Hazard Rate Research Articles

Weighted past and paired dynamic varentropy measures, their properties, usefulness and inferences

We introduce two uncertainty measures, say weighted past varentropy (WPVE) and weighted paired dynamic varentropy (WPDVE). Several properties of these proposed measures, including their effect under the monotone transformations are studied. An upper bound of the WPVE using the weighted past Shannon entropy and a lower bound of the WPVE are obtained. Further, the WPVE is studied for the proportional reversed hazard rate (PRHR) models. Upper and lower bounds of the WPDVE are derived. In addition, the non-parametric kernel estimates of the WPVE and WPDVE are proposed. Furthermore, the maximum likelihood estimation technique is employed to estimate WPVE and WPDVE for an exponential population. A numerical simulation is provided to observe the behaviour of the proposed estimates. A real data set is analysed, and then the estimated values of WPVE are obtained. Based on the bootstrap samples generated from the real data set, the performance of the non-parametric and parametric estimators of the WPVE and WPDVE is compared in terms of the absolute bias and mean squared error (MSE). Finally, we have reported an application of WPVE. Abbreviations RV: Random variable; PDF: Probability density function; IC: Information content; SE: Shannon entropy; VE: Varentropy; MSE: Mean squared error; RVE: Residual varentropy; CDF: Cumulative distribution function; PVE: Past varentropy; WVE: Weighted varentropy; WPSE: Weighted past Shannon entropy; WRVE: Weighted residual varentropy; WPVE: Weighted past varentropy; WPRE: Weighted past Rényi entropy; PRHR: Proportional reversed hazard rate; WPDE: Weighted paired dynamic entropy; WPDVE: Weighted paired dynamic varentropy entropy; AB: Absolute bias; CRHR: Cumulative reversed hazard rate; VPL: Variance past lifetime; MPL: Mean past lifetime; MRL: Mean residual lifetime; VRL: Variance residual lifetime; GMB-II: Gumbel-II; GXE: Generalised X-exponential; EXP: Exponential; lnL: Log-likelihood criterion; AIC: Akaikes information criterion; BIC: Bayesian information criterion; MLE: Maximum likelihood estimate

Hybrid versus vaccine immunity of mRNA-1273 among people living with HIV in East and Southern Africa: a prospective cohort analysis from the multicentre CoVPN 3008 (Ubuntu) study.

With limited access to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in lower income countries, and people living with HIV (PLWH) largely excluded from clinical trials, Part A of the multicentre CoVPN 3008 (Ubuntu) study aimed to assess the safety of mRNA-1273, the relative effectiveness of hybrid versus vaccine immunity, and SARS-CoV-2 viral persistence among PLWH in East and Southern Africa during the omicron outbreak. Previously unvaccinated adults with HIV and/or other comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 received either one (hybrid immunity) or two (vaccine immunity) 100-mcg doses of ancestral strain mRNA-1273 in the first month, depending on baseline evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. In a prospective cohort study design, we used covariate-adjusted Cox regression and counterfactual cumulative incidence methods to determine the hazard ratio and relative risk of COVID-19 and severe COVID-19 with hybrid versus vaccine immunity within six months. The ongoing Ubuntu study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05168813) and this work was conducted from December 2021 to March2023. Between December 2021 and September 2022, 14,237 participants enrolled, and 14,002 (83% PLWH, 69% SARS-CoV-2 seropositive) were included in the analyses. Vaccinations were safe and well tolerated. Common adverse events were pain or tenderness at the injection site (26.7%), headache (20.4%), and malaise (20.3%). Severe adverse events were rare (0.8% of participants after the first and 1.1% after the second vaccination), and none were life-threatening or fatal. Among PLWH, the median CD4 count was 635cells/μl and 18.5% had HIV viraemia. The six-month cumulative incidences in the hybrid immunity and vaccine immunity groups were 2.02% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61-2.44) and 3.40% (95% CI 2.30-4.49) for COVID-19, and 0.048% (95% CI 0.00-0.10) and 0.32% (95% CI 0.59-0.63) for severe COVID-19. Among all PLWH the hybrid immunity group had a 42% lower hazard rate of COVID-19 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.58; 95% CI 0.44-0.77; p<0.001) and a 73% lower hazard rate of severe COVID-19 (HR 0.27; 95% CI 0.07-1.04; p=0.056) than the vaccine immunity group, but this effect was not seen among PLWH with CD4 counts <350cells/μl or HIV viraemia. Twenty PLWH had persistent SARS-CoV-2 virus at least 50 days. Hybrid immunity was associated with superior protection from COVID-19 compared to vaccine immunity with the ancestral mRNA-1273 vaccine. Persistent infections among immunocompromised PLWH may provide reservoirs for emerging variants. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

169. Universal Immunization Strategy Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Prevention in Chile with Nirsevimab during the 2024 Winter Season: First Southern Hemisphere Nationwide Effectiveness Data

Abstract Background Nirsevimab for infant RSV prevention was introduced in some Northern Hemisphere countries during 2023. Chile was first to implement a universal countrywide immunization strategy following cost-effectiveness projections in the Southern Hemisphere. This strategy included all newborns born after April 1st, 2024, and infants born after October 1st, 2023. We report the first national-level impact results of this strategy up to the midwinter period. Methods Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) attributed to RSV, causing intensive care (PICU) and overall hospitalizations, is being collected from integrated national databases. For effectiveness, individual hospitalization records are imputed to RSV by best matching ICD-10 codes to the national sentinel program and consolidated hospitalization records. Statistical analyses at different aggregation levels are being conducted to estimate the impact of nirsevimab. Detailed patient-level information is being collected to compare LRTI hospitalizations among those receiving or not nirsevimab using the Cox proportional hazards model. Effectiveness was estimated as (1 – hazard rate) ×100, and 95%CIs were obtained from the Cox model (NCT06511687). Results By epidemiological week 23 (mid-June 2024), nirsevimab coverage was 98% and 83% for in-season newborns and the infant catch-up group, with a total of 95,373 doses administered, from a total of 160,000 doses projected up to September 30. Effectiveness was 86% (95%CI 65-95%, 24 cases) and 75% (95%CI 64-83%, 141 cases) against PICU and overall RSV-associated hospitalizations, respectively. Among immunized and non-immunized elegible infants, days of stay were 3.95 (SD 2.46) and 7.87 (SD 6.83) (p=0.31) in the PICU and 3.23 (SD 2.02) vs 4.24 (SD 3.57) (p=0.008) in the pediatric ward, respectively. To date, no RSV deaths have been reported in Chile, compared to 13 cases in 2023. Nirsevimab associated serious adverse events have not been observed. Conclusion The nirsevimab-based nationwide immunization program is providing over 75% prevention against RSV associated PICU and overall hospitalizations in Chile, with an optimal safety profile. These results may encourage other similar countries to advance RSV prevention efforts (GRANT ANID PIA AFB230002 ISCI). Disclosures Juan P. Torres, Medical Doctor, PhD, Pfizer: Honoraria|Sanofi: Honoraria

Risks and rates, and the mathematical link between them.

The risk over a given time span can be calculated as one minus the exponentiated value of the negative of the integral of the incidence density function (or hazard rate function) over that time span. This relationship is widely used but, in the few instances where textbooks have presented it, the derivations of it tend to be purely mathematical. I first review the historical contexts, definitions, distinctions and links. I then offer a more intuitive heuristic approach that draws on the conceptualization of a person-year in Edmonds' 1832 definition of the force of mortality, and on the number of replacements in a dynamic population. Similarly I show how the Nelson-Aalen risk estimator can be seen in the context of this historical conceptualization of a person-year, scaled to the experience of a dynamic population of (constant) size 1.

Do High Minimum Wages Harm the Progression of Minimum Wage Workers? Evidence From the United Kingdom

ABSTRACTUsing panel data from the United Kingdom between 2009 and 2019, we study how substantial increases in the real and relative value of the minimum wage impacted on the wage progression of covered workers. We find that progression out of minimum wage jobs is frequent, although most workers remain low paid. Using hazard rate models, we find a short‐lived negative effect on progression associated with the introduction of the National Living Wage in 2016. In subsequent years, we find no evidence of significant adverse effects. We find similar results when we model wage growth directly.

A New Lomax-G Family: Properties, Estimation and Applications

Given the increasing number of phenomena that demand interpretation and investigation, developing new distributions and families of distributions has become increasingly essential. This article introduces a novel family of distributions based on the exponentiated reciprocal of the hazard rate function named the new Lomax-G family of distributions. We demonstrate the family’s flexibility to predict a wide range of lifetime events by deriving its cumulative and probability density functions. The new Lomax–Weibull distribution (NLW) is studied as a sub-model, with analytical and graphical evidence indicating its efficiency for reliability analysis and complex data modeling. The NLW density encompasses a variety of shapes, such as symmetrical, semi-symmetrical, right-skewed, left-skewed, and inverted J shapes. Furthermore, its hazard function exhibits a broad range of asymmetric forms. Five estimation techniques for determining the parameters of the proposed NLW distribution include the maximum likelihood, percentile, least squares, weighted least squares, and Cramér–von Mises methods. The performance of the estimators of the studied inferential methods is investigated through a comparative Monte Carlo simulation study and numerical demonstration. Additionally, the effectiveness of the NLW is validated by means of four real-world datasets. The results indicate that the NLW distribution provides a more accurate fit than several competing models.

Inference and Optimal Design on Partially Accelerated Life Tests for the Power Half-Logistic Distribution Under Adaptive Type II Progressive Censoring

This study explores accelerated life tests to examine the durability of highly reliable products. These tests involve applying higher stress levels, such as increased temperature, voltage, or pressure, that cause early failures. The power half-logistic (PHL) distribution is utilized due to its flexibility in modeling the probability density and hazard rate functions, effectively representing various data patterns commonly encountered in practical applications. The step stress partially accelerated life testing model is analyzed under an adaptive type II progressive censoring scheme, with samples drawn from the PHL distribution. The maximum likelihood method estimates model parameters and calculates asymptotic confidence intervals. Bayesian estimates are also obtained using Lindley’s approximation and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method under different loss functions. Additionally, D- and A-optimality criteria are applied to determine the optimal stress-changing time. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of the estimation methods and the optimality criteria. Finally, real-world datasets are analyzed to demonstrate the practical usefulness of the proposed model.

Socioeconomic position and sudden cardiac death: A Danish nationwide study.

The aim of this study was to examine differences in incidence rates of all-cause mortality (ACM) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in persons of differing socioeconomic position (SEP). All deaths in Denmark from 01-01-2010 to 31-12-2010 (1 year) were included. Autopsy reports, death certificates, discharge summaries and nationwide health registries were reviewed to identify cases of SCD. SEP was measured as either household income or highest achieved educational level and analysed separately. Hazard rates were calculated using univariate and multivariable Cox regression model adjusting for age, sex, and selected comorbidities. A total of 53452 deaths were included of which 6820 were classified as SCDs. Incidence rates of ACM and SCD increased with age and were higher in the lower SEP groups. The greatest difference in SCD incidence was found between the low and high education level groups with an incidence rate ratio of 5.1 (95% CI 3.8-6.8). The hazard ratios for ACM and SCD were significantly higher for low SEP groups independently of comorbidities. Compared with the highest income group, the low-income group had adjusted hazard ratios of ACM and SCD that were 2.17 (2.01-2.34) and 1.72 (1.67-1.76) respectively. We observed an inverse association between both income and education level and the risk of ACM and SCD in the general population, which persisted independently of baseline comorbidities. Our results indicate a need for further research into the mechanisms behind socioeconomic disparities in healthcare and targeted preventative strategies.

Symmetric and Asymmetric Expansion of the Weibull Distribution: Features and Applications to Complete, Upper Record, and Type-II Right-Censored Data

This paper introduces a new continuous lifetime model called the Odd Flexible Weibull-Weibull (OFW-W) distribution, which features three parameters. The new model is capable of modeling both symmetric and asymmetric datasets, regardless of whether they are positively or negatively skewed. Its hazard rate functions can exhibit various behaviors, including increasing, decreasing, unimodal, or bathtub-shaped. The key characteristics of the OFW-W model are discussed, including the quantile function, median, reliability and hazard rate functions, kurtosis and skewness, mean waiting (residual) lifetimes, moments, and entropies. The unknown parameters of the model are estimated using eight different techniques. A comprehensive simulation study evaluates the performance of these estimators based on bias, mean squared error (MSE), and mean relative error (MRE). The practical usefulness of the OFW-W distribution is demonstrated through four real datasets from the fields of engineering and medicine, including complete data, upper record data, and type-II right-censored data. Comparisons with five other lifetime distributions reveal that the OFW-W model exhibits superior flexibility and capability in fitting various data types, highlighting its advantages and improvements. In conclusion, we anticipate that the OFW-W model will prove valuable in various applications, including human health, environmental studies, reliability theory, actuarial science, and medical sciences, among others.

Half logistic exponentiated inverse Rayleigh distribution: Properties and application to life time data.

This paper presents a novel extension of the exponentiated inverse Rayleigh distribution called the half-logistic exponentiated inverse Rayleigh distribution. This extension improves the flexibility of the distribution for modeling lifetime data for both monotonic and non-monotonic hazard rates. The statistical properties of the half-logistic exponentiated inverse Rayleigh distribution, such as the quantiles, moments, reliability, and hazard function, are examined. In particular, we provide several techniques to estimate the half-logistic exponentiated inverse Rayleigh distribution parameters: weighted least squares, Cramér-Von Mises, maximum likelihood, maximum product spacings and ordinary least squares methods. Moreover, numerical simulations were performed to evaluate these estimation methods for both small and large samples through Monte Carlo simulations, and the finding reveals that the maximum likelihood estimation was the best among all estimation methods since it comprises small mean square error compared to other estimation methods. We employ real-world lifetime data to demonstrate the performance of the newly generated distribution compared to other distributions through practical application. The results show that the half-logistic exponentiated inverse Rayleigh distribution performs better than alternative versions of the Rayleigh distributions.

Compartmental Models Driven by Renewal Processes: Survival Analysis and Applications to SVIS Epidemic Models

Compartmental models with exponentially distributed lifetime stages assume a constant hazard rate, limiting their scope. This study develops a theoretical framework for systems with general lifetime distributions, modeled as transition rates in a renewal process. Applications are provided for the SVIS (Susceptible-Vaccinated-Infected-Susceptible) disease epidemic model to investigate the impacts of hazard rate functions (HRFs) on disease control. The novel SVIS model is formulated as a non-autonomous nonlinear system (NANLS) of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), with coefficients defined by HRFs. Key statistical properties and the basic reproduction number () are derived, and conditions for the system’s asymptotic autonomy are established for specific lifetime distributions. Four HRF behaviors—monotonic, bathtub, reverse bathtub, and constant—are analyzed to determine conditions for disease eradication and the asymptotic population under these scenarios. Sensitivity analysis examines how HRF behaviors shape system trajectories. Numerical simulations illustrate the influence of diverse lifetime models on vaccine efficacy and immunity, offering insights for effective disease management.

The Stability of the Global Wheat Trade in the Post-Soviet Space: A Trade Duration Approach

The collapse of the Soviet Union and the Iron Wall as well as the emergence of Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and Romania as major actors on international grain markets since 2000 had increased the hope for a more stable international grain market. However, various short-run trade policy interventions of post-Soviet grain exporting countries during the 2000s and 2010s have caused temporary disruptions in global grain supply chains. Moreover, the growing number of protectionist state interventions and sanctions since the beginning of the 2010s, as well as growing geopolitical tensions, may also fragment global trade and thus threaten the stability of grain trade relations. Against this backdrop and given the current public and political debates about suitable “de-risking strategies” to stabilise international trade, this article aims to explore the stability of the global wheat trade in terms of the duration dependence of trade relations between the major grain exporters and their destinations from 2001 to 2021. We test whether there are differences between the relatively “new” post-Soviet exporters that have emerged and the “old” ones. Furthermore, we examine the correlation between the number of trade partners and the trade duration. We employ a discrete-time hazard model to annual trade data to estimate the baseline hazard and survival rate for eleven major wheat exporting countries. The results indicate that, by having overall duration dependence, no different pattern in trade stability can be identified between “new” and “old” actors, and initial indications suggest that having more trading partners favours the survival of trade relations.

Risk Factors for Coronary Events After Robotic Hybrid Off-Pump Coronary Revascularization.

The impact of long-term complications after robotic hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR), including persistent angina, repeat revascularization, and myocardial infarction (MI), remains limited. This study aims to determine the risk factors for coronary events after robotic HCR and their time-varying effects on outcomes. We identified all consecutive patients who underwent robotic HCR at our institution. Baseline characteristics were explored as possible risk factors for angina, MI, and repeat revascularization with stents at any time during the follow-up. A total of 875 patients (mean age 71.1 ± 11.1 years) were included. After a median follow-up of 3.32 years (IQR 1.18-6.34 years), angina occurred in 134 patients (15.3%), repeat revascularization with stents in 139 patients (15.8%), and MI in 36 patients (4.1%). The hazard rates for all outcomes increased with follow-up time, with a notable early rise around two years of follow-up for angina and, to a lesser extent, repeat revascularization. The risk factors were the lack of radial artery graft use, black race, diabetes, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, low ejection fraction <50%, severe left main coronary artery stenosis (>50%), and more than three-vessel disease. Optimization of modifiable periprocedural risk factors may positively impact long-term prognosis in patients undergoing robotic HCR.

High-dimensional partially linear functional Cox models.

As a commonly employed method for analyzing time-to-event data involving functional predictors, the functional Cox model assumes a linear relationship between the functional principal component (FPC) scores of the functional predictors and the hazard rates. However, in practical scenarios, such as our study on the survival time of kidney transplant recipients, this assumption often fails to hold. To address this limitation, we introduce a class of high-dimensional partially linear functional Cox models, which accommodates the non-linear effects of functional predictors on the response and allows for diverging numbers of scalar predictors and FPCs as the sample size increases. We employ the group smoothly clipped absolute deviation method to select relevant scalar predictors and FPCs, and use B-splines to obtain a smoothed estimate of the non-linear effect. The finite sample performance of the estimates is evaluated through simulation studies. The model is also applied to a kidney transplant dataset, allowing us to make inferences about the non-linear effects of functional predictors on patients' hazard rates, as well as to identify significant scalar predictors for long-term survival time.

Job Safety Analysis of Repair Multi-Media Filter (Confined Space) in Agribusiness and Industry Sector

Working in confined spaces is inherently more dangerous than in other environments due to the various unexpected components and factors that must be assessed when identifying hazards. Job Safety Analysis (JSA) effectively identifies risks in non-routine operations and prevents accidents. This study aims to analyze and minimize the risks associated with repair work on the Multi-Media Filter (MMF) confined space tank in the Agribusiness and Industry Sector. The method employed is a descriptive observational Job Safety Analysis, with data collected on work stages, potential hazards, control methods, and hazard ratings for each job. The MMF tank repair work in confined spaces involves eight activities, with 27 identified hazards and risks. Of these, two jobs (15%) fall into the low-risk category, while six jobs (85%) are classified as medium risk; no high-risk jobs were found. The MMF tank repair work presents medium and low risks for each job. Workers can safely carry out the repair work, as no high-potential hazards were identified, ensuring their safety. It is recommended that the JSA be periodically updated, involving workers in the evaluation process to ensure continuity and relevance.

Atrial Fibrillation and Retinal Stroke

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common, chronic, cardiac arrythmia in older US adults. It is not known whether AF is independently associated with increased risk of retinal stroke (central retinal artery occlusion), a subtype of ischemic stroke that causes severely disabling visual loss in most cases and is a harbinger of further vascular events. To determine whether there is an association between AF and retinal stroke. This retrospective cohort study was performed between July 2023 and May 2024 using computerized inpatient, outpatient, emergency department, and skilled nursing facility claims files for a 5% sample of US fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 years and older between 2000 and 2020. Follow-up ended at death, conclusion of fee-for-service Medicare coverage, end of the study period, or loss to follow-up of 85% of the study cohort. AF, based on validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification and International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. The primary end point was incident retinal stroke in the primary diagnostic position of a single claim in any venue of care. Secondary end points included retinal stroke in any position of a single claim, 1 positive control end point (cerebral ischemic stroke), and 4 negative control end points (central retinal vein occlusion, urinary tract infection, humeral fracture, and cataract). Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and rate differences were computed across matched and overlap-weighted cohorts with and without AF (defined as 1 inpatient claim or 2 outpatient claims within a 365-day period). In total, 1 090 144 patients (591 400 female [54.3%]; mean [SD] age, 76.92 [7.09] years) were included in the study; 545 072 patients had AF and 545 072 were matched controls. The median (IQR) follow-up was 45 (18 to 90) months. In total, 1333 patients with AF (rate, 0.55 per 1000 person-years) and 1082 AF-free matched controls (rate, 0.50 per 1000 person-years) experienced retinal stroke. The cause-specific, adjusted HR of retinal stroke after overlap weighting was 1.14 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.28; adjusted rate difference, 0.05 [95% CI, -0.01 to 0.11]). AF was associated with cerebral ischemic stroke (adjusted HR, 1.73 [95% CI, 1.69 to 1.76]; adjusted rate difference, 10.11 [95% CI, 9.72 to 10.49]). Of 4 prespecified negative control end points, AF was not associated with central retinal vein occlusion but was associated with urinary tract infection, cataract, and humeral fracture. In this cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 years and older, AF was independently associated with retinal stroke. The magnitude of the association was small, and a contribution from residual, unmeasured confounding could not be excluded.

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced and locally recurrent colon cancer

BackgroundWhile systemic management of high risk colon cancer is well addressed, advances in local management remain incremental. This study aims to identify a group of colon cancer patients where local management remains a challenge, and where intensifying local treatment with radiotherapy is potentially beneficial to minimise the risk of an R1 resection. MethodsPatients with select cT4 locally advanced primary colon (LAPC) (n=40) and locally recurrent colon (LRC) (n=48) adenocarcinomas who received neoadjuvant radiotherapy from 2005 to 2020 were studied. Radiotherapy prescription was 45-50.4 Gy in conventional fractionation. Estimated median follow-up time was 8.1 years and 6.3 years for the LAPC and LRC groups, respectively. ResultsThe most common primary site was the sigmoid colon (n=61). In the LAPC group, surgery was performed in 90% (n=36), 81% (n=29) of which were R0 resections, with pathologic downstaging occurring in 66.7% (n=24). In the LRC group, surgery was possible in 79.2% (n=38), 65.8% (n=25) of which were R0 resections. For the LAPC group, 13% (n=5) had local failures (hazard rate 3%, 95%CI 1-6%), 38% (n=14) had any disease progression (hazard rate 9%; 95%CI 5-14), and 55% (n=22) were alive at the end of the follow-up period (hazard rate 8%; 95%CI 5-13). For the LRC group, 35% (n=17) had local failures (5-year LFFS: 53%; 95%CI: 37-74), and 61% (n=30) had any disease progression (5-year PFS: 28%; 95%CI: 17% - 48%). 5-year OS for the LRC group was 50% (95%CI: 37-68). There was no 30-day mortality. ConclusionLocal management of high risk colon cancer remains a challenge. Future studies in neoadjuvant chemoradiation and systemic therapy, and staging methodology in identifying the high risk group are urgently needed.

Marshall-Olkin Power Hazard Rate Distribution with Associated Minification Process and Application

In this paper, a new three-parameter lifetime distribution of Marshall-Olkin family of distributions with the baseline model as power hazard rate distribution called the Marshall-Olkin Power Hazard rate distribution is introduced and its various structural properties are discussed. We examined different statistical properties like hazard rate function, quantile function, raw moment, incomplete moment and related measures, mean deviation, Bonferroni and Lorenz curve, order statistics, Renyi’s entropy, stress-strength reliability, stochastic ordering, and compounding and geometric extreme stability. The model parameter estimation is carried out using maximum likelihood estimation method. The model’s flexibility is evaluated by two real datasets by comparing it with different related models, and its application in time series is studied by the Markovian first-order autoregressive minification process.

Neutrosophic Topp-Leone Extended Exponential distribution modeling with application for bladder cancer patients

The Topp-Leone Extended Exponential distribution is used to simulate human lifetime data patterns in the field of survival analysis. To characterize a variety of uncertain survival data, the neutrosophic Topp-Leone extended exponential distribution (NTLEED) is used. The specified distribution is a great tool for modeling unknown data that is somewhat positively biased. This study covers the primary statistical properties of the constructed NTLEED, including the survival function, hazard rate, and neutrosophic moments. In addition, the neutrosophic parameters are estimated using the popular maximum likelihood estimation technique. To determine whether the predicted neutrosophic parameters were obtained, a simulation study is carried out. Not to mention that actual data has been used to discuss potential real-world applications of NTLEED. Real data were utilized to demonstrate how well the proposed model performed in contrast to the current distributions.

An improved extension of Xgamma distribution: Its properties, estimation and application on failure time data.

A new, more flexible model, the power quasi-Xgamma (PQXg) distribution, is introduced by adding an extra shape parameter using the power transformation approach. The PQXg distribution is more flexible due to its variable failure rate shapes. We derived its various theoretical properties including moments and its associated measures. Some reliability measurements include the survival function, hazard rate, mean residual life, Rényi and Tsallis entropy, and stress-strength reliability. Five approaches are used for parameter estimation: maximum likelihood, Anderson-Darling, Cramér-von Mises, ordinary, and weighted least squares. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to determine the effectiveness of these estimators for different sample sizes. The use of derived distribution is investigated utilizing symmetrical and asymmetric data sets from real-world fields. When compared to other competing distributions considered, the new distribution performed better.