a long time. In this study, we propose a method of time scheduling called cycle sleep period (CSP) as WBAN solutions to save energy and improve energy efficiency. The CSP method is implemented in the real hardware testbed using sensor e-health includes temperature body and current sensor. We compared the performance of CSP method with duty cycle management (DCM) time scheduling-based and without using time scheduling.From the measurement results, our proposed idea has decreasingenergy consumption.Keywords: WSN, LR-WPAN, WBAN, e-health, Time Scheduling

Firefly-Inspired Algorithm for Data Similarity Aware Node Clustering in Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network

Firefly-Inspired Algorithm for Data Similarity Aware Node Clustering in Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network

The \"Rap\" on ROF: Radio over Fiber Using Radio Access Point for High Data Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks

A wireless personal area network (WPAN) allows the wireless devices in a user's personal workspace to be connected to the network. Due to the huge increase in both the number of wireless communication subscribers and the bandwidth required per customer with the proliferation of smart devices, the low-frequency radio spectrum is becoming overcrowded. A natural solution for future WPANs is to migrate to higher radio frequency (RF) carriers [1]. High data-rate WPANs may be implemented based on the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) compliant ultrawideband (UWB) standard [2] or on the IEEE 802.15.3c standard [3]. The UWB signal was defined by the FCC as a signal having a bandwidth larger than 20% of the carrier frequency or a bandwidth of at least 500 MHz in the 3.1-10.6-GHz band; IEEE 802.15.3c relies on a carrier frequency in the 60-GHz license-free industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. The implementation of both the UWB standard and the IEEE 802.15.3c standard faces certain challenges, which may be tackled with the aid of radio over fiber (ROF) techniques that employ optical generation of the wireless signal. ROF networking solutions have been proposed for future high-bandwidth wireless communication systems that rely on the transmission of RF signals between the base station (BS) and remote antennas [1], [4]-[8].

Comparative performance analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 in WSN using NS2

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are type of network which is mainly deployed to those areas where infrastructure network is unavailable and where people cannot reach easily. To those areas sensors are deployed to collect information about the environment. Since sensors are run by battery power, long time use of sensors to those remote areas, is one of the main challenges for WSN. To deal with long time use of battery power, low power consumption technique is used. IEEE 802.15.4 standardization is used for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LRWPAN). To get a lesser amount of consumption of power, few parameters of IEEE 802.15.4 are changed in our proposed strategy. At last comparison of proposed strategy and IEEE 802.15.4 is made where proposed strategy performs well for low power consumption.

A Mac Protocol Implementation for Wireless Sensor Network

IEEE 802.15.4 is an important standard for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LRWPAN). The IEEE 802.15.4 presents a flexible MAC protocol that provides good efficiency for data transmission by adapting its parameters according to characteristics of different applications. In this research work, some restrictions of this standard are explained and an improvement of traffic efficiency by optimizing MAC layer is proposed. Implementation details for several blocks of communication system are carefully modeled. The protocol implementation is done using VHDL language. The analysis gives a full understanding of the behavior of the MAC protocol with regard to backoff delay, data loss probability, congestion probability, slot effectiveness, and traffic distribution for terminals. Two ideas are proposed and tested to improve efficiency of CSMA/CA mechanism for IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer. Primarily, we dynamically adjust the backoff exponent (BE) according to queue level of each node. Secondly, we vary the number of consecutive clear channel assessment (CCA) for packet transmission. We demonstrate also that slot compensation provided by the enhanced MAC protocol can greatly avoid unused slots. The results show the significant improvements expected by our approach among the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC standards. Synthesis results show also hardware performances of our proposed architecture.

Examine the Performance of different Topologies using Opnet 14. 5 in ZigBee Sensor Network

This research work is implemented in ZigBee using IEEE 802. 15. 4 protocol stack, it is most widely used technique in wireless sensor network for low rate wireless personal area network. In this paper three topologies are used i. e. mesh, tree and hybrid topology. The hybrid topology is implemented by using the combination of mesh and tree topology. The data-based setup is done by changing mobile percentage of nodes. The performance of these topologies is measured using parameters throughput, MAC delay, DTR and DTS. The results quantify that hybrid topology is best among other two topologies as it provides high throughput ,high DTR and DTS. The simulation is done by OPNET modeler 14. 5.

IJIREEICE - Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control

Wireless sensor networks represent a key technology enabler for enhanced health care and assisted living systems. Recent standardization efforts to ensure compatibility among sensor network systems have produced the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, which specifies the MAC and physical layer behaviour. Energy and network life time are two critical factors for WSN performance. IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard used for low data rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). Medium Access Control layer (MAC) of IEEE 802.15.4 plays an important role in the performance of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The unique feature of this MAC layer is the superframe structure, which allows devices to access channels in a Contention Access Period (CAP) or Collision Free Period (CFP) and use beacon based synchronization mechanism. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer framework to prolong the network lifetime, to improve the energy and to lower the latency of WSNs based on the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee standards. To cover all the scenarios, we have considered hierarchical topology and peer to peer beacon enabled network. The performance metrics are evaluated using simulation results.

Implementation of the Adaptive CSMA-CA Algorithm Based on Traffic Load

IEEE802.15.4 is a standard designed for low rate wireless personal area network. For its MAC protocol adopts the competition method to share wireless channel, collisions between ending devices are unavoidable and lead to retransmissions, consuming more energy. As traffic load becomes heavier, collisions and retransmissions are more serious. The focus of this paper is to achieve dynamic-parameter CSMA-CA algorithm based traffic load in IEEE 802.15.4 and measure the performance of modified IEEE802.15.4 in some aspects (packet delivery rate, collision rate, collision rate and average MAC delay). Different from previous papers, it analyzes the performance of the algorithm in direct data transmission and respectively executes simulations both including and excluding hidden-terminal (HT) problems.

IMPORTANT: Integrating Multi-rate caPability into Opportunistic Routing in uwb-based Ad hoc NeTworks

Ultra-wideband (UWB) communications has emerged as a burgeoning technology for high data rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs). In this paper, we exploit the integration of rate assignment into opportunistic routing under a required QoS, i.e., end-to-end packet error rate (PER), for improving the performance of UWB-based WPANs. Opportunistic routing has been proposed for ad hoc networks. In this type of routing protocols, instead of determining a static path ahead of time, the path is constructed dynamically. The protocol exploits the broadcast nature of wireless communications by allowing packet forwarding to be done by the closest recipient to the destination. Several works showed that opportunistic routing improves network performance. None of these works studied the integration of rate assignment into opportunistic routing while satisfying a target QoS. In this paper, we formulate and study this integration. In our setup, we aim at determining the required number of retransmissions in opportunistic routing and the transmission rate in each retransmission such that the required delivering time for a sent packet is minimized while at the same time a certain end-to-end PER is satisfied. We show that this problem is NP-hard. Accordingly, we propose an approximate solution called IMPORTANT. Extensive simulations over a UWB-based WPAN show that IMPORTANT achieves high performance relative to different techniques (21–48% throughput improvement).