Settlement Rates Research Articles

NextEra/9REN v. Spain: The Latest in the Recognition and Enforcement of ICSID Arbitral Award in Intra-EU Dispute

The decision of the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in joined cases NextEra Energy Global Holdings B.V. and NextEra Energy S Pain Holdings B.V. v. Kingdom of Spain, and 9REN Holding S.A.R.L. v. Kingdom of Spain, confirms that national courts are not prevented from recognizing and enforcing intra-EU ICSID arbitral awards. While some issues raised by the parties could have been conclusively determined by the Court, the value of the decision cannot be diminished. In fact, the decision validates the significance of the ICSID Convention and of the original commitment of the drafters of the Convention to the final and binding nature of the ICSID arbitral awards. Moreover, the decision confirms that the intra-EU development which has generated a ‘complex international puzzle’ does not weaken the reality that the overall rate of voluntary compliance and post-award settlement of ICSID awards is of 90%, with a further 7% of awards being satisfied following successful enforcement proceedings.

Образование и развитие поселков городского типа в Западной Сибири в 1920-2010-е гг.

The purpose of this study is to characterize the process of formation and development of urban-type settlements in Western Siberia in the 1920s and 2010s. The paper examines the reasons for the allocation of the mentioned status of settlements by state authorities, traces the dynamics of their number and size over several time periods, determines the features of the development of settlements in changing political, economic and socio-cultural conditions. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time, based on statistical data from the population censuses for 1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2002, 2010, 2020 the formation rates of urban-type settlements in Western Siberia are shown, and the trajectory of their subsequent development is studied. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the highest rates of village formation occurred during the 1930s and 1960s, which was associated with the industrialization of the country, urbanization (including artificial, purposefully carried out by the state), the construction of large industrial enterprises, and intensive development of natural resources. Since the mid-1980s, there has been a sharp decline in the rate of rural settlement formation due to deindustrialization, the closure of factories and industrial plants, and the outflow of population to cities. This led to a change in the status of urban-type settlements, some of which turned into villages or rural settlements. At the same time, the population of villages with the status of a urban-type settlements decreased, and their socio-cultural and industrial infrastructure "compressed".

Sustainable Landfill Site Selection in Urban Areas: Case Study of Millenium City in India

Landfills remain the predominant approach to managing solid waste in urban settings due to their cost-effectiveness, particularly in developing nations. In this regard, landfill site selection is a serious issue in the urban planning process because of its implications for the economy, environment, ecology, and public health. Municipal Corporation Gurugram records indicate that the city alone generates solid waste of about 1100 metric tons per day. The city's growing urban population and rapid expansion as a commercial and financial center presented numerous waste management difficulties. Existing studies lack comprehensive integration of multi-criteria decision analysis and GIS technologies for landfill site selection in rapidly urbanizing cities like Gurugram. In the present study, multi-criteria decision analysis and GIS technologies are used to identify suitable sites for landfills, considering most environmental factors. With the rate of population and settlements increasing, it is suggested that the landfill site serve for at least 20 years. In accordance with the regulations outlined in the Solid Waste Management Rules of 2016, a meticulous process was undertaken to identify and prioritize the ten most crucial criteria for evaluation in prescribed methodologies. The study's conclusions could help municipal planners and waste management authorities create an effective solid waste management system that takes into account all possible advantages and disadvantages.

Peran UMKM Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Kabupaten Solok Selatan

This research uses a descriptive type of research with a qualitative approach, aiming to provide an explanation of the role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in improving community welfare in South Solok Regency. The indicators to measure the level of welfare are income, housing and settlement, education and health. The results of the research show that the growth of South Solok Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises from 2019 to 2023 is still experiencing ups and downs, a very significant increase occurred in the last 1 year from 2022 to 2023, namely 5.9% and was followed by several the development of welfare level indicators, namely an increase in the rate of economic growth of 4.57%, this figure is stated to be higher than the previous year. Then the growth rate of Housing and Settlements also increased from the previous year, namely 6.24%, in the education sector, namely 2.13% and in the Health sector there was an increase from the previous year, namely 7.38%.

Ring penetrometer for interface shear testing on sand under low-stress conditions

Accurate characterisation of near-surface soils is essential for the design of subsea cables, pipelines, and shallow foundations. Conventional laboratory testing equipment is not well adapted to these applications where the operative stress levels are typically <10 kPa. This paper presents and interprets a comprehensive test campaign using a novel flat ring penetrometer. This device measures interface friction at stress levels as low as 1 kPa. Drained friction parameters for a range of sands obtained from the ring penetrometer are compared to other friction measurements from centrifuge sled and interface shear box tests. The results demonstrate the repeatability of the ring penetrometer, and the benefit of the simple but rigorous interpretation approach. The residual friction measured in the ring and centrifuge sled tests shows no dependency on stress level, which contrasts with the interface shear box results. It is shown that the apparent stress-dependency could be an artefact of system friction in the shear box. A correlation between friction coefficient and device settlement rate is identified, with the maximum friction mobilised as the settlement rate approaches zero, consistent with the combined bearing-sliding failure mechanism. These findings highlight the value of the ring device for interface friction measurement.

Experimental Study on Stability Analysis of a Structure During Excavation Beneath This Structure

In this study, aiming at the practical application of additional layer excavation technology in the renewal and reconstruction of old urban communities, the influence of different excavation methods on the settlement behavior of existing structures is deeply analyzed through numerical simulation experiments. It is found that the frame columns show basin-type settlement in the block layered excavation, basin excavation and central island excavation. The cumulative settlement of the middle column is the largest, and the corner column is the smallest. The settlement phenomenon is mainly concentrated around the frame columns Z6, Z7, Z10 and Z11, and the change law of the cumulative settlement value conforms to the linear function distribution. By defining the cumulative settlement rate (a) as an index to measure the influence degree of the existing structure, it is found that the a value of the middle column is the largest, the side column is the second and the corner column is the smallest, and the a value of block layered excavation is the largest, and the central island excavation is the smallest. Considering the construction period, block layered excavation may be a more appropriate choice. The comparative analysis of the research results and the model experiment results confirms the feasibility of the improved model experiment, provides an important theoretical basis and practical guidance for the renewal and transformation of old urban communities and is of great significance for improving the utilization efficiency and safety of existing buildings.

Influence of the Soil Squeezing Effect on the Peripile Soil of Pre-Tensioned H-Type Prestressed Concrete Revetment Pile Construction Based on Field Tests

Pre-tensioned H-type prestressed concrete revetment piles are a newly developed product dedicated to the protection of river, lake, and sea bank embankments, and their cross-section is H-shaped. In this study, a field test of H-type pile soil’s squeezing effect is carried out based on the second phase project of the HujiaShen Line. Pore water pressure, soil displacement, and other parameters of the H-type pile-driving process are monitored in real time. The test results show the following: (1) The influence range of the excess pore water pressure caused by the soil squeezing effect in the horizontal direction is about 14–15D, and in the vertical direction, the pore water pressure within a depth range of about 7D below the pile bottom increases rapidly. Its dissipation rate is fast at first and then slows down, and it completely dissipates 20 days after piling. (2) The excess pore water pressure caused by the soil squeezing effect does not decrease linearly in the radial direction. The soil around the construction pile can be divided into four areas: A, B, C, and D. Among them, A and B belong to the plastic zone, and C and D belong to the elastic zone. (3) The horizontal displacement of the soil occurs within the depth range of 5D from the surface of the pile to the bottom of the pile at the piling location, and the radial influence range is about 8–12D. From a vertical perspective, the main horizontal displacement of the soil occurs in the long section of the pile driven into the soil, showing a “U”-shaped distribution. (4) The dividing point between the vertical displacement uplift and the settlement of the soil appears within the range of 2–3 m from the construction pile, that is, between 5 and 7D. Settlement occurs after the piling is completed, and the settlement rate is fast at first and then slows down. The final settlement of the soil is stable on the 20th day. This research and experiment provide a design reference for the engineering application of pre-tensioned H-type prestressed concrete bank protection piles.

Immune stimulation by inactivated Vibrio splendidus promotes the development and resistance of oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae

The oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae in embryonic development stage have been suffering high mortality rate during hatching, which have seriously hindered the sustainable development of oyster seedling industry. This study explored the immune protection and developmental effects of priming with inactivated Vibrio splendidus in oyster larvae at middle umbo stage (10 d post fertilization, dpf). The results showed that the immune system of umbo larvae was activated after pre-immune stimulation with inactivated V. splendidus. The expressions of immune recognition receptors (CTL-3, Integrin β-1, TLR4), NF-kB signaling component (IKK), effector molecules (IL17-5, Defh2, HSP70) were significantly up-regulated, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase), hydrolytic enzyme (lysozyme) also increased significantly. The proteins from the stimulated umbo larvae have obvious characteristics of agglutination and inhibition of V. splendidus growth. When the larvae at late umbo (18 dpf) or pediveliger stage (21 dpf) were challenged by live V. splendidus, much lower death rate was observed in the stimulation group compared to the control group. Simultaneously, the expressions of above immune related genes and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were all rapidly up-regulated in pediveliger larvae of immune stimulated group. Moreover, the significantly increased shell height and shell length as well as accelerated development rate, and higher settlement rate were revealed after the umbo larvae are stimulated by inactivated Vibrio splendidus. In summary, inactivated V. splendidus stimulation in oyster umbo larvae could activate their immune system, enhance their resistance against V. splendidus infection till to pediveliger stage, and promote their following growth and development. All the results provided a theoretical basis for solving poor disease resistance and high mortality of larvae in oyster seedling industry.

Symbiodiniaceae algal symbionts of Pocillopora damicornis larvae provide more carbon to their coral host under elevated levels of acidification and temperature

Climate change destabilizes the symbiosis between corals and Symbiodiniaceae. The effects of ocean acidification and warming on critical aspects of coral survical such as symbiotic interactions (i.e., carbon and nitrogen assimilation and exchange) during the planula larval stage remain understudied. By combining physiological and stable isotope techniques, here we show that photosynthesis and carbon and nitrogen assimilation (H13CO3− and 15NH4+) in Pocillopora damicornis coral larvae is enhanced under acidification (1000 µatm) and elevated temperature (32 °C). Larvae maintain high survival and settlement rates under these treatment conditions with no observed decline in symbiont densities or signs of bleaching. Acidification and elevated temperature both enhance the net and gross photosynthesis of Symbiodiniaceae. This enhances light respiration and elevates C:N ratios within the holobiont. The increased carbon availability is primarily reflected in the 13C enrichment of the host, indicating a greater contribution of the algal symbionts to the host metabolism. We propose that this enhanced mutualistic symbiotic nutrient cycling may bolster coral larvae’s resistance to future ocean conditions. This research broadens our understanding of the early life stages of corals by emphasizing the significance of symbiotic interactions beyond those of adult corals.

Development of a simple test to quantify the consolidation properties of liquefied granular materials

AbstractLiquefaction can have devastating consequences by causing increased mobility of debris flows, tailings dam breaches, and settlement following seismic shaking. Observations on the consolidation behaviour of liquefied soils in 1-g or centrifuge shake table tests have permitted significant advancements in analytical and numerical methods to predict the rate and magnitude of consolidation settlement. However, advanced consolidation models introduce material parameters which are currently difficult to define quickly and at low cost. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the development of a simple, low-cost test that can be used to quickly estimate the spatially and temporally varying coefficient of consolidation, which controls post-liquefaction settlements. Using the proposed simple setup, experiments were conducted on four uniformly graded sands of varying grain size and on one well-graded mixture. A range of analytical and numerical approaches from literature were assessed for their ability to back-analyse the observed pore pressure dissipation and settlement. Estimated values for the coefficient of consolidation were comparable between models and estimates of surface settlement matched well the experimental results. The simplicity of the proposed test combined with its low-cost and mobile nature, raise significant possibilities for quick estimations of the evolution of the coefficient of consolidation post-liquefaction.

Assessing the reproductive potential and development of the tropical short-spined white sea urchin, Salmacis sphaeroides (Linnaeus, 1758)

ABSTRACT Previous studies have achieved success in obtaining cultured juveniles of the sea urchin Salmacis sphaeroides, but few have reported their reproduction potential and development rates. This comprehensive study examined the spawning potential of broodstock and described embryonic, larval and juvenile development. The broodstock consisted of wild-caught specimens from Singapore’s coastal waters that were regularly provided a mixed animal-plant diet comprising 3 g prawn and 3 g corn. Gametes were obtained using 0.5 M of potassium chloride (KCl) injection into the coelomic cavity. Fertilization rates of the 32 spawning attempts varied from 42.9% to 100%. Hatched larvae were subsequently reared with a density of 0.5 larvae ml−1 in 50 µm filtered seawater at 28°C and fed 20,000 cells ml−1 of Tisochrysis lutea once every 2 days. Despite the presence of natural biofilms as settlement cues, the settlement rates in culture were very low and variable (2.08–9.78%). The majority of juvenile S. sphaeroides from F1 and F2 generations was sexually mature at ≥35 mm in test diameter, and the sex ratios were female-biased, ranging from 1:1.14 to 1:8. Findings from this study open up new opportunities for developing tropical sea urchin cultures under controlled rearing systems that can guarantee production.

Spatial and temporal evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of rural settlements: a case study of Xunwu County, Jiangxi Province, China

Urbanization and industrialization have driven rapid socio-economic development, leading to a significant population shift from rural areas to cities. This demographic transition has resulted in substantial changes in rural settlements, presenting considerable challenges for rural revitalization. Given the spatial differentiation, it is crucial to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of rural settlements under various development scenarios and at multiple scales within a county. Such analysis is essential for rational planning and sustainable development. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of rural settlements in Xunwu County, Jiangxi Province, China, using land use dynamics, hot and cold spot analysis, and center of gravity migration models. The Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression Model (MGWR) is employed to explore their transformation driving mechanisms. The results show that during 2010–2020 in the study area, the total change rate of rural settlements was 39.82%, with a dynamic degree of 2.87%. The average centroid of the settlements is located in Wenfeng Township, gradually migrating southeastward by 3.7 km. Cold spots are shrinking northward, while hotspots are gathering in Chengjiang Town. Socio-economic conditions dominate the evolution of rural clusters in this region, showing obvious spatial heterogeneity. This is followed by locational conditions that are weakening in influence, while the impact of natural geographical conditions exists in the northeast region. The research findings offer a scientifically rigorous and well-founded analysis of the evolution and driving mechanisms of rural settlements. This analysis provides a solid theoretical basis for policy planning in urban-rural integrated development and supports the sustainable growth of rural communities.

Factors shaping pelagic-benthic coupling in the process of settlement in an Arctic fjord

Benthic organisms typically possess a planktonic propagule stage in the form of larvae or spores, which enables them to spread over large distances before settlement, and promotes tight pelago-benthic coupling. However, factors driving dispersal and epibenthos recruitment in shallow hard-bottom Arctic communities are poorly known. We therefore conducted a year-round in situ colonization experiment in Isfjorden (Svalbard), and found out that variation in early-stage epibenthic assemblages was explained by the combination of: abiotic (45.9%) and biotic variables (23.9%), and their interactions (30.2%). The upward-facing experimental plates were dominated by coralline algae, and this is the first study showing that at high latitudes coralline algae Lithothamnion sp. settle in high numbers on available substrates during the polar night in winter. The downward-facing plates, which had much less exposure to light, contained more diverse organisms, with a predominance of polychaetas and bryozoans. However, in summer, the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides outcompeted all the other recruits, as a result of massive occurrence of meroplanktonic Cirripedia larvae, triggered by the phytoplankton bloom. In conclusion, the rate and success of epibenthic settlements were dependent mostly on light availability and temperature, suggesting that larval settlement will be impacted by global warming with some taxa benefitting, while others losing.

Study on the Settlement and Deformation Characteristics of Surrounding Rock of Loess Tunnel

There is a water culvert with masonry structure in the mountain of Hanguguan Tunnel. Soil deformation caused by tunnel excavation leads to channel cracking. On the one hand, channel water infiltration leads to loess tunnel collapse, which can easily cause engineering accidents and delay the construction period. On the other hand, it will affect the channel water supply and cause social problems. In this paper, the spatial deformation of the tunnel excavation process in the loess layer is revealed through the settlement of the vault in the tunnel, the monitoring of the convergence of the perimeter, and the force monitoring of the lining support structure of the Hanguguan tunnel, and the influence of the tunnel excavation deformation on the culvert is revealed through numerical calculation. The results show that the arch at the tunnel exit has the largest settlement deformation, the larger cumulative settlement, and the faster settlement rate, and the deformation of the culvert is small, only a millimeter. Compared with the monitoring data, the numerical simulation of tunnel excavation and the vertical settlement are basically consistent with the actual situation.

Impact of invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea on life history characteristics of juvenile yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus)

Seagrass ecosystems provide essential nursery habitat to numerous coral reef fishes. Native Caribbean seagrasses Syringodium filiforme and Thalassia testudinum provide several juvenile fish species with foraging habitat and protection during this vulnerable stage of life. In 2002, an invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea was discovered off the coast of Grenada and has since rapidly spread throughout the Caribbean. Halophila stipulacea has been shown to displace native seagrass species and may pose additional threats to juvenile reef fish populations that depend on native seagrass habitats as nurseries. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of H. stipulacea on the early life history of yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus). Settlement, mortality, and condition of juvenile yellowtail snapper were compared among native and invasive seagrass habitats around southern St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands. From May 2020 to June 2021, monthly surveys within fixed plots during new moon periods provided information on settlement rates and survivorship among seagrass types. Length and weight of 260 juvenile yellowtail snapper were measured to derive condition factor among seagrass species. Significantly higher settlement and similar trends in mortality were seen in H. stipulacea when compared to native seagrasses. No significant difference was observed in the condition factor of juvenile yellowtail snapper among seagrass species, although trends demonstrated a higher condition in individuals from native seagrass species. This study is the first of its kind to identify the direct effects of H. stipulacea during the early life history stages of a commercially important fish species in the Caribbean.

Assessing the influence of macroalgae and micropredators on the early life success of the echinoid Diademaafricanum

The sea urchin Diadema africanum is an herbivore that has a significant influence on subtidal rocky reef communities on the Canary Islands, facilitating transitions between macroalgal beds and barren grounds. Barren grounds in the archipelago are characterized by a dominance of crustose coralline algae and a lack of invertebrates and fishes compared to macroalgal beds, which are mainly dominated by brown algae. To assess the impact of these benthic community states on the early life success of D. africanum, a manipulative study was conducted in September 2021 at four sites on the eastern coast of Tenerife Island, characterized by the availability of historical settlement rates and adult data for this species. For this purpose, experimental larval collectors modified with a hollow algae-container were employed to examine sea urchin settlement rates in response to two dominant algal species, Lobophora schneideri, in macroalgal beds and crustose coralline algae (CCA) in barren grounds. Statistical analysis revealed significant spatial differences in sea urchin settlement and the interaction between site and treatment response. Specifically, the site with higher sea urchin settlement exhibited lower numbers of D. africanum settlers in treatments containing L. schneideri than in the Control and CCA treatments. Three decapod species (the pistol shrimp Alpheus macrocheles, and the crabs Lophozozimus incisus, and Pachygrapsus marmoratus) negatively correlated with D. africanum settlers. These results suggest that larval supply, L. schneideri beds, and micropredator abundance play a role in the early life success of this species. This may imply a community stability mechanism that helps to prevent shifts between alternative stable states.

Semi‐Analytical Solution for One‐Dimensional Nonlinear Consolidation of Multilayered Soil Considering Self‐Weight and Boundary Time Effect

ABSTRACTThe self‐weight stress in multilayered soil varies with depth, and traditional consolidation research seldom takes into account the actual distribution of self‐weight stress, resulting in inaccurate calculations of soil consolidation and settlement. This paper presents a semi‐analytical solution for the one‐dimensional nonlinear consolidation of multilayered soil, considering self‐weight, time‐dependent loading, and boundary time effect. The validity of the proposed solution is confirmed through comparison with existing analytical solutions and finite difference solution. Based on the proposed semi‐analytical solution, this study investigates the influence of self‐weight, interface parameter, soil properties, and nonlinear parameters on the consolidation characteristics of multilayered soil. The results indicate that factoring in the true distribution of self‐weight leads to a faster dissipation rate of excess pore water pressure and larger settlement and settlement rate, compared to not considering self‐weight. Both boundary drainage performance and soil nonlinearity have an impact on consolidation. If the boundary drainage capacity is inadequate, the influence of soil nonlinearity on consolidation diminishes.

Outer membrane vesicles from commensal microbes contribute to the sponge Tedania sp. development by regulating the expression level of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)

The transition from the swimming larval stage to the settlement stage represents a significant node in the marine sponge developmental process. Previous research has shown that the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from the bacterial species Tenacibaculum mesophilum associated with the sponge Tedania sp. influence larval settlement: low concentrations of OMVs increase the attachment rate, whereas high concentrations decrease the attachment rate. Here, by comparing the transcriptomes of sponge larvae in filtered seawater (FSW group) and in FSW supplemented with OMVs (FSW-OMV group), the results indicated that bacterial OMVs affected larval settlement by modulating the expression levels of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in the host. Subsequently, quantitative real-time PCR revealed a decrease in aif expression near the time of settlement (SE) compared to that in the control group. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to target the aif gene, and the rate of larval settlement was significantly reduced, confirming the inhibitory effect of high concentrations of OMVs. Moreover, small RNA (sRNA) sequencing of OMVs revealed the existence of abundant AIF-sRNAs of 30 nt, further suggesting that one pathway for the involvement of sponge-associated bacteria in host development is the transport of OMVs and the direct function of cargo loading.

Life history strategy of Tubastraea spp. corals in an upwelling area on the Southwest Atlantic: growth, fecundity, settlement, and recruitment.

Over the past few decades, corals of the genus Tubastraea have spread globally, revealing themselves to be organisms of great invasive capacity. Their constant expansion on the Brazilian coast highlights the need for studies to monitor the invasion process. The growth, fecundity, settlement, and data on the coverage area of three co-occurring Tubastraea species in the 2015-2016 period were related to temperature variation and light irradiance on the rocky shores of Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro. Hence, this study sought to understand and compare the current invasion scenario and characteristics of the life history strategy of sun coral species based on environmental variables, considering the uniqueness of this upwelling area in the southwestern Atlantic. For that, we evaluate the fecundity, settlement, and growth rates of corals by carrying out comparative studies between species over time and correlating them with the variables temperature and irradiance, according to seasonality. Field growth of colonies was measured every two months during a sample year. Monthly collections were performed to count reproductive oocytes to assess fecundity. Also, quadrats were scrapped from an area near a large patch of sun coral to count newly attached coral larvae and used years later to assess diversity and percentage coverage. Results showed that corals presented greater growth during periods of high thermal amplitude and in months with below-average temperatures. Only Tubastraea sp. had greater growth and polyp increase in areas with higher light incidence, showing a greater increase in total area compared to all the other species analyzed. Despite the observed affinity with high temperatures, settlement rates were also higher during the same periods. Months with low thermal amplitude and higher temperature averages presented high fecundity. While higher water temperature averages showed an affinity with greater coral reproductive activity, growth has been shown to be inversely proportional to reproduction. Our study recorded the most significant coral growth for the region, an increase in niche, high annual reproductive activity, and large area coverage, showing the ongoing adaptation of the invasion process in the region. However, lower temperatures in the region affect these corals' reproductive activity and growth, slowing down the process of introduction into the region. To better understand the advantages of these invasion strategies in the environment, we must understand the relationships between them and the local community that may be acting to slow down this colonization process.

Three-Dimensional Spatial Distribution of the Sedimentation Rate of Chloride Ions on a Tropical Island

Chlorine ions in the air are a key factor in the corrosion of offshore buildings. Mastering the distribution law of the chloride ion settlement rate (RCl−) in three-dimensional (3D) spatiality is helpful in protecting offshore buildings. The self-designed “kite-hanging wet candle method” was used to collect chloride ions in the air, using ion chromatography to analyze the chloride ion concentration of the sample solution, and obtained the annual RCl− in the offshore atmosphere at different vertical heights, using the Pearson correlation coefficient method to analyze the influence of environmental factors on the RCl−. The results show that the RCl− has a significant linear relationship with temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. Among them, the RCl− is positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with wind speed and relative humidity. In the vertical height range of 10–100 m, the RCl− presents a “⊂”-shaped distribution. In the range of 10–30 m, the RCl− is mainly controlled by the impact of ocean spray; in the range of 30–80 m, the RCl− is mainly controlled by marine aerosols; and in the range of 80 m–100 m, the RCl− is mainly controlled by marine aerosols and wind speed. Under the influence of wind direction and wind speed, the RCl− of the windward side is higher than that of the leeward side at different monitoring points, which are close to the coastline and at a low vertical height. Studying the distribution of the RCl− in 3D spatiality can effectively prevent and reduce its impact on offshore buildings.