Rate Of Return Research Articles

A sustainable floating dome biogas plants integrated with semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal collectors: Construction, production and economic analysis

The design and construction of a self-sustained solar photo-voltaic active thermal heating floating dome biogas plant (35 m3) offers an alternative solution for round year biogas production, managing food and agricultural waste, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and minimize pollution. Moreover, this proposed model addresses the challenge of achieving the desired operating temperature (35 ± 2 °C) specially during the cold climatic conditions, which often leads to low gas production and high hydraulic retention time in anaerobic digestion. The integration of solar modules with the biogas digester enables the utilization of thermal energy for slurry heating and electricity for force mode of operation, ultimately enhancing overall energy efficiency. However, to assess the performance of the system, proximate and ultimate analyses as well as a cost-benefit analysis were carried out, considering revenue, and costs associated with construction, operation, and maintenance. The plant produces a significant amount of gas (9–12 m3) and hot water (∼2000 L) replacing approximately one LPG cylinder/2 day as well as organic fertilizer. The economic analysis shows a positive net present value (19.5 lakhs), an internal rate of return (20%), and short discounted payback period (5.7 years). This highlights the economic feasibility of the proposed model and emphasizes the importance of considering economic factors in the design and implementation of sustainable energy solutions. Furthermore, this approach demonstrates the potential for sustainable development and the transition to cleaner and more efficient energy systems by integrating renewable energy generation, waste management, and cost reductions.

Technical and economic feasibility of hybrid power generation from urban solid waste associated with solar energy, considering the impact of the sale of carbon credits

In the global context of energy transition, from a model dependent on fossil fuels to a low-carbon matrix, hybrid plants, those that combine more than one energy source, prove to be an effective strategy for the increasing of the use of renewable energy sources. Furthermore, the creation of instruments that consider the environmental benefits of energy sources, such as the carbon credit market, which allows the trading of avoided CO2 emissions in the energy generation process, can contribute to the economic viability of low emission sources. In this sense, the objective of this research was to analyze the technical and economic feasibility of hybrid generation from municipal solid waste (MSW) associated with photovoltaic energy, to meet the demands of small city councils in Brazil, considering the commercialization of carbon credits. The economic indicators Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Capital Payback Time (PAYBACK) and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) were calculated for four different MSW management scenarios of the Intermunicipal Consortium of Municipalities of the Alto Sapucaí for Sanitary Landfill (CIMASAS, in portuguese), considering different percentages of recycling of dry and organic materials. The generation modalities Self-Production (APE, in portuguese) and Mini and Micro Distributed Generation (MMGD, in portuguese), provided for in the Brazilian regulatory framework, were considered. The results demonstrated that there are technical and economic viability in the proposed hybrid generation in all scenarios analyzed, and as the percentage of recovery of recyclable materials increases, there is an improvement in economic indicators. On average, in the APE modality, the NPV was 49.10 % higher than in MMGD, the IRR was 21.66 % higher, the payback was 51.68 % lower and the LCOE was 40.80 % lower than in MMGD. The inclusion of revenue from the sale of carbon credits promoted an average increase of 47.33 % in NPV, 24.09 % in IRR, and a decrease of, on average, 28.17 % in payback and 40.57 % in LCOE, in APE modality. In the MMGD modality, there was an average increase of 134.99 % in NPV, 39.46 % in IRR, and a decrease of, on average, 38.61 % in payback and 36.98 % in LCOE. These results demonstrate how the incorporation of environmental valuation in energy generation can contribute to increasing the economic attractiveness of hybrid generation from renewable sources.

Valorization of food waste into hydrogen energy through supercritical water gasification: Generation potential and techno-econo-environmental feasibility assessment

Food waste (FW) is a significant portion of the solid waste produced by cities, and it has become a global problem due to the poor management of food distribution and consumption. The improper disposal of FW in landfills precipitates pervasive global environmental predicamentsHowever, effective management strategies have the potential to convert this large amount of garbage into a very effective renewable energy source, particularly through the generation of environmentally friendly hydrogen. This study examines the capacity for energy generation and the practicality of hydrogen production in Bangladesh using supercritical water gasification technology. The findings indicate that approximately 489 MW of electricity can be extracted from approximately 23 million tons (Mt) of FW in 2023, with a projected escalation to around 2042 MW by 2042, coinciding with an anticipated surge in FW generation to approximately 110 Mt. Moreover, the study delves into the economic feasibility of these gasification endeavors, employing diverse metrics encompassing total life cycle cost, net present value, investment payback duration, levelized cost of energy, and internal rate of return. Technoeconomic analyses divulge an investment with a net present value of 11,669.4 M$M$, an 11-year payback period, and an internal rate of return of 14 %. In addition, the research assesses the technological, economic, and environmental viability inherent in the establishment of gasification-based electricity-generating facilities in Bangladesh's preeminent eight cities by 2023. This examination postulates that a transition from coal-based power plants to those powered by food waste would precipitate an annual reduction of 3.59 Mt in carbon dioxide emissions.

Optimal Taxation of Capital Income with Heterogeneous Rates of Return

Abstract We derive the Pareto-efficient mix of non-linear taxes on labour income and capital income if people differ in their rates of return on capital. We allow for two reasons why rates of return differ: because individuals with higher ability are better able to invest their capital or because wealthier individuals enjoy scale effects in wealth accumulation. In both cases, a strictly positive tax on capital income is part of any Pareto-efficient tax system. We derive a condition for the Pareto-efficient tax mix that relies solely on empirical sufficient statistics – not on social welfare weights – and find that Pareto-efficient taxes on capital income increase with the degree of return heterogeneity. Numerical simulations for empirically plausible return heterogeneity suggest that Pareto-efficient marginal tax rates on capital income are positive and substantial.

A Farmer-Centric Cost–Benefit Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in the Gandaki River Basin of Nepal

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is a climate-resilient practice that stands out globally as an important practice through which we can deal with emerging challenges through adaptation and mitigation to increase crop productivity and resilience. Despite its significance, a comprehensive cost–benefit analysis of the adoption of these practices has not yet been carried out. This study aims to bridge the knowledge gap between the cost and effectiveness of CSA practices adopted by small-scale farmers in growing rice, wheat and maize, the most staple crops in the Gandaki River Basin of Nepal. In this study, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), benefit–cost (BC) ratio, net benefit investment (NK) ratio and payback period, along with the value of externalities (social and environmental), were employed to assess the profitability of CSA practices. The findings indicate that almost all the CSA practices analyzed were profitable, with the exception of solar water management in maize with very low IRR (6%) and a longer payback period. The outcome of this study offers valuable insights for farmers in choosing profitable CSA technology and for policy makers in promoting better CSA technology, upscaling CSA practices, and formulating new agricultural policies and programs in the context of the changing climate.

The impact of COVID on the rate of return to schooling among US industries

The impact of COVID on the rate of return to schooling among US industries

Influence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Severity on Return to Substance Use Immediately Following Residential Substance Use Treatment

AbstractThe period immediately following residential substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is characterized by high rates of return to substance use. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly prevalent among individuals in residential SUD treatment and is a primary motive for substance use among individuals with co-occurring PTSD and SUD. Addressing important gaps in the literature, the current study examined the role of PTSD severity on days of substance use during the 30 days immediately following residential SUD treatment over and above demographic, SUD, and clinical factors associated with return to substance use. Participants (N = 65, Mage = 40.6, 52% women, 79% white) completed semi-structured diagnostic interviews for PTSD and SUD and self-report measures of demographics and depression while in residential SUD treatment (approximately one week before discharge), and then a follow-up assessment (timeline follow-back for substance use) approximately one month after discharge. Greater PTSD severity was associated with more days of substance use in the 30 days immediately following residential SUD treatment over and above demographic (i.e., race/ethnicity, gender, employment, housing insecurity), SUD (i.e., alcohol, stimulant, opioid, cannabis, and sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic use disorder severity), and clinical (i.e., depression severity) factors. Findings underscore the importance of PTSD assessment and intervention during residential SUD treatment and re-entry planning to assist in mitigating return to substance use during community reintegration.

Supporting strategy for investment evaluation of photovoltaic power generation engineering projects using multi-criteria decision analysis methods

This scientific study examines the evaluation of photovoltaic power generation projects through the application of multi-criteria decision analysis methods. Two groups of large-scale grid-connected PV power generation system projects with a nominal power of 50 MW and 500 MW respectively were analyzed and evaluated. These systems were designed to be installed in the same wider geographical area in northern Greece, but they were differentiated in the part of the PV circuit. Twelve systems were analyzed in which either monocrystalline silicon panels or poly-crystalline silicon panels or bifacial photovoltaic panels were to be installed. In these systems either central photovoltaic inverters or photovoltaic string inverters were considered for installation. The following criteria were used to evaluate the investment in these projects. These criteria were related to the profitability, the financial cost, the technical level, and the electrical energy production of the systems and these were the initial investment cost, the operation and maintenance cost, the levelized cost of electricity, the net present value, the internal rate of return, the capital recovery or payback period, the technical level of the photovoltaic circuit, the technical maturity of the photovoltaic circuit, and the annual electricity production. The evaluation of these criteria was initially conducted with fixed weighting coefficients followed by a sensitivity analysis of these weighting coefficients. The results of the evaluation using the PROMETHEE, AHP and TOPSIS multi-criteria decision analysis methods showed that the PV power generation systems which should be preferred are those with increased nominal power, where monocrystalline silicon technology panels are employed following the central inverter topology.

Economic evaluation of a wind and solar energy hybrid electric sightseeing boat in Laemsak, Krabi Province, Thailand

This research aims to analyze the economic evaluation of using hybrid wind and solar energy with a diesel-engine long-tail boat in the Laemsak tourism community, Krabi province, Thailand. It is a quantitative research study that collects and estimates the costs and expenses of developing hybrid wind turbine and solar panels with diesel-engine long-tail boat, including initial development costs, operational and maintenance costs, and depreciation costs, and also estimates the benefits of using the developed boat, such as revenue from boat services, fuel savings, and carbon offset savings. The economic feasibility is analyzed using the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) method by calculating the Payback Period (PP), Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), as well as analyzing the Sensitivity of some uncertain factors. The analysis of the project over a 10-year period indicates PP of approximately 3-4 years, positive NPV, BCR greater than 1.0, and IRR much higher than the Interest Rate. These figures demonstrate that the project is highly economically viable and suitable for investment.

Analisis dan Perancangan Usaha Pembukaan Cabang Baru pada Konveksi XYZ di Kota Bandung

Konveksi specific industry or agency. The problem with convection piling up and not making convection operational activities efficient. The aim of this study is to consider market aspects, technical aspects and financial aspects. By carrying out this feasibility analysis, convection can find out what needs to be prepared and know what risks will occur in order to avoid or minimize existing risks in the longer term. This financial aspect approach uses calculations of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PBP), and Profitability Index (PI). The benefit of the proposed design results is that it can estimate the size of market demand for the opening of a new branch of XYZ Convection in Bandung City, namely 8,513 pcs in 2025, it can design the technical and operational aspects of opening a new branch of XYZ Convection in Bandung City by determining an investment of IDR 153,738,772, it can measure the financial feasibility of opening a new branch of Konveksi sensitivity of four variables, including sensitivity to decreasing demand levels, decreasing product selling prices, decreasing, increasing raw material costs, and increasing direct labor and indirect labor costs. Can identify the risks of opening a new branch of Konveksi XYZ in Bandung City with a percentage of 4.9%, and for entrepreneurs, it can be used as a consideration in making decisions in the business of opening a new branch of Konveksi. Based on the results of a feasibility study carried out taking into account market aspects, technical aspects and financial aspects, opening a new branch at XYZ Convection in Bandung City is feasible.

The potential of shading to optimize the performance ratio of a solar power system

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of shading to evaluate the performance ratio (PR) of a solar power system. In order to accomplish the objective of this study, the PVsyst software was utilized to assess the impact of shading, generate an energy input/output loss diagram and determine the PR during the entire year. This work only considers shading effect due to the position of a building and the location of the PV site. The suggested method also evaluates the financial analysis of the proposed PV system, specifically focusing on the payback period (PBP) and return on investment (ROI). Two types of perspective design of the PV position for the values of tilt and azimuth have been evaluated. The value of tilt and azimuth were 15o and 0° for design-1 and design-2 with different perspective, such as North building and South building for design-1 and design-2, respectively. The result of optimization illustrated that the PR yearly levels for Designs-1 and 2, were 0.821 and 0.759, respectively. In addition, the financial analysis investigated to examine PBP and ROI, were 8.1 years with 140.5 % return rate; 8.7 years with 110 % return rate, respectively. The proposed method has been simulated and analysed for applied on the rooftop of Teaching Industrial Learning Centre building, the University of Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta-Indonesia.

Response of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) Varieties to Blended NPSZnB and Potassium Chloride Fertilizers Rates at Assosa District, Western Ethiopia

Potato production is constrained by a number of biotic and abiotic factors, among which poor soil fertility is the prime one. Thus, the objectives of the study were to evaluate effect of NPSZnB plus potassium chloride rates fertilizer on growth performance, yield and yield components of potato and to determine optimum fertilizer rate and economically feasible for potato production at target Assosa areas. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with split plot arrangement with three replications. Two potato varieties, Belete and Gudane were assigned to main plot whereas six blended NPSZnB with potassium chloride fertilizers rates assigned to subplots. Totally, the experiment had twelve treatments. The interaction effects of blended NPSZnB and potassium chloride fertilizers rates not significantly (P>0.05) influenced marketable yield, unmarketable yield and total tuber yield. However, the main effects of blended NPSZnB and potassium chloride fertilizers rates were highly significantly (P<0.01) affected marketable tuber yield. The partial budget analysis was revealed that highest net benefit with acceptable marginal rate of return (1027.27%) was obtained with the application of NPK (110 kg N + 90 kg P2O5 + 69 kg K2O ha-1) fertilizers. We conclude that application of NPK (110 kg N + 90 kg P2O5 + 69 kg K2O ha-1) fertilizers were economically feasible to recommend for potato production in the study area.

Real-time attending trauma surgeon assessment of direct-to-operating room trauma resuscitations: Results from a prospective observational study.

Direct-to-operating room (DOR) resuscitation expedites interventions for trauma patients. Perceived benefit from the surgeon's perspective is not well known. This study assesses the integration of a real-time surgeon assessment tool into a DOR protocol. Surgeon assessment tool results from a prospective study of DOR cases were analyzed. Analysis assessed patient factors and surgeon perception for appropriateness and benefit of DOR. Multivariate analysis identified independent factors associated with perceived DOR benefit. A total of 104 trauma patients underwent DOR resuscitation; 84% were perceived as appropriate triage, and 48% as beneficial. Patients with Injury Severity Score of >15 (50% vs. 28%), systolic blood pressure of <90 mm Hg (24% vs. 9%), and severe abdominal injury (28% vs. 9%) had higher perceived DOR benefits (all p < 0.05). Patients deemed to benefit from DOR underwent more emergent interventions or truncal surgery (44% vs. 92%, p < 0.01). No difference in benefit was seen based on age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale score of <9, or injury mechanism. Forty-four percent had perceived benefit from DOR resuscitation despite requiring imaging after initial evaluation. Patients with perceived benefit had a higher rate of unplanned return to the operating room (16% vs. 2%, p < 0.05), but no differences in complication rates, Glasgow Outcome Score, or mortality. Injury Severity Score of >15 was the only independently associated variable with a perceived benefit on surgeon assessment tool (odds ratio, 3.5; p < 0.05). The majority of DOR resuscitations were deemed as appropriately triaged, and approximately half had a perceived benefit. Benefit was associated with higher injury severity and the need for urgent interventions but was not predicted by injury mechanism or other triage variables. Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.

Research on the Decision-Making Mechanism of Human Capital Investment in the Behavior of “Returning to School for a Master Degree”—An Interview Analysis Based on Grounded Theory

Currently, it has become increasingly common for individuals engaged in social work to pursue a Master’s degree as part of their professional development. Following the qualitative research approach of grounded theory, this study conducted in-depth interviews with six graduate students majoring in education from local universities and performed a three-level coding analysis on the collected data. The motivations behind social candidates’ pursuit of a Master’s degree are primarily driven by material needs, spiritual aspirations, and other factors. Drawing upon the human capital theory, this study examines the investment decision-making behavior of this particular cohort. The decision mechanism underlying this behavior is as follows: the anticipated income level associated with a master’s degree surpasses the current income level; the expected return on investment outweighs the investment cost; while human capital investment in graduate school entails minimal risk, its return rate exceeds that of other investments; substantial hidden benefits are derived from investing in human capital. The research findings can serve as a valuable reference for the reform and adjustment of graduate enrollment and training in higher education institutions.

Agonistic song rate positively correlates with male breeding success and avian malaria infection in Acrocephalus paludicola (Aquatic Warbler), a promiscuous songbird with female-only parental care

Abstract The link between male song and reproductive success has been explored at length in socially monogamous birds, but results were inconsistent and under-represented socially non-monogamous species with uniparental care. Here, we evaluated whether metrics of male song in Acrocephalus paludicola (Aquatic Warbler), a promiscuous songbird with female-only care and large repertoires, are associated with fitness- and quality-related traits. We showed that the number of 9-day-old nestlings fathered and probability of avian malaria infection increased with the rate of agonistic song, produced in male–male interactions, and that male-scaled mass index (proxy for energy reserves) positively correlated with the repertoire size. The male breeding success was not explained by repertoire size and song duty cycle. None of the song variables clearly explained the male return rate or change in the tarsus length (proxy for structural body size) and scaled mass index of the fathered chicks between days 2 and 9 post-hatch. No other relationships between the song characteristics and the inbreeding coefficient, scaled mass index, wing-length and Trypanosoma infection status of the males were supported, and Plasmodium infection was unrelated to the song duty cycle and repertoire size. We conclude that in male A. paludicola the repertoire size could be a signal of early developmental stress or current body condition, and the agonistic song rate could be shaped by sexual selection and signal to females a genetic makeup that enhances survival upon infection by Plasmodium.

Self-Screening for Cervical Cancer Offered through a Digital Platform in a Region of British Columbia with Lower Screening Rates.

Cervical cancer is highly preventable through vaccination, early detection, and treatment, yet is the fourth most common cancer globally. HPV testing is superior to cytology for the detection of cervical pre-cancer, and jurisdictions around the world are implementing HPV primary screening, which offers the opportunity for self-screening, an important self-care intervention. Digital health solutions are also increasingly important components of self-care. In this study, we assessed the acceptability and completion of self-screening for cervical cancer offered through a digital platform within a low screening uptake region of British Columbia. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the acceptability of self-screening for cervical cancer offered through a digital platform as measured by return rates of self-screening kits. Patients due or overdue for cervix screening were invited to participate. Eligible participants registered online to receive a self-screening kit, which included a device for vaginal self-screening, instructions, and a return envelope, sent to their home. After self-screening using the vaginal device, HPV testing was conducted. HPV-negative participants were returned to routine screening, and HPV-positive participants were recommended for cytology or colposcopy. Attendance rates at follow-up were evaluated. Participants were invited to complete an acceptability survey. From April 2019 to December 2023, 283 participants were sent kits, with 207 kits returned for a completion rate of 73%. Of valid samples (n = 202), 15 were HPV positive, and 93% attended follow-up care. Most respondents found the CervixCheck website easy to use, informative, and secure and were satisfied with receiving their results online. CervixCheck had a high completion rate among participants who were sent a self-screening kit. High compliance with recommended follow-up and high acceptability of self-screening for cervical cancer was observed. Most participants indicated they would self-screen again in the future. Innovative approaches to cervical screening, including self-screening and the use of digital health interventions, are ways to enhance equity and improve uptake of cervical screening.

Indirect Evidence of the Effect of Informal Economy in the Behavior of the Foreign Currency’s Prices: A Case Study

The effect of informal economy on the behavior of exchange rate is complex and difficult to evaluate in common economic conditions. But if informal sector is sizeable and a certain foreign currency is used for transactions therein without being converted, the supply and the demand for this currency, the velocity of the money circulation, and several other variables would be impacted, implicating a measurable response in the corresponding FX rates’ behavior, while the other currencies’ prices will be less affected. Consequently, distinguishable dissimilarities regarding dynamics and statistical features are expected for the exchange rates of the currencies traded in the country. By evidencing and analyzing them, we can proceed with a backward analysis to identify the hidden relationships between informal economy and exchange rates. As a case study we analyzed the FX rates of main currencies traded in Albania, considering that specifically the Euro is used at a non-neglected volume as national currency substitute in the informal sector. Recognizing the complexity of the relationship under investigation, we have employed an interdisciplinary approach by incorporating econometrics and econophysics approaches. After examining the multifractal features of each FX series, the non-stationarity measure for distributions of the corresponding rate of returns, and the significance of self-organizing regimes on FX time series, we noticed that the price of the EU currency behaves distinguishably different. We described the specific features observed for the Euro-ALL exchange rates as an indication of their response to the informal economy and partial usage of the Euro in the role of national currency in this sector. Those findings are used also for opinionizing regarding formalization issues and scenarios of replacement of national currency by the Euro. Acknowledging that informality is undoubtedly harmful for the economy, this work is limited to providing an alternative explanation of specific FX rates comportment observed in the country, and to offer a descriptive analysis for similar systems.

Current status of postoperative care for elderly osteoporotic fracture patients in Jiangsu Province, China: A multicenter cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe postoperative care behavior of elderly osteoporotic fracture patients has a significant impact on their prognosis and rehabilitation; thus, it is critical to completely comprehend their current state of care before optimizing postoperative care strategies. AimsTo determine the current status of postoperative care for elderly osteoporotic fracture patients in Jiangsu Province. MethodsFrom October to December 2023, 669 elderly postoperative patients with osteoporotic fractures were recruited for a cross-sectional study via convenience sampling and a self-designed questionnaire from 21 hospitals in seven urban areas in Jiangsu Province. ResultsA total of 800 questionnaires were distributed, and 709 questionnaires were recovered, for a return rate of 88.6%. The postoperative support and care received by the patients were mostly by their children and spouses, and the postoperative health education knowledge received by the patients was mostly about fracture-related knowledge and precautions for the use of medications. Health education methods were mainly conducted by medical staff explanations and health brochures; only 45.3% of the patients were treated with anti-osteoporosis therapy. ConclusionsThe current status of postoperative care for osteoporotic fracture patients in Jiangsu Province varies somewhat according to geographic location, hospital level and other factors, with tertiary hospitals and more economically developed areas having relatively better care outcomes. For in-hospital care, it is necessary to improve the content and methods of in-hospital education. For out-of-hospital care, it is necessary to raise the level of awareness of anti-osteoporosis treatment and the prevention and treatment of re-fractures, and to improve hospital-community referral services.

The Impact of ESG Policies of Enterprises on Internal Rate of Return

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) is an investment strategy and corporate assessment framework that emphasizes the impact of enterprises on the environment, society, and governance. Its objective is to assess companies' performance and non-financial risks in relation to sustainable development. The internal rate of return (IRR) is the rate at which the project's cash flow is equal to zero. The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between an enterprise's ESG score and its IRR. This work utilizes quantitative analysis and multiple linear regression approaches, building upon earlier research that has examined the relationship between ESG factors and financial indicators. This research used Excel 2018 to do regression analysis on ESG and IRR, building upon the findings of prior studies. The research findings indicate a strong negative linear link between a company's IRR and its ESG rating, as well as its overall revenue growth rate. However, the total profit growth rate shows no significant correlation. Moreover, this study discovered that the overall rate of revenue growth has a more significant influence on the firm's IRR compared to the rate of ESG factors. This report presents a divergent finding from the bulk of other studies, offering a novel research avenue for examining the influence of ESG on financial performance.

Psychosocial predictors of return to alcohol use after liver transplant: A multicenter cohort study.

Alcohol use after liver transplant (LT) is associated with higher rates of graft loss and increased mortality; however, there are limited data evaluating predictors of return to alcohol use using biochemical markers like phosphatidylethanol (PEth). This multicenter retrospective cohort study evaluated psychosocial predictors of return to alcohol use using PEth testing in patients transplanted for alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). The study included 223 patients at three centers who had received a LT for ALD and had at least one PEth measurement post-LT. The rate of return to alcohol use was 6.9 cases per 100 person-years (26 patients total) over a median 555 days of follow-up after transplant. Younger age (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.92-0.99, p = 0.02), mental health comorbidities (HR 2.83; 95% CI 1.25-6.39, p = 0.01), and non-Hispanic White race (HR 3.79; 95% CI 1.42-10.15, p = 0.01) were associated with return to alcohol use post-LT. There was no difference between post-LT return to alcohol use rates or short-term survival among patients with less than 6 months of sobriety prior to listing compared with those with more than 6 months. Patients with sustained alcohol use post-LT had increased odds of history of illicit substance use (OR 5.20; 95% CI 1.01-26.83, p = 0.04) but no significant difference in time from the last drink to listing (OR 1.03; 95% CI 0.18-5.80, p = 0.97). These findings emphasize the importance of mental health comorbidities rather than period of sobriety in predicting post-LT return to alcohol use. Furthermore, the higher risk of return to alcohol use in non-Hispanic White patients suggests a potential disparity with referral and selection of higher risk White patients.