Traffic Growth Rate Research Articles

Enabling seamless migration of optical metro-urban networks to the multi-band: unveiling a cutting-edge 6D planning tool for the 6G era

The relentless demand for high-bandwidth services and applications in the beyond-5G/6G era necessitates optical networks to provide ample spectral resources to accommodate the increasing traffic loads. This requirement is especially pronounced in metro and regional segments, where a projected traffic compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 40%, driven by content delivery network (CDN) traffic concentrated near the end users, threatens to push the fiber capacity to its limits on a number of heavily utilized links in the short to medium term. This limitation cannot be circumvented despite the utilization of spectrally efficient modulation formats designed for short-distance transmission. Thus, it is imperative to explore migration strategies to solutions that allow the expansion of spectral resources beyond the current usage of the extended C-band (4.8 THz). In this article, we present a comprehensive evaluation of multi-homed edge-to-core routing, modulation-level selection, and spectrum assignment simulations conducted over reference metropolitan area networks (MANs) by leveraging on a novel network planner called 6D-MAN, which we have developed to adapt to heterogeneous multi-layer networks based on multi-band and multi-fiber transmission. Our simulations consider coherent transmission with flexible modulation format transponders operating at capacities ranging from 100 to 400 Gbps on the 50 GHz grid and explore link-by-link migration strategies restricted to the C+L-band, ensuring optimal performance in terms of the generalized signal-to-noise ratio (GSNR). The obtained results demonstrate that deploying L-band equipment on a selected number of links effectively extends the lifespan of existing networks, enabling congestion-free operation with minimal intervention. In their entirety, our findings underscore the importance of contemplating alternative spectral resources beyond the conventional C-band. They unequivocally accentuate the potential of L-band equipment strategic deployment to tackle capacity constraints in MANs, resulting in a 60% reduction in fiber length and a remarkable 45% decrease in new fiber-pair link deployment needs. The profound implications of efficient fiber capacity utilization manifest themselves in substantial OPEX and optical total cost of ownership savings, amounting to approximately 71% and 17%–27%, respectively, over a 10-year period. This research provides valuable insights for MAN operators seeking sustainable strategies to support the growing demands of future beyond-5G/6G services.

Contribution of climate change and traffic load on asphalt pavement carbon emissions

The maintenance and rehabilitation of asphalt pavement contribute to carbon emissions, impacting climate change. The interaction between climate change and increasing traffic loads influences the frequency of maintenance for asphalt pavement infrastructure. This study assessed the combined impact of climate change and traffic growth on the performance and carbon emissions of Chinese freeway asphalt pavement, informing carbon reduction policies amid future climate change. Using climate prediction models (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5), the research forecasted pavement performance under 2% and 4% traffic volume growth rates and estimates future carbon emissions based on maintenance strategies. Results indicated that both future climate change and increased traffic loads would have adverse effects on the asphalt pavement performance, particularly with a 4% annual traffic load growth. Freeway length with rut depths exceeding 25 mm may increase from 33,600 km in the 2020s to 94,950 km in the 2050s (an 182.6% increment). The interaction between climate change and traffic growth intensifies pavement deterioration, increasing maintenance frequency and carbon emissions. Under the conditions of RCP 8.5 and a 4% traffic load growth rate, the carbon emissions in the 2050s may increase by 71.9 million tons compared to the 2020s (an 180.7% increment). This underscores the need for strategic interventions and policy decisions to mitigate environmental impacts.

Desain lapisan Perkerasan Jalan Pada Ruas Jalan Desa Mbangga – Woloboa Kecamatan Wolowaru Kabupaten Ende

The Mbangga-Woloboa road section, Rindiwawo Village, Wolowaru District is included in the local road type with rigid pavement and a road width of 3 meters. Every year the condition of the Mbangga-Woloboa road section experiences damage, where several parts of the road have many holes and when it rains there are lots of puddles of water, which is very disturbing for road users. Even though the Ministry of Public Works, with the available funds, has repaired the existing damage by overlaying it repeatedly, it has not been able to solve the existing problem completely because the road condition has deteriorated again before it reaches its design life. Therefore, it needs to be redesigned by repairing the subgrade layer and replacing the road surface layer with new rigid pavement according to the load of vehicles passing through the road. So by using the AASHTO method, the traffic growth rate (i) of the planned road is 5.23% per year with collector road class. The effective Resilient Modulus (MR) value on the road section is 2770 psi with a CBR value of 1.87%, and DDT 2.70 kg/cm2. The thickness of the pavement layer is found to be D1 = 13 cm, D2 = 20 cm, and D3 = 41 cm.

Flexible Pavement Design Analysis Using Bina Marga 2017 Method for the Road Section from Banjang-Pulau Nyiur to Batu Mandi, Hulu Sungai Utara

The Banjang, Pulau Nyiur, Batu Mandi road is one of the provincial roads in South Kalimantan located in the Hulu Sungai Utara. This road falls under the jurisdiction of the South Kalimantan Provincial Government and has a total length of 12.5 km. Some parts of this road still lack asphalt pavement, and there are plans for future improvements to enhance driving comfort and facilitate inter-regional transportation. Therefore, there is a need for appropriate pavement thickness planning that aligns with the field conditions and regulations. This study employs the flexible pavement thickness planning method according to the Bina Marga 2017 guidelines, with a design life of 20 years and a traffic growth rate of 3.5%. The surface thickness planning utilizes Asphalt Concrete (AC) with a wearing course (AC WC), and an AC Base layer with LPA Class A aggregate gradation. The results of this study indicate that the calculated flexible pavement thickness using the Bina Marga 2017 method is 58 cm, comprising a 10 cm AC WC layer, an 18 cm AC Base layer, and a 30 cm LPA Class A aggregate layer

Sustainability assessment of road pavement designs by integration of LCA and LCCA

ABSTRACT This study aimed to propose a framework for sustainable assessment of pavement by the integration of LCA and LCCA methods. Additionally, a tool was developed that employs a multi-criteria decision-making process to determine the most sustainable pavement design alternative. The developed tool was applied in a case study involving 496 weighing modes to assess the impact of different maintenance intervention levels and the discount and traffic growth rates on the sustainability of design alternatives with varying maintenance treatments. The results of the analysis revealed that asphalt pavement with a stabilised base demonstrated superior sustainability, covering over 87% of the weight modes. Conversely, concrete pavement exhibited lower sustainability, representing only 6.5% of the weight modes. Additionally, among maintenance activities, preventive treatments exhibited heightened sustainability in scenarios with higher discount rates and lower traffic growth. These findings highlighted the importance of selecting the appropriate pavement type for sustainable infrastructure development.

Rancangan Perbandingan Pelebaran Perkerasan Jalan Lentur Dengan Metode Bina Marga 1987 dan Bina Marga 2017 Pada Ruas Jalan Semarang – Purwodadi di Kecamatan Tegowanu Pada STA 25+700 – STA 27+700

ABSTRACTThe road is a means of transportation that then develops into a means of transportation in carrying out economic activities both accessibility and mobility of goods and services. Heavy traffic and violations on road users and owners of large vehicles passing through often make construction on road pavements damaged.Road widening is one of the main structures in road construction where the construction system is required to be able to provide safety and comfort for its users. Factors that affect the performance of road pavements are passing traffic, weather, pavement layer design, as well as maintenance.In this study, an analysis was carried out for thick layers of road pavement using the Bina Marga Component Analysis Method 1987 and the Bina Marga Method 2017 so that later it would be obtained a thick layer of pavement according to needs. CBR data is obtained from field DCP results conducted by self-testing. For the planned plan life of 20 years, the traffic growth rate is 4.4% and the functional classification of the road is a collector's road.From the results of calculations obtained each thickness of the flexible pavement layer, namely: Bina Marga Component Analysis Method 1987 has a layer value of D1 = 10 cm, D2 = 20 cm, D3 = 30 cm as well as the Bina Marga Method 2017 has a layer value of D1 = 8.75 cm, 15 = cm, D3 = 15 cmKeywords: Road Widening, Component Analysis 1987, Bina Marga 2017

Thickness and Cost Comparison of Cement Treated and Granular Base for Flexible Pavement: A Case Study of Pathlaiya-Nijgadh Section of East-West Highway of Nepal

A pavement is considered a multi-layer system that distributes the vehicular load over a large area and transfers it to the foundation. Flexible pavement is mainly deteriorated due to the failure of its layer as well as the subgrade soil. Resisting the vehicular load requires the appropriate thickness of the sub-base and base with optimization of cost. This study aims to find the effect of the cement-treated base on thickness, unit cost, and life cycle cost. Design traffic was estimated for 15 years design period with an annual traffic growth rate of 5% for the Pathlaiya-Nijgadh Section of the East-West Highway of Nepal. The thickness of the granular base and the cement-treated base was 500 mm and 357.43 mm for design traffic of 34.86 million standard axles (msa) and the total pavement thickness for design traffic of 34.86 msa was 590 mm and 457.43 mm respectively. The comparison of cost estimates for the base course revealed that there was a 5.63% reduction in the per km cost of the cement-treated base as compared to the granular base. The cement-treated base seems to be a viable alternative to the base course for road construction as compared to the granular base. The pavement maintenance using a Cement-Treated Base (CTB) was 47.31% more economical than pavement maintenance using a granular base course. The total cost including initial investment and the cost of the maintenance of the pavement construction using CTB was 24.39% lower than that of the granular base.

Case Study of Traffic Forecasting of Nh-3 (New Nh 848) Section, Vadape to Thane

On account of the recent thrust on developing and improving highways in order to boost national economy, the government of India recognizes that the expansion and development of efficient road network is one of the pre-requisites for country’s economic development. The rate of traffic growth had always been a significant concern in the development of road infrastructures over the years, as it could either lead to premature failure of the pavement or could result in the wastage of valuable resources. The present study attempts on forecasting future traffic growth on Vadape-Thane section of NH-3 (New NH-848) from 539.200 to 563.00 km. In this research, traffic growth rate forecasting is done with the help of part registration of vehicle, economic growth of state and nation, socio-economic parameters, future economic growth, transport demand elasticity. The job of traffic forecasting becomes subjective and approximate with the hindrances of availability of proper data and fluctuation of economic parameters.

Jet fuel demand hit by Omicron; recovery delayed until 2023/2024

Jet fuel demand hit by Omicron; recovery delayed until 2023/2024

Monte Carlo Simulation in a Peruvian Highway

Highways and roads are important for nations' development and life quality. This is not different for Peru. A highway project called Daniel Alcides Carrión is expected to provide a solution to the over-employed Carretera Central road. This is a multimillionaire and important infrastructure project. Hence, it is important to evaluate the possible sustainability risks. In consequence, this study employed the Monte Carlo simulation for such a purpose. First, variables have been chosen and segregated into input and output. Variables like the initial investment, recurrent maintenance, periodical maintenance, savings in the operative cost of vehicles, and time savings employed the triangular distribution. Traffic growth and inflation rate employed the Pert distribution. The project's Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return have been selected as output variables. Crystal Ball software has been employed to perform the Monte Carlo analysis. Consequently, this research found a high probability that the highway can become a profitable project due to its Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return. Moreover, savings in operative costs of vehicles and traffic growth rate had positive impacts on the project's Net Present Value. However, the initial investment had a negative relationship with the output variable. Hence, the new highway should take prevision policies to maintain traffic flux. Thus, avoid closures that can have both human and natural sources. This study is the first in the Peruvian academic literature regarding highways risk analysis. Moreover, this study provides researchers, state officials, future highway managers, and users' valuable information to elaborate preventive measures to maintain the highway's social sustainability and increase its benefits.

Aircraft Maintenance Routing Problem – A Literature Survey

The airline industry has shown significant growth in the last decade according to some indicators such as annual average growth in global air traffic passenger demand and growth rate in the global air transport fleet. This inevitable progress makes the airline industry challenging and forces airline companies to produce a range of solutions that increase consumer loyalty to the brand. These solutions to reduce the high costs encountered in airline operations, prevent delays in planned departure times, improve service quality, or reduce environmental impacts can be diversified according to the need. Although one can refer to past surveys, it is not sufficient to cover the rich literature of airline scheduling, especially for the last decade. This study aims to fill this gap by reviewing the airline operations related papers published between 2009 and 2019, and focus on the ones especially in the aircraft maintenance routing area which seems a promising branch.

Determining a reasonable concession period for risky transportation BOT projects with government subsidies based on cumulative prospect theory

PurposeThis paper explores the impact of both government subsidies and decision makers' loss-averse behavior on the determination of transportation build-operate-transfer (BOT) concession periods based on cumulative prospect theory (CPT). The prospect value of a transportation project under traffic risk can be formulated according to the value function for gains and losses and the decision weight for gains and losses. As an extra income for investors, government subsidy is designed for highly risky aspects of BOT transportation projects: uncertain initial traffic volumes and fluctuating growth rates.Design/methodology/approachA decision-making model determining the concession period of a transportation BOT project is proposed by using the Monte-Carlo simulation method based on CPT, and the effects of risky behaviors of private investors on concession period decision making are analyzed. A subsidy method related to the internal rate-of-return (IRR) corresponding to a specific initial traffic volume and growth rate is proposed. The case of an actual BOT highway project is examined to illustrate how the method proposed can be used to determine the concession period of a transportation BOT project considering decision makers' loss-averse behavior and government subsidy. Contingency analysis is discussed to cope with possible misestimating of key factors such as initial traffic volume and cost coefficients. Sensitivity analysis is employed to investigate the impact of CPT parameters on the concession period decisions. An actual BOT case which failed to attract private capital is introduced to show the practical application. The results are then interpreted to conclude this paper.FindingsBased on comparisons drawn between a concession period decision-making model considering the psychological behaviors of decision makers and a model not considering them, the authors conclude that the concession period based on CPT is distinctly different from that of the loss-neutral model. The concession period based on CPT is longer than the loss-neutral concession period. That is, loss-averse private investors tend to ask for long concession periods to make up for losses they will face in the future. Government subsidies serve as extra income for investors, allowing appointed profits to be secured sooner. For the benefit side of contingency variables, the normal state of initial traffic volume, average annual traffic growth rate and bias degree and the government subsidy need to be paid close attention during the project life span. For the cost side of contingency variables, the annual operating cost variable has a significant impact on the length of predicted concession period, while the large-scale cost variable has minor impact.Originality/valueWith an actual BOT highway project, the determination of transportation BOT concession periods based on the psychological behaviors of decision makers is analyzed in this paper. As the psychological behaviors of decision makers heavily impact the decision-making process, the authors analyze their impacts on concession period decision making. Government subsidy is specifically designed for various states of initial traffic volume and fluctuating growth rates to cope with corresponding high risks and mitigate private investors' loss-averse behaviors. Contingency analysis and sensitivity analysis are discussed as the estimated values of parameters may not be authentic in actual situations.

Sensitivity Analysis to Determine the Prospect of Tollroad Investment: Case Study Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar Tollroad

PT Waskita Bumi Wira as the Toll Road Business Entity (BUJT) is investing in the Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar Toll road with a viability gap fund (VGF) scheme. In the 2016 Toll Road Concession Agreement (PPJT) between BPJT-BUJT-PII, several acceptable investment variables have been agreed, namely: total investment value = Rp12,224,389,000,000, average daily traffic volume (LHR) = 21,874 vehicle / day, loan interest = 12.5%, toll tariff for group 1 = Rp1,250 / km, internal rate of return on equity (IRRonEquity) = 17.64%, payback period of 14 years and net present value (NPV) = Rp. 3,731,695,000,000. During the construction, there was a design change and a delay in land acquisition, this causes cost overrun. With a concession period of 45 years, inaccurate risk factors in the prediction of traffic volume growth rates, specific and non-specific risk factors and other uncertainties greatly affect the investment prospects. Therefore investment needs to be reviewed before this toll road is divested in 2025 by sharpening the minimum attractive rate of return (MARR) and LHR variables, then comparing them with the initial business plan. The estimated selling price of the divestment is also examined in this study. The investment valuation criteria that will be used in the sensitivity analysis are NPV and IRRonEquity. The approach in determining MARR is the use of MARRpremium = 15.81%. Sensitivity analysis with a deterministic approach is carried out to obtain limits on changes in investment costs, land acquisition costs, LHR traffic, loans (syndicated loans) to NPV in several tariff scenarios. This research shows that the NPV value is very sensitive to changes in investment costs. It is also known that in the toll tariff scenario according to PPJT compensation can be given in one of the conditions: investment costs increase by more than 7%, LHR traffic is less than 75%, or an increase in loans (syndicated loans) of more than 9%. The analysis of the stochastic approach shows that the probability of not exceeding the investment budget revenue limits due to changes of 37.29% to 46.56%.

Fatigue reliability assessment of a three-tower four-spansuspension bridge under stochastic traffic loads

This paper aims to study the fatigue performance of three-tower four-span suspension bridges. For this purpose, the Oujiang River North Estuary Bridge which is a three-tower four-span suspension bridge with two main spans of 800m under construction in China is taken as an example in this study. This will be the first three-tower suspension bridge with steel truss girders in the world. This paper uses a random traffic load model to evaluate the fatigue reliability of the orthotropic steel bridge decks of three-tower four-span suspension bridges. In the study traffic load is simulated by random variables, and Monte Carlo simulation method is used to calculate the fatigue reliability index of the steel bridge deck. The parametric analysis is also carried out to clarify the influence of traffic growth rate, target reliability index and axle lateral distribution coefficient. It is found that the growth of traffic volume has the greatest impact on the evaluation results of the fatigue life, and the growth of traffic volume can result in a decrease of fatigue reliability of orthotropic steel bridge decks. The research results can provide a reference for the fatigue life and reliability assessment of three-tower four-span suspension bridge.

Studi Analisis Perencanaan Peningkatan Ruas Jalan Mantingan-Ngabul / Jalan Sultan Hadlirin

The development of roads in the City of Jepara continues to increase and the width of the road is insufficient to accommodate the traffic capacity causing flow obstruction and the road has an existing structural decline, causing the sections to be bumpy and potholes. It is necessary to do an analysis study on the improvement of the Mantingan-Ngabul road / Sultan Hadlirin road, Jepara Regency in order to solve this problem. From the analysis results obtained as follows: The ideal road widening for this road is at least 6 m. The analysis for calculating the pavement thickness index (ITP) for a 20 year plan age is Laston MS 744 with a thickness of 10 cm, Broken Stone Class A (CBR100%) with a thickness of 20 cm, and Sirtu Class A (CBR70%) with a thickness of 25.4 cm. The results of the geometric analysis of the highway where 5 S-S bends are obtained, with details of bend 1 requiring side freedom of 2.75 m, bend 2 of 3.17 m, bend 4 of 2.80 m, bend 5 of 3.11 m and bend widening is not required. For bend 3 requires side freedom of 13,725 m and a bend widening of 1 m is required from the original width of 7 m. According to the analysis, the road capacity of the Mantingan - Ngabul / Sultan Hadlirin road, Jepara Regency, obtained an average traffic growth rate of 2.6% and the number of LHR per year as follows: In 2020 4440 the number of vehicles / day. In 2025, there are 5048 vehicles / day. In 2030, there are 5739 the number of vehicles / day. In 2035, it is 6525 the number of vehicles / day. In 2040, 7419 the number of vehicles / day.

Oculofacial plastic surgery-related online search trends including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Purpose: The authors aim to characterize oculofacial plastic surgery-related online interest that may be useful in forecasting demand and in designing patient-directed online resources. Methods: The authors queried Google Trends for over 100 oculofacial plastic surgery terms. The main outcome measure was the top 50 oculofacial plastic surgery-related search terms from 2004 to 2020. Secondary outcomes were trends, including seasonality, and search volume changes during the COVID-19 lockdown (March–May 2020) compared to 2018–2019. Terms were analyzed individually and in thematic categories; controlled against generic search terms to account for general internet traffic. Results: Between 2004 and 2020, searches for oculofacial plastic surgery altogether increased, surpassing the rate of internet traffic growth. One thematic category – eyelid malpositions – decreased month-over-month. The top five terms were “face lift,” “Bell’s palsy,” “puffy eyes,” “dark circles under eyes,” and “chalazion.” Eyelid neoplasms searches peaked in summer (R2 = 0.880) whereas cosmetic (R2 = 0.862), symptoms (R 2 = 0.907), and surgeries (R 2 = 0.140) peaked in winter. Overall, oculofacial-related searches decreased during the COVID-19 lockdown, although thyroid eye disease interest increased compared to 2018 or 2019 (+68.6%; adj. p = .005). Oculofacial plastic surgery interest in 2020 was inversely correlated to “COVID-19” searches (r = −0.76, p < .001). Conclusions: Oculofacial plastic surgery searches increased since 2004 at a pace greater than that ascribed to internet traffic growth. The most searched terms were “face lift,” “Bell’s palsy,” “puffy eyes,” “dark circles under eyes,” and “chalazion.” Almost all oculofacial-related searches decreased during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Noise prediction based on acoustic maps and vehicle fleet composition

Developing countries are experiencing rapid urbanization that directly and negatively affects their acoustic environments due, in large part, to increased road traffic. Several studies have shown that noise is a public health problem that should be mitigated, given that the tardy implementation of control measures may render them ineffective. Noise mitigation projects often overlook long-term aspects, which reflects the transient morphology of urban centers, although this point is addressed in Directive 2002/49/EC. A methodology is proposed here to assess noise pollution in a subregion of Brazil, the city of Goiânia, which has a population of approximately 1.3 million, based on in situ measurements of equivalent sound pressure levels (Leq) and noise mapping. In addition, we sought to determine at what future time the Leq would be above 60 dB(A) at all the evaluated points. The aim is to evaluate the effect of increasing noise levels and their impact on the population as a function of road traffic growth rates. In 2016, the Leq was measured at 67 points distributed throughout the metropolis, and a count was made of the flow rate of light vehicles, heavy vehicles and motorcycles, and their stratified percentage. Spatiotemporal modeling was performed using Predictor® software to forecast the Leq in the years 2021, 2026 and 2036. The results indicated that the Leq in more than 90% of the region under study was higher than that specified by the Brazilian noise assessment standard NBR 10151:2019 and by the World Health Organization. Noise maps for the years 2021, 2026 and 2036 showed an average increase in noise levels of 0.28 dB(A)/year between 2016 and 2036. Moreover, after 2036, the Leq at 100% of the points assessed is expected to exceed 60 dB(A), which is the maximum allowed by current noise regulations.

Short-term carbon emissions forecast for aviation industry in Shanghai

Given the China’s fast-evolving aviation market, a reliable carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions forecast is essential to identify and mitigate the environmental impact of aviation market. Due to slot limits and airport capacity constraints in Shanghai, the rate of traffic growth has slowed down in recent years. However, the increasing number of regional and international flights tends to drive the fuel consumption and carbon emissions to an unexpectedly high level. This study uses a two-tiered bottom-up emissions prediction method for empirically estimating and forecasting air transport CO2 emissions on all the passenger flights to/from Shanghai. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) linear model was applied for a 5-year prediction of air transport fuel consumption and en route CO2 emissions. The research established that 36.49 million tonnes of CO2 will be emitted into the atmosphere by the end of June 2021, representing a 6.41% increase compared to the same period a year earlier. Market-based recommendations are proposed including a nationwide carbon market and a carbon offset scheme, accordingly.

Research on Government Compensation for Toll Road Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) Projects

With the continuous implementation of the PPP projects, due to the imperfection of relevant policies, the blindness of government subsidy is constantly emerging. Thus, it is important to put forward a practical approach for valuing the subsidies and risk. In this paper, the revenue subsidies model and traffic subsidies model are established. Then combined with practical cases, Monte Carlo simulation is used to get the value and probability of government subsidies under different compensation ways. On this basis, the influence of initial traffic volume and traffic growth rate on government subsidies and net present value of investors is analyzed. The research findings can provide theoretical guidance for the government to choose a reasonable way of subsidies, balance the risk of compensation, and formulate subsidies policies.

Smart Technique for Cache-Assisted Device to Device Communications

The emergence of smart terminals with the consequence of higher network traffic growth rates, has increased the demand for new techniques that are needed to meet user requirements for high-quality communication and social media services. One of these techniques is Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, allowing direct data transmission of popular files between users. This is an advantage during rush hours where there is no access to the traffic via a base station (BS), thereby reducing network loads. In this article, we propose a new caching paradigm for D2D communication to achieve the goal of rising network offloading. A Smart Adaptive Algorithm (SAA) is proposed that smartly selects users with higher probabilities of sharing more data, then places popular files in their cache. This is done to optimize network offloading at minimal consumed energy by the user (user cost), taking into account the user speed, location, predicted zones, interests, and the size of the requested file. The data offloading ratio is taken as a performance metric in evaluating network offloading. It is defined as the proportion of requested data that can be delivered via D2D links. The offloading ratio is calculated in different scenarios in order to assess the influence of proactive caching on core network load. To minimize the complexity of the algorithm, and to respond in a shorter time period to the number of requests, user demand shall be handled with both the base station and the user’s device application. For the simulation and implementation of the proposed algorithm, a human mobility model that predicts different human mobility behaviors is used. The simulation results reveal that the offloading ratio is significantly affected by the size of the file transmitted via D2D connection as well as the user speed. The amount of increase in the offloading ratio due to the increase in the user speed is based on the size of the files transmitted through D2D connection. The smaller files transmitted via D2D connection would result in a significant increase in the offloading ratio, whereas the larger file size would result in a less change in the offloading ratio for higher speed users. The simulation results also reveal that higher speed users share more data at a high bit rates compared to users with lower speeds. Simulation results also show that the proposed SAA has superior performance as compared to other algorithms available in literature.