Infill Rate Research Articles

Strain analysis in a 3D printed car brake pedal by numerical and experimental methods

Abstract This paper presents the strain analysis in a brake pedal manufactured by additive technologies. A commercial plastic pedal made by injection moulding was optically scanned using a scanning system based on fringes projection. The result was a CAD model of the pedal that can be used in both numerical simulations and 3D printing. Two models of the pedal with 100% infill rate and a grid infill pattern were produced by 3D printing on an industrial printer, the difference between the two models is laying in the orientation of the printed part in the printer workspace. Resistive strain gauges were applied to determine the mechanical behaviour of the printed pedals regarding the injection moulded version. To perform a comparative study of the experimentally obtained results, pedals with similar mechanical characteristics to those measured experimentally were analysed numerically by the finite element method. The numerical results showed a good convergence with the experimental results, with relative deviations of 13% for the printed pedal with outer filaments oriented longitudinally to its longitudinal axis, 7.3% for the printed pedal with outer filaments oriented transversely and 2.8% for the homogeneous (injected) pedal. The results also demonstrated the possibility of replacing in the future complex, parts made today by conventional technologies with 3D printed elements having mechanical characteristics allowing them to fulfil a functional role.

A comparative experimental work on the drop-weight impact responses of thermoplastic polymers produced by additive manufacturing: combined influence of infill rate, test temperature, and filament material

A comparative experimental work on the drop-weight impact responses of thermoplastic polymers produced by additive manufacturing: combined influence of infill rate, test temperature, and filament material

An experimental and numerical effort on the vibration behavior of additively manufactured recycled polyethylene terephthalate glycol components

AbstractThe importance of recycling engineering components and thus obtaining low‐cost production solutions has become prominent in today's world. In this study, the mechanical and dynamic behaviors of three‐dimensional‐printed recycled polyethylene terephthalate glycol (RePET‐G) beams were investigated numerically and experimentally for the first time in the literature. Initially, the governing equations of the beams were determined according to the Bernoulli–Euler beam theory, and these equations were numerically solved using the differential quadrature method and ANSYS program. Subsequently, to validate the accuracy of the numerical models, the obtained natural frequencies were compared with experimental results. It was observed that the numerical results showed good agreement with the experimental results. Finally, the effects of beam length, infill rate, and building direction on the natural frequencies of RePET‐G beams were investigated. The outcomes showed that as the beam length changed, natural frequencies were significantly affected. Increasing the infill rate, especially for beams with vertical building direction, from 20% to 100% led to a slight decrease in the natural frequency values of the structure. Moreover, it was found that for beams with an infill rate of 100%, the natural frequency values obtained in the horizontal building direction were higher than those obtained in the vertical building direction.Highlights Printable recycled filaments have great potential for vibration applications. Sample length affects the first natural frequency value of RePETG parts. Differential quadrature and ANSYS methods can be utilized for the vibration. For the 3D‐printed samples, rising infill rate causes a natural frequency drop.

An experimental study on the wear performance of 3D printed polylactic acid and carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid parts: Effect of infill rate and water absorption time

AbstractRapid prototyping, also known as additive manufacturing, is a nascent technology that is gaining traction in the context of environmental concerns and waste reduction, as well as the growing trend towards customized design. The additive manufacturing method, which has applications in diverse fields such as aviation, architecture, biomedical and automotive engineering, has also begun to be utilized in the construction of yachts and yacht hulls within the maritime industry. In this experimental study, the influences of sea water on polylactic acid (PLA) and carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid (PLA/CF) parts manufactured at different infill rates (20%, 60% and 100%) were investigated. The parts were exposed to sea water for three different periods (1, 5, and 10 days) and subsequently subjected to wear tests. The dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, hardness, water absorption, volume loss, and friction coefficient of parts were measured and calculated. Additionally, the worn surfaces of the parts were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images. The findings indicate that PLA and PLA/CF parts can be produced with high dimensional accuracy. Furthermore, it can be reported that the water absorption of PLA/CF parts increased, particularly with an increase in the infill rate, while the volume loss decreased. Obtained results indicate the necessity of optimizing the 3D printing parameters and the relationship between the ambient conditions and the wear performance of the 3D printed parts.Highlights 3D printing is a highly promising method for the production of polymer composites. A pioneering study into the effect of infill rate and water absorption on the wear performance. Coefficient of friction values of PLA and PLA/CF parts ranged between 0.37 and 0.75. PLA/CF mostly exhibited higher volume loss than PLA with water absorption. Volume loss declines with a raise in the infill rate from 20% to 100%.

3D-printed β-TCP/Ti6Al4V composite scaffolds for bone regeneration: Process parameter optimization and evaluation

A β-TCP/Ti6Al4V composite scaffold with interconnected macro porous architecture was fabricated using Direct Ink Writing (DIW). Pluronic F-127 and de-ionized water was used as binder and solvent for ink preparation. The present work was carried out to study the rheological behavior of the composite bioceramic ink and to investigate DIW process parameters such as Ti6Al4V proportion, infill percentage and extrusion pressure. The Box-Behnken response surface methodology, ANOVA, sensitivity, desirability approach are used for the experimental, statistical and numerical optimization of the parameters suitable for DIW. The output responses such as dimensional error of the fabricated scaffold from the original dimensions and compressive strength are considered for multi-objective optimization. The result defined that the optimal values are solid loading 55 %v/v (40 %v/v of β-TCP, 15 %v/v of Ti6Al4V) and 45 %v/v of Pluronic gel, 98 % infill rate and 6.36 bar pressure. The dimensional error and compressive strength of the scaffold printed at the optimized conditions are found as 1.88 % and 19 MPa with macro and micro pores suitable for bone regeneration with satisfactory biocompatibility assed via MTT assay.

Response of PLA material to 3D printing speeds: A comprehensive examination on mechanical properties and production quality

This study investigates the impact of printing speed on the mechanical properties of parts produced through the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method using a three-dimensional (3D) printer. Tensile test specimens, fabricated with Polylactic Acid (PLA) material on an Ender 3 S1 3D printer, were subjected to varying printing speeds from 15 mm/s to 105 mm/s in 15 mm/s increments, maintaining a 100% infill rate. Detailed measurements of sample masses, hardness values, and surface roughness were conducted to assess the potential effects of printing speed on PLA’s mechanical properties. Porosity values were also calculated to evaluate internal structure homogeneity and void ratios. The results indicate that an increase in printing speed leads to a substantial reduction in production time. For instance, at a speed of 15 mm/s, the printing time was 119 minutes, decreasing to 15 minutes at 105 mm/s. As speed increased, there was a tendency for a decrease in sample masses, with a notable 12% reduction from 8.21 grams at 15 mm/s to 7.21 grams at 105 mm/s. While lower speeds (15 and 30 mm/s) exhibited higher Shore D hardness values, an overall decrease in hardness was observed with increasing speed. Surface roughness showed a proportional increase with printing speed; for example, at 0° angle, the roughness value increased from 0.8 at 15 mm/s to 1.9 at 105 mm/s. Moreover, tensile strength values decreased with higher printing speeds. For samples printed at 15 mm/s, the tensile strength was 60 MPa, decreasing to 44 MPa at 105 mm/s, representing a 27% reduction. These numerical findings underscore the significant influence of 3D printing speed on both production efficiency and the mechanical properties of the printed material.

Pore-confined strategy to achieve controllable growth of Co/CoO in carbon nanofibers for the fabrication of lightweight and enhanced microwave absorbers

In recent years, magnetic metal nanoparticles (NPs)/carbon nanofibers (CNFs) composites have become very promising electromagnetic waves (EMWs) absorbers. However, how to achieve controllable growth of magnetic metals in CNFs is still an urgent problem to be solved. Herein, we reported a pore-confined strategy for constructing the porous Co/CoO/CNFs. By introducing different amounts of acetone (0.20 g, 0.30 g and 0.40 g) into the aqueous phase spinning solution to construct the porous structure, we achieved uniform distribution of Co/CoO NPs and ultimately obtained the porous Co/CoO/CNFs microwave absorbers (MAs) with excellent microwave absorption performance. Thanks to the excellent impedance matching and enhanced polarization loss, the porous Co/CoO/CNFs obtained the minimum reflection loss (RL) of −52.2 dB with a thickness of 3.0 mm, and the effective bandwidth (EBW) was 3.02 GHz when the acetone addition in the spinning solution was 0.30 g. Therefore, the pore-confined strategy proposed herein is conducive to the design of the MAs with excellent performance and low infilling rates based on CNFs. Furthermore, the porous structure of CNFs also improves the lightweight performance of the MAs.

Estimation of friction and wear properties of additively manufactured recycled-ABS parts using artificial neural network approach: effects of layer thickness, infill rate, and building direction

Abstract This investigation aims to elucidate friction and wear features of additively manufactured recycled-ABS components by utilizing neural network algorithms. In that sense, it is the first initiative in the technical literature and brings fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology, recycled filament-based products, and artificial neural network strategies together to estimate the friction coefficient and volume loss outcomes. In the experimental stage, to provide the required data for five different neural algorithms, dry-sliding wear tests, and hardness measurements were conducted. As FDM printing variables, layer thickness (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm), infill rate (40, 70, and 100 %), and building direction (vertical, and horizontal) were selected. The obtained results pointed out that vertically built samples usually had lower wear resistance than the horizontally built samples. This case can be clarified with the initially measured hardness levels of horizontally built samples and optical microscopic analyses. Besides, the Levenberg Marquard (LM) algorithm was the best option to foresee the wear outputs compared to other approaches. Considering all error levels in this paper, the offered results by neural networks are notably acceptable for the real industrial usage of material, mechanical, and manufacturing engineering areas.

Fabrication of 3D-Printed Hydrocortisone Triple Pulsatile Tablet Using Fused Deposition Modelling Technology.

Hydrocortisone (HC) is the optimal drug for adolescents diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Because traditional dosage regimens HC are inconvenient, our study used fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to solve the problems caused by traditional preparations. First, we designed a core-shell structure tablet with an inner instant release component and an outer delayed release shell. The instant release component was Kollicoat IR: glycerol (GLY): HC = 76.5:13.5:10. Then, we used Affinisol® HPMC 15LV to realize delayed release. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between the thickness of the delayed release shell and the delayed release time, and an equation was derived through binomial regression analysis. Based on that equation, a novel triple pulsatile tablet with an innovative structure was devised. The tablet was divided into three components, and the drug was released multiple times at different times. The dose and release rate of the tablets can be adjusted by modifying the infill rate of the printing model. The results indicated that the triple pulsatile tablet exhibited desirable release behavior in vitro. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of the drug, excipients, filaments, and tablets were characterized. All these results indicate that the FDM 3D printing method is a convenient technique for producing preparations with intricate structures.

A modified equally-spaced method (MEQS) for fibre placement in additive manufacturing of topology-optimised continuous carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composite structures

This study proposes a modified equally-spaced (MEQS) method for the path design of continuous fibres in additive manufacturing (AM) of topologically optimised composite structures. The MEQS method addresses the low fibre infill rate issue of the traditional Equally-Spaced (EQS) method by utilising the Offset method to generate looped printing paths around the internal cavities and gaps between continuous fibre paths. The developed MEQS method was first illustrated against EQS and Offset methods using an open-hole composite plate in which topology and material orientation were simultaneously optimised using the discrete–continuous parameterisation (DCP) method. Actual printing path-based finite element modelling showed that the MEQS method achieves a 25.32% increase in stiffness compared to the Offset method. Experimental testing of the additively manufactured open-hole composite plates showed that the MEQS method improves the stiffness and strength by 15.52% and 27.38%, respectively, compared to the Offset method. The proposed MEQS was further demonstrated through two other case studies by finite element modelling, showing that the stiffness of MEQS has increased by an average of 66.71% and 14.95% compared to EQS and Offset, respectively.

Effects of 3D-printing processing parameters on FFF parts’ porosity: outlook and trends

ABSTRACT The filament material extrusion (ME) process manufactures functional components for a wide range of personalized applications in medicine, fashion and remanufacturing cases, or customized batch production for aviation and automotive industries. Therefore, structural and welding parameters affect porosity during 3D printing and are of paramount interest concerning the parts’ mechanical response to static and dynamic loadings. This work aims to arrange the literature’s experimental findings of crucial processing parameters’ effects on the fused filament fabrication (FFF) part’s porosity and structural strength. Therefore, the materials and structure parameters, including the filament material properties, deposited strand geometry, infill rate, infill pattern design type and orientation, and part orientation, as well as welding parameters such as material flow, nozzle temperature, bed temperature, printing feed, and environmental conditions, are critically reviewed and study in profoundness regarding porosity and mechanical loading of 3D printed parts. Experimental studies are critically examined, emphasizing the effects of parameters and interactions between them.

Numerical evaluation of the infill pattern upon mechanical proprieties of 3D printed materials

The effect of the structure that is printed inside an object, known as infill pattern, on mechanical proprieties of ABS specimens was investigated in this paper. Numerous studies demonstrated that parts created with fused deposition molding (FDM) technology present inferior mechanical properties due to additional porosity and anisotropy caused by the nature of the manufacturing process. In this regard the influence of printing parameters may be analyzed for correct evaluation of mechanical behavior and material constants. The methodology proposed in this paper consists of a numerical simulation of the fused deposition moulding 3D printed specimen, identification of the real cross-sectional area and evaluation of the strain-stress curves of the materials. There are several infill pattern geometries, each with benefits and compromises between material usage, printing time or mechanical strength of the obtained part. The current paper analysed specimens with 100% density (infill rate) but having different infill patterns: grid 0°-90° and ±45°, triangular 60°, fast honeycomb, full honeycomb and wiggle. The results are showing the dependence of the specimen's E modulus with the infill pattern and comparison of the strain-stress curves drawn with full cross-section and numerically calculated ones.

Compressive strength assessment in additively manufactured sustainable poly lactic acid specimens as per ASTM D695 standard

Relative benefits over traditional manufacturing processes have made fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printing as prevalent among various fields and sectors. However, the mechanical traits of 3D-printed FDM parts are still a matter of research that primarily depends upon the material used. In addition to acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) material, another sustainable polymer used in the FDM is polylactic acid (PLA). This study evaluated the compressive strength of 3D-printed PLA specimens consistent with ASTM D695 standard. The test specimens were simulated in ANSYS software to assess the compression strength and deformation of the specimens. Five ASTM specimens were additively manufactured on a Makerbot printer with a 0.3 mm layer resolution, 100% infill rate, 215°C extrusion temperature and standard build speed. The specimens were conditioned in line with ASTM D695 standard. The compressive strengths of the specimens measured on a universal testing machine were correlated with the simulated results. The compressive strength of the specimens was found to be close to the standard strength.

Morphological analysis of polar landing regions for a solar powered ice drilling mission

Planning of mission toward the lunar polar region is supported here by the analysis and better understanding of the most frequent landforms: craters on the Moon in the polar region between 79.30 and 84.35 southern latitude. This work surveys impact crater morphologies and spatial density based age estimation and slopes for eight earlier selected, large candidate landing regions of the Luna-27 solar powered ice drilling mission at the southern lunar polar region. The morphological, morphometrical, slope and dating analysis provided the following results: The d/D values of craters follow the earlier found d/D trend for larger craters, but there is a scatter in depth values related to the ageing of craters. The occurrence of shallow craters looks to be somewhat more abundant here than at lower lunar latitudes, in agreement with Mahanti et al. (2015). Beside fresh craters, rock boulders also occur at some km sized local topographic elevations, indicating erosion of ∼1 m thick regolith layer by micro-scale impacts roughly on the scale of 100 Ma.Characteristic temporal sequence of change in the morphology of about 100 m-sized craters confirmed earlier results. The sequence starts from the freshest craters, with mass wasting produced stripes in the interior slope, later diminish of high-reflectance proximal ejecta happens, then boulders, and even later elevated rims diminish. The surveyed large terrains showed crater statistics-derived model ages ranged between 3.9 and 4.2 Ga, indicating below a thin pulverised surface regolith layer, the topography of the poorly fragmented bedrock below it still holds the Late Heavy Bombardment aged basement. The equilibrium crater population was possibly identified below the 100–200 m diameter range. Surveying crater retention at >30° slopes indicates exposure of 78–140 Ma for steep terrains, and 330–150 Ma for flat <5° slope surfaces considering the size domain below 100 m diameter. This observation indicates rejuvenation of the top few m thin layer of slopes produces faster mixing than on plains.The surveyed kilometre sized craters formed about 1–2 Ga ago, and show correlation between formation age and depth, indicating an infilling rate around 100 m thickness in 1 Ga duration. This is 2 orders of magnitude larger than the 1–2 m impact driven regolith mixing depth during the same period. Thus, while impact mixing desiccates the shallow top regolith layer, inside km scale craters earlier accumulated ice might still be there shielded by faster rock debris accumulation.The surveyed candidate landing regions were evaluated according to general landing safety, lower temperature (to support ice preservation), and solar illumination (for energy supply). Comparing the eight regions, altogether 5.1% of their total area was found to meet with the threshold values of slope angle below 8°, modelled 1 m deep subsurface temperature below 125 K and at least 20% of time available solar illumination and Earth visibility. The largest continuous area that fulfil the used constraints are present in the candidate LS8 area at −82.70°, −82.72°.

4D printed pH-responsive labels of methacrylic anhydride grafted konjac glucomannan for detecting quality changes in respiring climacteric fruits

To enhance the monitoring of quality changes in respiring climacteric fruits during storage, pH-responsive labels were developed using methacrylic anhydride (MA)-grafted konjac glucomannan (KGM) through a combination of 4D printing and light-curing technology. Anthocyanin was used as the color indicator. The response of these labels, prepared through 4D printing and molding, to changes in the quality of kiwi fruits was determined and compared. MA was successfully grafted onto KGM, achieving the highest grafting degree of 15%. The concentration of the maximally MA-grafted KGM (KGM-MA-HDG) had a significant effect on printability and color response of the printed labels. A 3% (w/w) concentration of KGM-MA-HDG was chosen to produce 4D printed pH-responsive labels. Compared to casted and 4D printed labels with higher infill, the printed labels with a lower infill rate better responded to the different quality levels of kiwi fruits in terms of color change, which was attributed to the stronger ability to absorb water and the lower masking degree of discolored areas from internal anthocyanin migration.

Optimisation of process parameters for dimensional stability in FDM

The fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique has been adopted in the present work to fabricate Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic components using input variables like layer thickness, orientation, infill rate and the number of shells. The dimensional geometrical changes of FDM printed built parts, that is, length, width and thickness variation, are optimised individually. Still, a confounding effect is found in the optimisation of individual responses. To overcome this issue, this study uses a fuzzy inference system as an artificially intelligent system. A fuzzy inference system transformed all the responses into one response, known as a multi-response performance index (MPI), and optimised the MPI coupled with Taguchi philosophy. The optimal parameter combination of FDM-printed ABS components for the slightest variation in length, width, and thickness was found to be layer thickness: 200 µm, orientation: 0°, infill rate: 20%,and the number of shells: 3. The significant parametric effect on the responses of FDM components was studied using analysis of variance, and the results reveal that orientation is the most influential parameter trailed by infill rate and the number of shells.

Analysis and Optimization of Process Parameters Affecting on the Tensile Strength of PLA and Iron-Reinforced PLA Samples Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling Method

This study focuses on investigating the effect of process parameters on the tensile strength of PLA and iron-reinforced PLA samples produced using FDM technology. Filament material (PLA and iron-reinforced PLA), infill ratio (20, 40 and 60%), layer thickness (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mm), printing speed (40, 60 and 80 mm/s) and raster angle (30, 45 and 60°) were selected as process parameters. The experimental design was based on the Taguchi L18 index. Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio, variance analysis (Anova) and regression analyses were used to statistically analyze the tensile strength values obtained as a result of experimental measurements. The outcomes of this study show that the filament material plays an important role in tensile strength and iron reinforcement to PLA material decreases the tensile strength and increases the % elongation. The maximum tensile strength was measured as 33.55 MPa at 60% infill rate, 0.3 mm layer thickness, 60 mm/s printing speed and 60° raster angle in PLA filament material, which is the optimum process parameters.

Human impacts on infilling rates of hollows in landslide‐prone areas of western Japan: Estimation from radiocarbon dates and high‐resolution DEMs

AbstractThe infilling rate of hollows is one of the primary factors affecting the recurrence interval of shallow landslides. Although many studies have focused on colluvium in hollows under various regional settings, few have directly estimated the infilling rates from radiocarbon dating and airborne LIDAR digital elevation models (DEMs) in shallow landslide scars. In this work, we analysed the radiocarbon dates of charcoal in the colluvium in the granitic mountains of Hiroshima and Hofu, where heavy rainfall has caused multiple shallow landslides in recent years. A total of 27 samples were collected from landslide scars in seven hollows, and the infilling rates were inferred from the calibrated radiocarbon ages and pre‐landslide depth of the samples estimated from the DEMs before the landslide event. Topographic parameters including local slope gradient and size of the source area were also measured using the DEMs. Our findings showed that the calibrated radiocarbon ages of colluvium in hollows ranged from about 350 to 1700 cal BP, and the infilling rates ranged from about 0.2 ± 0.2 to 5.4 ± 0.9 mm/y. In the two hollows with limited human impacts, the infilling rates were relatively low, and there is a trend of increase with increasing source‐area size and topographic curvature. In contrast, infilling rates were very high at two hollows with intensive human impacts where active surface erosion occurred from the 17th to the early 20th century. Three hollows located around the ruins of a medieval castle near the drainage divides of the source area also had relatively high infilling rates. For the hollows with intensive human impacts, the infilling rates were not controlled by topographic attributes such as source‐area size and curvature.

Texture-modified soy protein foods: 3D printing design and red cabbage effect

3D printing can be used to develop texture-modified foodstuffs that are nutritious and appealing to meet the demands of special consumer needs such as those of the elderly with swallowing disorders (dysphagia). In this work, vegetable-containing protein-based food with different internal 3D structures (infill rates of 12.5, 25, and 50%) was elaborated using 3D printing. First, doughs with different soy protein isolate (SPI) content (20, 25 and 30 w/v %) were prepared to select the dough with the most suitable shape fidelity after being printed in an extrusion 3D printer, the dough with 25% SPI (25-SPI) in this case. Then the 25-SPI doughs with 10, 20 and 30 wt % red cabbage (RC) were prepared, and rheologically and physicochemically analysed before printing. All doughs presented a shear thinning behaviour since the viscosity decreased when the shear rate increased, a suitable rheological behaviour for 3D printing. Regarding the effect of RC in the food formulation, viscosity and storage (G′) and loss (G”) moduli increased as RC content increased, with G’ > G” for all doughs, indicating a solid-like behaviour, beneficial to maintain the shape and size of the food sample once it has been printed. 3D printed samples were homogeneous and showed cavities which got reduced gradually as more RC was added to the doughs, as confirmed by SEM analysis. Besides, the texture profile analysis showed that the hardness, gumminess and chewiness of the hydrated samples increased when the infill of the samples increased, while the addition of RC had an opposite minor effect. All food samples were labelled as transitional food, as defined by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) framework.

An Integrated Resilient Sediment Transport RIsk Management (IRSTRIM) Approach for Estuaries

Estuaries around the world are facing numerous threats, including urbanization, industrialization, resource scarcity, and the impacts of climate change. To increase estuarine resilience, it is crucial to manage these ecosystems to maintain their functionality. Sediment transport resilience is a critical factor that affects the performance objectives of navigation, storm damage reduction, and ecosystem restoration. This paper focuses on an integrated resilient sediment transport risk management (IRSTRIM) approach for estuaries. The framework quantifies resilience indexes such as reaction amplitude, graduality, and recovery rates of “sediment transport” to “river and sea interaction” in the Arvand Estuary, the Persian Gulf. Additionally, three indexes, the tidal asymmetry index (TAI), saltwater intrusion vulnerability index, and infill rate, are developed to aid in resilient sediment management. The quantified indexes successfully incorporated tidal asymmetry, sediment characteristics, bed properties, and flow hydrodynamics. Different resilience and resistance management scenarios are evaluated using a decision support system. Based on the results, tidal barrier application, as a resilience scenario, is the best scenario, and the dredging scenario, as a resistance one, is the worst scenario. The reaction amplitude with a weight of 0.39, and the TAI with a weight of 0.27 are determined as the most effective indexes.