Rate Of Millions Research Articles

Increased levels of IL-4 in the Spleen of BALB/c Mice after 65.5 kDa Pili Protein Klebsiella pneumoniae Immunization

Pneumonia is an infection of the lung parenchyma caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, resulting in a high mortality rate of millions each year. To reduce these deaths, one potential solution is to create a vaccine that utilizes virulence factors of this microorganism, such as pili. During the early phase of infection, these antigens have a crucial role and can stimulate the production of memory b cells. These cells are activated by IL-4 (interleukin-4) in lymphoid organs, such as the spleen. Pathogen exposure such as virulence factors can stimulate the secretion of IL-4 in the spleen organ. This study aims to investigate the role of Klebsiella pneumoniae pili in this process. The research conducted from May to December 2023 at the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember was purely experimental, using Balb/c mice with IL-4 levels in the spleen organ as variables. The study used 15 mice, divided into control (K1), adjuvant (K2), and antigen (K3) groups. The research data were analyzed using non-parametric tests, specifically the Kruskal-Wallis and Post Hoc tests. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences (p=0.003). In the Post Hoc test, a significant difference was found between the control and antigen groups (p=0.002). The results conclusively demonstrate that induction of Klebsiella pneumoniae pili protein 65.5 kDa significantly increases IL-4 levels in the spleen. Future studies should consider adding serum specimens to provide additional information.

Evaluation of pediatric patients installed due to acute gastroenteritis

Objectives: Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most prevalent causes of death and morbidity in children and a significant health issue in Turkey, as well as developed and developing nations. The purpose of this study is to analyze retrospectively the patients with acute gastroenteritis who sought treatment at the Kızıltepe State Hospital in Mardin. Methods: This study was designed as a single-center retrospective study in which demographic variables were evaluated by taking fresh stool samples from the patients who applied to the Mardin Province Kızıltepe State Hospital between 01/11/2020 and 31/10/2021 with the complaint of diarrhea. The information of rotavirus, enteric adenovirus and amoeba viruses in stool samples was investigated by qualitative immunochromatographic test. The researcher assessed the research data utilizing the hospital's file archive materials and three factors set by the researcher. The researcher extracted the information about these factors from the patient files and stored it in a Microsoft Office Excel file. Results: According to the gender variable of the research participants, Amoeba positive rates were considerably higher in males than in girls (35.8% versus 22.6%, p = 0.046, respectively). According to the age groups variable, rotavirus antigen positive was statistically significantly greater in the 5-24 month age group compared to other age groups (p = 0.034). Similarly, Amoeba positive was statistically substantially higher in the 5-24 month age group compared to other age groups (p = 0.001). There was no significant variation between age groups in the distribution of adenovirus. According to the seasonal variable, rotavirus antigen positivity was most prevalent in the spring, and the difference between the spring and other seasons was statistically significant (p = 0.001), whereas amoeba positivity was most prevalent in the summer, with no statistically significant difference between the seasons (p = 0.003). The frequency of undiscovered variables was greater during the spring-summer months, and a statistically significant difference (p = 0.041) was identified between the groups. The seasonal variation in the prevalence of Adenovirus antigen positive was not statistically significant (p = 0.394). Conclusions: As a result, in poor and underdeveloped nations, it is among the top five causes of death in children under the age of five, in relation to acute gastroenteritis. Furthermore, the majority of these deaths may be minimized by preventative and prevention strategies. It is the responsibility of governments, health professionals, and families to foster a safe and healthy environment for all infants and children during their infancy and development. Community-based health strategies should be undertaken to lower the morbidity and death rates of millions of people worldwide who are exposed to harmful environmental conditions and malnutrition.

Contraction of the rigor actomyosin complex drives bulk hemoglobin expulsion from hemolyzing erythrocytes

Erythrocyte ghost formation via hemolysis is a key event in the physiological clearance of senescent red blood cells (RBCs) in the spleen. The turnover rate of millions of RBCs per second necessitates a rapid efflux of hemoglobin (Hb) from RBCs by a not yet identified mechanism. Using high-speed video-microscopy of isolated RBCs, we show that electroporation-induced efflux of cytosolic ATP and other small solutes leads to transient cell shrinkage and echinocytosis, followed by osmotic swelling to the critical hemolytic volume. The onset of hemolysis coincided with a sudden self-propelled cell motion, accompanied by cell contraction and Hb-jet ejection. Our biomechanical model, which relates the Hb-jet-driven cell motion to the cytosolic pressure generation via elastic contraction of the RBC membrane, showed that the contributions of the bilayer and the bilayer-anchored spectrin cytoskeleton to the hemolytic cell motion are negligible. Consistent with the biomechanical analysis, our biochemical experiments, involving extracellular ATP and the myosin inhibitor blebbistatin, identify the low abundant non-muscle myosin 2A (NM2A) as the key contributor to the Hb-jet emission and fast hemolytic cell motion. Thus, our data reveal a rapid myosin-based mechanism of hemolysis, as opposed to a much slower diffusive Hb efflux.

Performance-optimal filtering

We define the concept of performance-optimal filtering to indicate the Bloom or Cuckoo filter configuration that best accelerates a particular task. While the space-precision tradeoff of these filters has been well studied, we show how to pick a filter that maximizes the performance for a given workload. This choice might be "suboptimal" relative to traditional space-precision metrics, but it will lead to better performance in practice. In this paper, we focus on high-throughput filter use cases, aimed at avoiding CPU work, e.g., a cache miss, a network message, or a local disk I/O - events that can happen at rates of millions to hundreds per second. Besides the false-positive rate and memory footprint of the filter, performance optimality has to take into account the absolute cost of the filter lookup as well as the saved work per lookup that filtering avoids; while the actual rate of negative lookups in the workload determines whether using a filter improves overall performance at all. In the course of the paper, we introduce new filter variants, namely the register-blocked and cache-sectorized Bloom filters. We present new implementation techniques and perform an extensive evaluation on modern hardware platforms, including the wide-SIMD Skylake-X and Knights Landing. This experimentation shows that in high-throughput situations, the lower lookup cost of blocked Bloom filters allows them to overtake Cuckoo filters.

Gene delivery: Suddenly squeezed and shocked

A microfluidic device that integrates mechanical squeezing and electrical stimulation delivers DNA to the nucleus of cells at a rate of millions of cells per minute.

Aerospike

In this paper, we describe the solutions developed to address key technical challenges encountered while building a distributed database system that can smoothly handle demanding real-time workloads and provide a high level of fault tolerance. Specifically, we describe schemes for the efficient clustering and data partitioning for the automatic scale out of processing across multiple nodes and for optimizing the usage of CPUs, DRAM, SSDs and networks to efficiently scale up performance on one node. The techniques described here were used to develop Aerospike (formerly Citrusleaf), a high performance distributed database system built to handle the needs of today's interactive online services. Most real-time decision systems that use Aerospike require very high scale and need to make decisions within a strict SLA by reading from, and writing to, a database containing billions of data items at a rate of millions of operations per second with sub-millisecond latency. For over five years, Aerospike has been continuously used in over a hundred successful production deployments, as many enterprises have discovered that it can substantially enhance their user experience.

Ensemble of Decision Tree Classifiers for Mining Web Data Streams

The World Wide Web (www or w3 commonly known as the web) is the largest database available with growth at the rate of millions of pages a day and presents a challenging task for mining web data streams. Currently extraction of knowledge from web data streams is getting more and more complex, because the structure of data doesn’t match the attribute-values when considering the large volume of web data. In this paper, an ensemble of decision tree classifiers is presented, which is an efficient mining method to obtain a proper set of rules for extracting knowledge from a large amount of web data streams. We built a web server using Model 2 Architecture to collect the web data streams and applied the ensemble classifier for generating decision rules using several decision tree learning models. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method performs well in decision making and predicting the class value of new web data streams.

Magnitude of Perceived Change in Natural Images May Be Linearly Proportional to Differences in Neuronal Firing Rates

We are studying how people perceive naturalistic suprathreshold changes in the colour, size, shape or location of items in images of natural scenes, using magnitude estimation ratings to characterise the sizes of the perceived changes in coloured photographs. We have implemented a computational model that tries to explain observers' ratings of these naturalistic differences between image pairs. We model the action-potential firing rates of millions of neurons, having linear and non-linear summation behaviour closely modelled on real VI neurons. The numerical parameters of the model's sigmoidal transducer function are set by optimising the same model to experiments on contrast discrimination (contrast 'dippers') on monochrome photographs of natural scenes. The model, optimised on a stimulus-intensity domain in an experiment reminiscent of the Weber-Fechner relation, then produces tolerable predictions of the ratings for most kinds of naturalistic image change. Importantly, rating rises roughly linearly with the model's numerical output, which represents differences in neuronal firing rate in response to the two images under comparison; this implies that rating is proportional to the neuronal response.

Methods for finding frequent items in data streams

The frequent items problem is to process a stream of items and find all items occurring more than a given fraction of the time. It is one of the most heavily studied problems in data stream mining, dating back to the 1980s. Many applications rely directly or indirectly on finding the frequent items, and implementations are in use in large scale industrial systems. However, there has not been much comparison of the different methods under uniform experimental conditions. It is common to find papers touching on this topic in which important related work is mischaracterized, overlooked, or reinvented. In this paper, we aim to present the most important algorithms for this problem in a common framework. We have created baseline implementations of the algorithms and used these to perform a thorough experimental study of their properties. We give empirical evidence that there is considerable variation in the performance of frequent items algorithms. The best methods can be implemented to find frequent items with high accuracy using only tens of kilobytes of memory, at rates of millions of items per second on cheap modern hardware.

Eliminating Buoyant Migration of Sequestered CO2 Through Surface Dissolution: Implementation Costs and Technical Challenges

Summary Sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in geologic formations will be part of any substantive campaign to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The risk of leakage from the target formation must be weighed against economic feasibilities for this technology to gain stakeholder acceptance. The standard approach to large-scale geologic sequestration into saline aquifers assumes that CO2 will be injected as a bulk phase. In this case, the primary driver for leakage is the buoyancy of CO2 under typical deep-reservoir conditions (depths > 2,600 ft or 800 m). Investigating alternative approaches that use inherently safe trapping mechanisms can help to characterize the price of reducing the risk of leakage. In this paper, we examine a process in which CO2 is dissolved in brine before injection into deep subsurface formations. The CO2-laden brine is slightly denser than brine containing no CO2, so the complete dissolution of all CO2 into brine at the surface before injection will eliminate the risk of buoyancy-driven leakage. The process considered here involves dissolving CO2 at surface facilities. We determine the capital costs for the additional facilities and compare them the capital costs for injecting bulk-phase CO2. We also estimate the power requirements to determine the additional operating costs. The additional capital and operating costs can be regarded as the price of this form of risk reduction. Comparing this alternative to the standard, we find that an additional power consumption of 3 to 9% of the power plant capacity will be required, and the capital costs will increase by approximately 60%. Brine is required at rates of millions of barrels per day and would be lifted from the target aquifer. The bulk volume of the aquifer is on the order of a hundred million acre-ft for reasonable power plant sizes (250 to 1,000 MW) and for reasonable injection periods (30 to 50 years). Although this alternative results in higher costs, surface dissolution may be attractive when the costs of monitoring or ensuring against buoyancy-driven CO2 leakage exceed these additional costs.

Finding frequent items in data streams

The frequent items problem is to process a stream of items and find all items occurring more than a given fraction of the time. It is one of the most heavily studied problems in data stream mining, dating back to the 1980s. Many applications rely directly or indirectly on finding the frequent items, and implementations are in use in large scale industrial systems. However, there has not been much comparison of the different methods under uniform experimental conditions. It is common to find papers touching on this topic in which important related work is mischaracterized, overlooked, or reinvented. In this paper, we aim to present the most important algorithms for this problem in a common framework. We have created baseline implementations of the algorithms, and used these to perform a thorough experimental study of their properties. We give empirical evidence that there is considerable variation in the performance of frequent items algorithms. The best methods can be implemented to find frequent items with high accuracy using only tens of kilobytes of memory, at rates of millions of items per second on cheap modern hardware.

A new depositional model for the buried 4000 yr BP New Orleans barrier: implications for sea-level fluctuations and onshore transport from a nearshore shelf source

The Holocene New Orleans Barrier Complex, now buried by the St. Bernard delta of the Mississippi River, provides an excellent example of barrier deposition fed by a nearshore sediment source. This reworking and onshore transport was initiated by a sudden change in the shelf equilibrium profile caused by a sea-level fall about 4100 yr BP. Here we present a new model of barrier formation which does not invoke an Shepard-type Holocene sea-level curve nor the supply of sediment from a longshore source. The Holocene New Orleans Barrier Complex consists of fine-grained, locally cross-bedded, quartz sand that contains Ophiomorpha nodosa burrows and disarticulated mollusks, primarily marine, buried beneath up to 4 m of silty mud of the St. Bernard Lobe. This barrier island and shoal deposit overlies interbedded, fine-grained sand and mud containing marine mollusks, some articulated, that is interpreted to be a nearshore shelf deposit. Its deposition took place between 5500 and 4200 yr BP ( 14C), based on individual dates on seven articulated and seven disarticulated shells. The barrier formation is effectively limited to a several-hundred-year window approximately 4000 yr BP by the 3800 yr BP Rangia sp. shells from the immediately overlying St. Bernard Lobe delta-plain deposits and the buried 3900–3500 yr BP Linsley archeological site, situated on a more gulfward distributary levee. In this paper we present a new depositional model on the New Orleans Barrier. The barrier complex contains an abundance of large mollusk shells that have been reworked to the extent that 14 individual shells yield a 2500-year range, 6000–3500 yr BP. An older, nearby source is required. The current model of a spit/shoal complex migrating westward from an eroding eastern Pleistocene headland probably cannot account for the deposition of large reworked shells given the effects of abrasion and selective size sorting over approximately 50 km of longshore transport. Furthermore, this model demands transport rates of millions of cubic meters per year for the present northern Gulf coast which are at least an order of magnitude higher than its highest known rates. We postulate a nearby shell and sand source that is subjacent and offshore rather than adjacent and littoral. We propose it to be the underlying nearshore shelf deposit that could be mobilized by a brief fall of sea level and carried landward. The barrier complex and the uppermost nearshore shelf deposit have markedly different net deposition rates. The upper 25 cm of the nearshore shelf deposit were deposited over 800 years, based on ages of articulated marine pelecypods. A 20-km-long, 3-km-wide and 4-m-thick segment of the barrier complex was deposited in less than 300 years. A 10-cm-thick lag pavement of bryozoan- and oyster-encrusted mollusk shells that comprises the nearshore shelf deposit beneath the northern edge of the barrier complex is evidence for an essentially zero net deposition rate. The current interpretation of a conformable, progradational relationship between these two units is rejected in favor of a disconformable contact. The hiatus across this disconformity must be less than the several-hundred-year duration of barrier complex deposition. The positioning of the shallower-water barrier complex disconformably over the deeper-water nearshore shelf deposits indicates a sea-level fall.

Experiences with Quartz Oscillator Angle-Sorting

Blanks - the thin quartz plates industrially used for oscillators, nowadays produced at rates of millions per week - need thorough controls of their properties. The most important of them, the correct orientation of the plates' surface relative to certain lattice planes or crystal axes, can be determined in a few seconds measuring time with an accuracy of a few arcseconds using the so-called “Omega Scan”. This method and its further development in the last time will be described in some detail.

Ordered lookup with bypass matching for scalable per-flow classification in layer 4 routers

In order to provide different service treatments to individual or aggregated flows, layer 4 routers in Integrated Services networks need to classify packets into different queues. The classification module of layer 4 routers must be fast enough to support gigabit links at a rate of millions of packets per second. In this work, we present a new software method OLBM to lookup multiple fields of a packet, in a dynamically pre-defined order, against the classification database. This algorithm also uses a technique called bypass matching and can classify packets at a rate of well over one million packets per second while scaling to support more than 300k flows. Complexity analysis and experiment measurements are also presented in this study.

Seepage in Vietnam — onshore and offshore examples

Hydrocarbon seepages in Vietnam are generally linked to migration from Tertiary source rocks, and seeps are present both onshore and offshore. Residual oil can be observed at outcrop in breached traps within Tertiary sections and in exhumed ‘buried hill’ traps in pre-Tertiary rocks in the onshore Hanoi Basin. There is active oil seepage on the western margin of the offshore Phu Khanh Basin through fractured granites that outcrop at the basin margin. There are examples of onshore gas seepages in southern Vietnam. These are predominantly non-hydrocarbon, mantle-derived gases, sometimes mixed with biogenic methane, and are seeping via hot springs from fractured Mezosoic igneous rocks in active fault zones. Offshore, in the Nam Con Son Basin, sonar, seismic data and sea bed cores show a variety of seepage features, including shallow gas anomalies, mounds and pockmarks on the sea bed, and gas effects in the water column sometimes visible on sonar records. However, sea bed seepage features are not particularly common, and have a low preservation potential in the area due to powerful sea bed currents. Aircraft surveys of the sea surface have revealed several oil slicks that could be related to active oil seepages in the Nam Con Son Basin. Seepage appears to be occurring in Vietnam at two fundamentally different rates. ‘Background’ seepages flow at low rates, typically tens to thousands of cubic feet per day of gas, and up to tens of barrels per day of oil. These seeps flow episodically for extended periods of months or years, and leading to the formation of sea bed mounds. Higher flow rate eruptive seepages may have formed some of the pockmarks, and have a far shorter duration, probably only a few hours or days, with flow rates of millions of cubic feet per day of gas and any associated liquids.

The Coolidge Process for Making Tungsten Ductile: The Foundation of Incandescent Lighting

Try to imagine a world without incandescent lamps. We light our homes with 20-200-watt lamps, which are routinely purchased in local stores. These lamps are made at the rate of millions per week and their manufacture represents a large global industry. The consumer expects them to last approximately 1,000 hours and to be energy efficient and inexpensive.Many types of incandescent lamps exist. Figure 1 shows several examples. The most common types are A-line (the general household lamp), automotive lamps, and reflector lamps for floodlight or projector applications. We also have many thousands of specialty lamps, which have a broad range of applications, such as audio-visual projectors, fiberoptic systems, video-camera lights, airport-runway markers, photoprinters, medical/scientific instruments, and stage/studio systems. They can have power ratings from a few watts to several thousand watts, but they all have at least one feature in common. They contain a filament made of tungsten wire. The diameter of the wire will vary, depending on the power rating and application of the lamp, but for most common household lamps it is less than 100 μm.

Reservoir Pressure Analysis: Art Or Science?

Introduction Measure the pressure in a gas well using high resolution electronic recorders (resolution better than 1 kPa). Produce IE6 m3 of gas. Shut the well in until complete buildup and measure the pressure again. It is 100 kPa lower than the initial pressure. Does this mean depletion? The material balance relationship for a gas pool is an equation of a straight line. All you need is two pressure/production measurements to define this line. The ends of this line give you the initial pressure and initial gas in place. Does this mean we don't need to measure the initial pressure anymore. because we can determine it, a posteriori, from any two measurements'? Two pressure recorders (electronic, high sensitivity) sitting one metre (vertically) apart show a difference of 1 kPa. Is the fluid between them gas or water'? From a science perspective the answers to the above three questions are very obvious: yes, yes, gas: but from an engineering perspective, the answers are: sometimes, no, maybe either. These examples are typical of the issues we face as engineers (particularly reservoir engineers), dealing with inaccurate data and trying to estimate unknowns, and sometimes "unknowables." With the advent of the computer age, we have lost something precious; we have thrown out the baby with the bath water. Not only did engineers throwaway their slide rule, but with it some of us threw away the slide rule mentality - the art of approximation and judgment. I remember with the early electronic calculators the square root of 4 was not 2, it was 1999 It is also apparent that, with the advent of digital watches, time is no longer a continuum. but it occurs in discreet quantities such as seconds! (As seen on the LED display of the digital watch). This is the dilemma of our age. Science and Art - Theory and Practice Computers now calculate at the rate of millions of instructions per second. They have given us the ability to arrive at the answer faster. Usually the answer will be wrong! But if we are good engineers it will be the best possible answer. This underlies the essence of engineering (particularly reservoir engineering). We are usually working with extremely complex real life situations, idealized (simplified) models, precise but inaccurate data, incomplete data sets and conflicting data. We can study and compute multiple options based on several assumptions, each leading us to different conclusions. But, at the end of the day, in spite of the numerous solutions, we usually only have a choice of one of these options to act on. Science and computers have provided us with the theory. However, superseding all this theory, must be the practice. Often this is a gut feeling, procedure based on experience of real life behaviour of systems. In other words, it is an art." Good engineering is an art based on both science and experience, theory and practice.

Recovery of Wastewater Treatment Chemicals from Fly Ash

Fly ash is currently being generated at a rate of millions of tons every year and represents a growing solid waste disposal problem. In an effort to examine alternative uses for this waste product, fly ash was investigated as a source for wastewater treatment chemicals. Through a sequential caustic/acid leaching process, portions of the iron, aluminum, and silica in fly ash were solubilized allowing for the recovery of these materials in a useable form. Synthetic additives derived from this process were evaluated as coagulants in wastewater treatment and as conditioners for sludge prior to mechanical dewatering. Conventional laboratory scale jar tests were conducted for comparing coagulant effectiveness. Sludge conditioners were evaluated by performing vacuum filtration tests using a Buchner Funnel apparatus. The fly ash derived additives performed as well or better than commercially available chemicals. Synergistic activity is believed to occur when using the synthetic materials due to the mutual effectiveness of the solubilized portions of aluminum, iron, and silica present in the treatment additive. The synthetic additives are more cost effective in the treatment of wastewater and sludge than ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate.

The Sources of Movies

T HE fabulous empire that is Hollywood's motion picture industry rests confidently on a foundation of paper and celluloid. Without scripts or without film, the fragile substances of its support, this glittering dominion would vanish like Atlantis. There seems to be an extremely slight possibility, fortunately, of such an occurrence. Raw film is being turned out at the rate of millions of reels each year, and studio story departments examine more than 20,000 pieces of written material annually in their quest for potential screen plays.

The Electron in Industry

A RESEARCH and Development Lecture, arranged by the Royal Institution and the British Science Guild, was given by Mr. Clifford C. Paterson, director of the Research Laboratories of the General Electric Company, Wembley, on November 21, at the Royal Institution. After the work of J. J. Thomson, electricity could be thought of in terms of the in dividual electron, its habits and affinities. One of the two main reasons for the practical usefulness of electricity is its ease of control. The other is its transportability. It is in the direction of the control of electricity that the free electron has of late given the engineer new and extraordinary powers. The secret of the revolution is that electricity can now be freed from conductors. A stream of free electrons, whether in a vacuum or a gas, can be manipulated with such facility that the electricity can be increased or decreased at the rate of millions of times a second, or alternatively as slowly as desired, and no limit is set to the amount of energy which can be so controlled. It was the object of the first part of the lecture to explain and to demonstrate why these extremely rapid actions of the electrons are wanted. So much of what the eye sees and the ear hears consists, if analysed, of extremely rapid happenings. The eye and the ear are unconscious of these high speed fluctuations and vibrations although sensitive to them. In order that these very rapid oscillations and variations may be faithfully reproduced and transmitted it is necessary to make exact electrical copies of them. This is done by suitably controlling a stream of free electrons.