Rate Of Profit Research Articles

Investigating the law of tendential fall in the rate of profit based on feedback control

The rate of profit is a key element for understanding the movement of capitalism such as technological progress and economic crisis. Even though capitalists seek larger profit rates, there exists a tendency of stagnating or falling profit rates. According to Marx, the rate of profit would tend to decline in the long run as a result of technological progress, termed the law of tendential fall in the profit rate. This article introduces a novel approach based on the discrete-time feedback control mechanism to elucidate Marx’s theory. Specifically, this study presents a mechanism and conditions to show how the effort to maximize the profit rate, implemented by designing an “appropriate” control law under the sampling of fiscal years, eventually leads to the gradual decrease in the rate of profit in the long run.

Crisis, falling rate of profit and the social policy in capitalism

Resumo Este artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa descritiva, teórica e documental sobre crise do capital, queda tendencial da taxa de lucro e a relação com as políticas sociais. Objetiva-se elucidar como as políticas sociais, em determinados períodos da história, são estratégias para alavancar as taxas de lucro, seja na sua ampliação, como ocorreu após a crise de 1929, seja na sua retração, como ocorreu na crise de 1970 em diante. A metodologia utilizada consistiu em revisão bibliográfica e análise documental sobre o tema proposto, recorrendo a algumas categorias marxianas como queda tendencial da taxa de lucro, acumulação e crise. Os resultados obtidos nos permitem considerar que as políticas sociais têm desempenhado papel relevante na recuperação das taxas de lucro do capital, servindo como um mecanismo para responder aos processos de crise, retomar o crescimento econômico e garantir a sobrevivência do modo de produção capitalista.

Analisis fungsi keuntungan usahatani kacang hijau (Phaseolus ra-diatus L.) di Kabupaten Malaka Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

The cause of the low productivity of mung beans is partly due to the inefficient use of production factors, which will theoretically affect the profit level of farming. This study specifically aims to analyze the allocation of the use of production inputs and to analyze the profit function of mung bean farming. Data collection used a survey method by interviewing 52 farmers in Central Malaka District, Malaka District, East Nusa Tenggara. Data analysis used a quantitative descriptive method, through the analysis of farm costs, and analysis of the Cobb-Douglass Unit Output Price profit function. The results showed that mung bean farming was profitable with a profit rate of around 7.66 million rupiah per hectare. The allocation of farming inputs that significantly affect production are land area, seeds, and pesticides, with coefficient values ​​of 0.96, 0.56 and -0.49, respectively. Meanwhile, variable inputs that significantly affect profits are fertilizer prices, pesticide prices, and labor costs, with coefficient values ​​of -0.43, 0.43, and -0.75, respectively. These results inform several aspects: (a) increasing the area of ​​land and seeds increases production, conversely increasing the use of pesticides can reduce production and therefore it is necessary to adjust the correct dosage, (b) the use of fertilizers is not significant to production caused by the application dose is too low, ( c) the use of labor is not significant to production and its addition reduces profits, so it needs to be more efficient in its use by prioritizing the quality of the workforce.

Analisis Nilai Tambah Kelapa Sawit Menjadi Crude Palm Oil (CPO) di PT. Surya Raya Lestari 1 Desa Bulu Mario, Kecamatan Sarudu, Kabupaten Pasangkayu Sulawesi Barat

This study aims to: (1) describe the process of processing oil palm into Crude Palm Oil (CPO), and (2) calculate the added value of processing oil palm into Crude Palm Oil (CPO) at the palm oil mill of PT. Surya Raya Lestari 1. This research was conducted for 4 months starting from the preparation stage to the preparation of the report starting from February 2023 to June 2023, Primary data is data taken through direct observation and interviews with the head of the price section and the head of the factory of PT. Surya Raya Lestari 1. This research uses descriptive analysis of the Hayami model. Based on the results of the study, the added value generated from processing Palm Oil into CPO at PT Surya Raya Lestari 1 is Rp.158.71 / kg of raw material with a value-added ratio of 8.156 percent. The profit obtained from processing Palm Oil into CPO at PT Surya Raya Lestari 1 is Rp.133.161 / kg with a profit rate of 83.902 percent.

Performance Measurement of a Private Hospital during the Pandemic Covid-19

This study aims to analyze the performance of private hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic through the BSC approach. This research uses a quantitative descriptive approach based on a case study at a private hospital in East Jakarta. A hospital employee-patient survey provided the main data. 2019–2020 hospital reports supplied secondary data. The results showed that, from the customer perspective, there was a decrease in performance in customer acquisition and retention. From the internal business process perspective, there is a decrease in bed occupancy rate and turnover interval. From a financial perspective, there is a decline in profitability and cost recovery rate. The learning perspective is considered good in employee satisfaction, low employee turnover, and regular training, so that it can be concluded that employee retention is well implemented. Overall, hospitals need to review key performance indicators from a customer perspective and internal business processes to improve financial performance.

PENENTUAN PORTOFOLIO OPTIMAL DENGAN METODE MULTI INDEX MODEL DAN PENGUKURAN RISIKO DENGAN EXPECTED SHORTFALL (Studi Kasus: Kelompok Saham LQ45 Periode Januari 2017 - Desember 2021)

Various methods have been applied to determine the optimal portfolio, one of which is Multi Index Model. MIM is a method that uses more than one factors that affects stock price movements, this study uses ICI and exchange rate factors. Risk measurement is very important in financial analysis because almost all of them contain elements of risk. One form of risk measure that’s relatively popular in financial risk analysis is Value at Risk. VaR has a disadvantage because it only measures the percentile of the loss distribution without considering losses that exceed VaR and VaR isn’t coherent (it doesn’t fulfill the property of subadditivity). The risk measure used to overcome the weakness of VaR is Expected Shortfall. The results of the study using MIM method obtained the optimal portfolio consisting of BBRI (45.777%), PTPP (2.952%), and UNTR (51.271%) which provide a profit rate of 0.383%. The calculation results show that with a 95% confidence level, ES and VaR values obtained are 26.639% and 11.210%, respectively. ES value will be more precise in the context of a portfolio so that the maximum loss that will be received by the optimal portfolio investor that has been formed one month ahead is 26.639%.

Sustainable Management of Railway Companies Amid Inflation and Reduced Government Subsidies: A System Dynamics Approach

Sustainable transport is a critical and complex issue that the world is currently facing. Managers of railway companies in particular face significant challenges in achieving self-sustainable management of their assets. This paper introduces a new causal loop and explores the interaction among company dimensions—including financial, social, and environmental aspects—in order to assess the financially sustainable management of Raja Corporation, one of the largest railway companies in Iran. Our main contribution is the proposed system dynamics (SD) model, which can aid in policy analysis for Raja, a company that operates multiple routes within the country. The presented model compares different strategies employed by Raja using economic, social, and environmental indicators to evaluate the financial sustainability of the company. Our findings demonstrate that government subsidies may boost the company’s revenue, but they also hinder the rate of profits. Additionally, we highlight the impact of inflation on the company’s financial sustainability, showing that higher ticket prices may have a considerable impact on profits. The proposed approach of using the SD model may help specialists evaluate the sustainability management of transport sector corporations and significantly enhance their performance. This study highlights the importance of taking a comprehensive approach to assess the financial sustainability of railway companies, considering the interdependencies among various dimensions of each company. The findings of this study may have implications for policymakers, managers, and researchers in the transport sector, especially those who are interested in sustainable management practices.

Ameliorated graph sample and aggregate network and convolutional neural network for stock trading decisions

Both graph neural network and convolutional neural network (CNN) perform well in predicting the trading signals of time series data. However, these models often encounter challenges in profitability due to either inadequate information or algorithmic limitations. A model AG-MCNN is proposed by combining ameliorated graph sample and aggregate network (GraphSAGE) and multi-CNN for stock trading decisions. Ameliorated GraphSAGE (AG) is used to learn graph embedding in daily market network constructed from comprehensive market information, with neighbors having higher correlation exerting stronger influence on the target node. Moreover, a more reasonable graph modeling approach is adopted to preserve the important features of time series while filtering out noise. Multi-scale time series and comments with sentiment information are collected to analyze short-term and long-term trends. The short-term features of the weighted graph are extracted by a dual concatenated CNN. The pre-trained model is fine-tuned based on transfer learning to address the issue of insufficient sentiment information in the long-term trend. Experimental results demonstrate that AG-MCNN achieves an average profit rate of 68.4094%, compared to the highest value of 46.1091% for comparison models and 18.2234% for the buy-and-hold strategy. AG-MCNN’s high level of profitability in stock investments makes it a promising choice for investors.

Proposed Business Growth Strategy for an Advertising Production Company That Penetrates the Small and Medium-Sized Business Market in Jakarta: A Business Case, Rentjana

Rentjana, a single-person production house, is facing challenges in the advertising industry, primarily driven by intense competition and declining prices, resulting in reduced profitability and difficulties in acquiring customers. This study aims to analyse the advertising production house ecosystem, trends, and competition, with a focus on identifying challenges, opportunities, and successful business models for Rentjana. The research approach includes qualitative analysis using primary and secondary data sources, employing matrices such as VRIO analysis, value proposition, and the Ansoff matrix. Primary data will be collected through interviews, while secondary data will be obtained from relevant sources. The study proposes offering production packages with a complete concept to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), aiming to enhance their product quality and differentiation through design, branding, production, and material selection. This approach facilitates the development of long-term partnerships, expands networks, and increases revenue for Rentjana. Flexibility in pricing is suggested to provide competitive yet profitable rates, giving Rentjana a distinctive advantage. Implementing lean production techniques will contribute to waste elimination, improved efficiency, employee engagement, and the effective utilisation of technology. The study also seeks to understand the role of online video advertising and address the challenges prevailing in the advertising industry.

Performance Evaluation of Financial Industry Related Expense Forecasting Using Various Regression Algorithms for Machine Learning

Insurance costs refer to the fees charged by insurance companies to customers to pay for possible risks and losses. Insurance costs are usually based on the personal information of the insured, such as age, gender, occupation, health status and so on. For insurance companies, it is very important to accurately predict insurance costs, because it is directly related to the company's profits and risk control capabilities. The purpose of using regression algorithm to predict insurance expenses is to make insurance companies evaluate customers' risks more accurately and make more reasonable insurance expenses, so as to better manage risks and improve the company's profitability. In addition, for individuals, knowing their own insurance cost forecast results will also help them make better decisions and choose the most suitable insurance products to protect themselves and their families.In order to improve the pricing accuracy and profit rate of insurance companies, this study uses regression algorithm to predict insurance costs. It uses real anonymous data sets, which contain information of the insured from different regions, different ages, different sexes and different smoking status. It uses the comparison algorithm function of regression algorithm, which contains dozens of algorithms and covers all regression algorithms and compare their prediction performance. Our data set takes into account various factors that affect the insurance cost, such as age, gender, body mass index, smoking status and so on. And add them to the model as independent variables. It uses cross-validation to evaluate the generalization ability of the model and R2 index to evaluate the prediction performance. The results show that GBR has the best prediction performance, with R2 of 87%. Our research provides an accurate method for insurance companies to predict insurance costs, which is helpful for insurance companies to formulate more reasonable pricing strategies and improve market competitiveness.

Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Leverage, Inflasi dan Suku Bunga terhadap Financial Distress dalam Masa Pandemi Covid-19

This study analyzes the relationship between profitability, leverage, inflation and interest rates with financial distress in manufacturing companies listed on the IDX during the Covid-19 pandemic, namely during 2019-2021. The population in this study are all manufacturing companies listed on the IDX for the 2019-2021 period. Data obtained through the website idx.co.id. From the purposive sampling results, there were 66 companies that met the criteria. In this study using logistic regression analysis because there is a dummy variable in the dependent variable. This study uses the SPSS software test tool version 21. Based on the results obtained, profitability has a negative and significant impact on financial distress. The higher the profitability, the smaller the level of financial risk in a company. This is because the effective use of company assets will minimize company costs, enabling them to save funds and manage their business more efficiently. Leverage also has a significant effect on financial distress. Low corporate debt will minimize the risk of financial distress that will be borne by the company

Analysis of the Effect of Industrial Concentration on Profit of the Indonesian Plastic and Packaging Industry

The Indonesian plastics and packaging industry can have a considerable opportunity to continue to grow because the plastics and packaging industry has a significant role in the economic development of the industrial sector. This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of the level of industrial concentration on the profits of the Indonesian plastics and packaging industry. This research uses secondary data in the form of time series originating from the Indonesian Statistics for the period 2010 – 2019. The analytical technique used in this research is using qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques. The analytical method used is the calculation of the concentration ratio of 4 companies, profit calculation using Price Cost Margin and simple linear regression. The results showed that the plastic and packaging industry was concentrated with a concentration ratio of 16 percent. According to Joe S. Bain's theory, the plastics and packaging industries fall into the fifth level oligopoly category. The profit rate in this industry is relatively decreasing with an average of 34.76 percent. Based on the results of simple linear regression, it is stated that industry concentration is not significant to the profits of the Indonesian plastics and packaging industry.

Study on the Influencing Factors of the Profitability of A-share Listed Catering Companies Based on DuPont Analysis

This study aims to determine the financial indicators that affect the profitability of Chinese A-share listed catering companies. The literature shows that more profitable companies are often more competitive and can also bring greater returns to investors. Therefore, it seems very necessary to identify the factors that affect the profitability of A-share listed catering companies. This study was based on the samples of the four catering companies,Tongqinglou,Guangzhou Restaurant ,Quanjude Group,Xi’an Catering,listed on China A-shares from 2018 to 2022. In order to determine the indicators affecting the profitability of the listed catering companies, based on DuPont analysis ,I conducted a large number of data analysis on the financial statements of these four companies and preliminarily determined 12 indicators. In order to determine the significance of the impact of each indicator on profitability, I used correlation analysis for screening.And finally, seven indicators were determined, namely: Return on equity, Return on total asset,Sales profit margin, Cost profit margin, Earnings per share , Total assets turnover ratio, and Profit rate on fixed assets.

Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Ukuran Perusahaan, dan Tingkat Pertumbuhan Perusahaan Terhadap Struktur Modal pada Perusahaan Sektor Properti dan Real Estate yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2017-2020

This study aims to find the effect of profitability, corporate governance, and tax avoidance on firm value in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2020 partially and simultaneously. The population of this study was 65 companies. The sampling method used is purposive sampling method, so that 10 companies were obtained as samples for 4 years of observation with 40 observation samples. The research data was obtained from financial reports from sample companies which were downloaded through the IDX website, namely www.idx.co.id and the official websites of each company. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 25. The results showed that the profitability variable had a positive and significant effect on capital structure. Firm size has a significant negative effect on capital structure and company growth rate variable has a positive and insignificant effect on capital structure. Based on the simultaneous test (F test) the variables of profitability, company size and growth rate simultaneously affect the capital structure.

Rejecting The Marxian Conjecture Of A Falling Rate Of Profit

In this article, the vexata quaestio concerning a supposed, spontaneous propensity of the rate of profit to fall along with the technological progress is dealt with. In the end it is found out that no such a general trend might easily be supposed: plausibly, no propensity may be expected at all, either towards a fall or an increase.

Capital Expenditure, Corporate Hedging and Firms’ Value: Evidence from the Oil and Gas Sector of Pakistan

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of capital expenditure and corporate hedging on the firm’s value. According to theory, hedging can raise business value by lowering costs and volatility, but it can also lower firm value by optimizing manager's utility. The study employed secondary data and population was collected from seventeen oil and gas companies that were listed on the PSX from 2011 to 2022. Panel data have been examined for fixed effect models (categories of panel model). Software called Eviews was used for analysis. On the dataset, the Levin li chu, Hauseman and Durban Watson were run. The results revealed that the Capex, Profitability, Cash holding and interest rate hedge capex have significant but Forex hedge; forex hedge capex, interst rate capex and leverage have insignificant impact with firm’s value. The results of this study suggest that Pakistan's economy urgently needs to review as may protect existing as well as foreign investors.

Technological and Economic Optimization of Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Colony Production

Zbog povećanih gubitaka pčelinjih zajednica, potražnja za njima raste iz godine u godinu. Kako bi nadoknadili izgubljene pčelinje zajednice ili povećali veličinu pčelinjaka, pčelari moraju kupiti nove zajednice ili ih mogu sami proizvesti tijekom sezone. Cilj ovoga rada bio je ispitati tehnološku i ekonomsku učinkovitost triju različitih metoda proizvodnje pčelinjih zajednica: korištenjem jednoga, dvaju i četiriju okvira saća s poklopljenim leglom i pripadajućim pčelama kojima je dodana sparena matica. Istraživanje je provedeno u sjeveroistočnoj Hrvatskoj od svibnja 2019. do travnja 2020. Na kraju prve sezone nije bilo značajnih razlika između skupina u broju okvira zauzetih leglom i pčelama. Proizvodnja zajednica s jednim okvirom poklopljenoga legla omogućuje pčelaru proizvodnju većega broja pčelinjih zajednica, dok su se pčelinje zajednice proizvedene na početku sezone s pomoću četiriju okvira poklopljenoga legla dovoljno razvile i proizvodile med tijekom glavne ljetne pčelinje paše. Sva tri načina proizvodnje pčelinjih zajednica pokazala su pozitivan ekonomski rezultat i stopu isplativosti.

Disentangling the connection between Marx’s ‘sixth’ countertendency to a falling rate of profit and the rise of financialisation

Abstract Marxian economics has been dealing extensively with the issue of falling profitability and its connection with financialisation. One finds in this line of research contributions linking financialisation with the list of counter-elements to the Law of the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall, with financialisation being interpreted as the ‘sixth’. In the past, various authors have either briefly commented on the ‘sixth’ factor or left it aside. We aim to provide an alternative interpretation, based on three elements. First, the role of joint-stock companies’ issuance of long-term financing instruments yielding low remuneration. Second, the fact that sectors such as railways and public utilities, belonging to the category of natural monopolies, are excluded from gravitation towards an average rate of profit. Third, the role of the organic composition of capital in determining differences in sectoral profitability. Therefore, we claim that the sixth element should be read as a reference to natural monopolies remaining outside the field of profit rate equalisation.

Health information exchange network under collaboration, cooperation, and competition: A game-theoretic approach.

Health Information Exchange (HIE) network allows securely accessing and sharing healthcare-related information among healthcare providers (HCPs) and payers. HIE services are provided by a non-profit/profit organizations under several subscription plans options. A few studies have addressed the sustainability of the HIE network such that HIE providers, HCPs, and payers remain profitable in the long term. However, none of these studies addressed the coexistence of multiple HIE providers in the network. Such coexistence may have a huge impact on the behavior of healthcare systems in terms of adoption rate and HIE pricing strategies. In addition, in spite of all the effort to maintain cooperation between HIE providers, there is still a chance of competition among them in the market. Possible competition among service providers leads to many concerns about the HIE network sustainability and behavior. In this study, a game-theoretic approach to model the HIE market is proposed. Game-theory is used to simulate the behavior of the three different HIE network agents in the HIE market: HIE providers, HCPs, and payers. Pricing strategies and adoption decisions are optimized using a Linear Programming (LP) mathematical model. Results show that the relation between HIEs in the market is crucial to HCP/Payer adoption decision specially to small HCPs. A small change in the discount rate proposed by a competitive HIE provider will highly affect the decision of HCP/payers to join the HIE network. Finally, competition opened the opportunity for more HCPs to join the network due to reduced pricing. Furthermore, collaborative HIEs provided better performance compared to cooperative in terms of profit and HCP adoption rate by sharing their overall costs and revenues.

PENGARUH PEMBIAYAAN MURABAHAH, MUDHARABAH DAN IJARAH TERHADAP TINGKAT LABA BERSIH PADA BANK UMUM SYARIAH DI INDONESIA PERIODE 2015-2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Murabahah, Mudharabah, and Ijarah Financing on the Net Profit Rates of Islamic banks in Indonesia. This research uses the positivism paradigm with a quantitative approach. The population in this study were all Sharia Commercial Banks registered at Bank Indonesia while the sampling technique used purposive sampling techniques and obtained 3 Sharia Commercial Banks. The data analysis method used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study are murabaha financing has a significant effect on net income and mudharabah financing does not significantly influence net income, while Ijarah financing does not significantly influence net income.