Fecal Carriage Rate Research Articles

Life-Threatening Chronic Enteritis Due to Colonization of the Small Bowel With Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Life-Threatening Chronic Enteritis Due to Colonization of the Small Bowel With Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Life-Threatening Chronic Enteritis Due to Colonization of the Small Bowel With

Life-Threatening Chronic Enteritis Due to Colonization of the Small Bowel With

A prospective controlled study of the association of Streptococcus bovis with colorectal carcinoma.

AIM: To investigate the ability of Streptococcus bovis to colonise colorectal cancers. PATIENTS: 19 patients with colorectal cancer and 23 controls without malignancy. SETTING: University teaching hospital. METHODS: Prospective study...

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) as Intestinal Flora from Poultry in Riyadh

2-5 The number of cases infected with VRE, as reported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, had jumped from 99 in 1992 to 278 in 1994, with a rapid increase in colonization, and a fecal carriage rate of 86%. 6 Since colonized patients as well as domestic animals and environment can serve as significant reservoirs for human acquisition of VRE, we determined the presence of these organisms in sewage and fecal samples of poultry, camels, goats and sheep in Riyadh and its vicinity. Our findings are reported in this paper.

Association between Climate and Enterobacter Colonization in Swedish Neonatal Units

To study risk factors for the highly variable local colonization rates with unrelated Enterobacter species strains previously found in 22 Swedish neonatal units (0% to 32.4% of the infants).The fecal Enterobacter species carriage rates among 953 infants in the 22 special-care neonatal units were correlated with variables related to the ward (size, crowding, staffing, work load, antibiotic usage, level of care, hygienic precautions), and the hospital (temperature of water supplied, geographical location).The average Enterobacter species carriage rate was highest at seven days of age (17% of the infants) and then declined to 3%. Only location of the hospital in an area with warmer climate according to horticultural zone showed an association with Enterobacter species carriage in multivariate analysis (P = 0.005).Although Enterobacter species mainly cause nosocomially acquired infections, the occurrence of the organism in special-care neonatal units seemed to be determined more by extrahospital than by intrahospital factors.

Association between climate and Enterobacter colonization in Swedish neonatal units.

To study risk factors for the highly variable local colonization rates with unrelated Enterobacter species strains previously found in 22 Swedish neonatal units (0% to 32.4% of the infants). The fecal Enterobacter species carriage rates among 953 infants in the 22 special-care neonatal units were correlated with variables related to the ward (size, crowding, staffing, work load, antibiotic usage, level of care, hygienic precautions), and the hospital (temperature of water supplied, geographical location). The average Enterobacter species carriage rate was highest at seven days of age (17% of the infants) and then declined to 3%. Only location of the hospital in an area with warmer climate according to horticultural zone showed an association with Enterobacter species carriage in multivariate analysis (P = 0.005). Although Enterobacter species mainly cause nosocomially acquired infections, the occurrence of the organism in special-care neonatal units seemed to be determined more by extrahospital than by intrahospital factors.

Obstetric Short Communication Carriage of Listeria monocytogenes in pregnant women

SummaryThe faecal and vaginal carriage rates of Listeria monocytogenes in 500 and 1365 pregnant women, respectively, were investigated. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from the faeces of eight pregnant women (1–6 per cent), but not from any of the high vaginal swabs. The results' indicated that the carriage of Listeria monocytogenes in the faeces is unlikely to pose a source of contamination of the vagina.

The Triad of Streptococcus Bovis Bacteremia, Colonic Pathology, and Liver Disease

The association of Streptococcus bovis endocarditis and colon carcinoma has been reported previously in small series in the medical, but not surgical, literature. Although the fecal carriage rate of S. bovis increases with colonic pathology, no explanation exists for the development of bacteremia in these cases. To explore the possible contribution of hepatic dysfunction to the development of portal and systemic bacteremia, the incidence of both colonic pathology and liver disease or dysfunction was determined in 92 patients with S. bovis endocarditis and/or bacteremia. Colonic and liver evaluation had been undertaken in 47% and 93% of patients, respectively. Among these patients, colonic pathology was identified in 51%, and liver disease or dysfunction was documented in 56%. Either the underlying colonic disease or alterations in hepatic secretion of bile salts or immunoglobulins may promote the overgrowth of S. bovis and its translocation from the intestinal lumen into the portal venous system. A compromised hepatic reticuloendothelial system may then contribute to the development of S. bovis septicemia and subsequent endocarditis. We conclude that S. bovis bacteremia is an indication to the clinician of the possibility of underlying liver disease as well as colon pathology.

Some observations on the faecal carriage of mesophilic Aeromonas species in cows and pigs.

Replicate faecal samples from healthy individual pigs and cows were examined for the presence of Aeromonas sp. over a 12-month period. Aeromonads were found to be minor components of the faecal flora, only 8.8% of 520 samples from pigs and 4.6% of 481 samples from cows proving positive. Isolation rates in both groups of animals were seasonal. A hydrophila (62% of the isolates) was the predominant species in cows, followed by A. caviae (32%) and A. sobria (15%). This pattern was also recorded in the natural waters that the animals drank from during the period when the faecal carriage rate was at its highest. In pigs, A. caviae (59%) was more common than A. hydrophila (41%). A. sobria was not found in any of the pig-associated samples. It seems that cattle acquire their faecal aeromonads from drinking water. The source of the organisms in pigs is less clear.

Tues 1415 Verification of endotracheal intubation using a disposable end-tidal CO2 detector

Gastrointestinal colonisation by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is a critical step before nosocomial infection. This study evaluated CRAB intestinal carriage in patients admitted to a Tunisian ICU and determined the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms involved. From December 2014 to February 2015, all 63 patients admitted to the ICU were screened for rectal CRAB colonisation upon admission and once weekly thereafter. ICU patients who acquired a CRAB nosocomial infection were also included. β-Lactamases and associated resistance genes were screened by PCR sequencing, and molecular typing was performed by PFGE and MLST. The CRAB faecal carriage rate at admission was 4.8% (3/63). The CRAB acquisition rate during ICU stay was analysed in 39 of the remaining 60 patients and the rate of acquired CRAB faecal carriage was 15.4% (6/39); 4 patients also showed an ICU-acquired CRAB infection (one patient was a faecal carrier and suffered infection). Overall, 13 CRAB isolates were collected from 12 patients, of which 11 isolates showed resistance to all antibiotics tested except colistin. blaOXA-23 and blaNDM-1 were detected in 11 and 2 isolates, respectively. All OXA-23-producing strains carried armA, tetB, sul1 and catB, and some of them carried aph(3′)-VIa, blaTEM-1, aph(3′)-Ia and ant(2′′)-Ia. The blaNDM-1-positive isolates harboured aph(3′)-VIa and catB. Three PFGE patterns and two STs were identified [ST195 (n = 11), ST1089 (n = 2, NDM-1-positive)]. Whether imported or acquired during ICU stay, CRAB colonisation is a major risk factor for the occurrence of serious nosocomial infection. Systematic screening of faecal carriage is mandatory to prevent their spread.

Faecal carriage rate of Yersinia species.

A total of 1,203 unselected routine faecal samples from 1,006 patients were cultured for Yersinia species by a cold enrichment technique. Seventy-five specimens (6.1%) from 63 patients were culture-positive for Yersinia spp. Fifty-two were Yersinia enterocolitica, 22 Yersinia frederiksenii and 1 Yersinia intermedia. The predominant Y. enterocolitica isolates belonged to biotype 1 - serotype 0:6, 30 or serotype 0:5, 27. Y. frederiksenii strains were non-typable. Forty isolates were recovered from 33 patients with gastroenteritis. During the study period 83 Salmonella spp. from 33 patients, 17 Shigella sonnei from 13 patients and 13 Campylobacter jejuni from 12 patients were cultured. Yersinia spp. was isolated in association with salmonella on three occasions, twice with rotavirus and once each with Shigella sonnei, Campylobacter jejuni and Trichuris trichiura.

Rare occurrence of Proteus vulgaris in faeces: a reason for its rare association with urinary tract infections.

The faecal carriage rates of different species of Proteeae were assessed in studies with 220 faecal isolates from 219 individuals of whom approximately one-third were well and the remainder had gastro-enteritis. As a result of the development of new media that allowed replacement of the phenylalanine deaminase test with the tryptophan deaminase test and made it possible to combine tests for indole and urease production and for hydrogen sulphide and ornithine decarboxylase formation in two single-tube tests, all strains were speciated with speed, economy and accuracy. Most (96%) isolates were either Proteus mirabilis (62%) or Morganella morgani (34%). The significance of these findings in relation to urinary tract infection is discussed. P. vulgaris was found in only one (0.45%) faecal specimen and this rarity of carriage in faeces is believed to be the main reason for its rare association with urinary tract infections. The frequent association of M. morgani, in the absence of other enteropathogenic bacteria, with severe gastroenteritis was noted with interest.

Faecal carriage of aerobic gram-negative bacilli and drug resistance of Escherichia coli in different age-groups in Dutch urban communities.

Faecal carriage rates for aerobic gram-negative bacilli and for antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli were determined in samples of the Dutch urban population. Of the 741 people studied, 64 were under 1 year old (infants), 53 were 1-5 years old, and there were approximately 200 in each of the age-ranges 6-17 years, 18-49 years and 50-80 years. Carriage rates of E. coli were similar (87-93%) in all age groups, but Klebsiella and Enterobacter species were found more often in specimens from infants and young children than in those from older people. E. coli strains resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, or sulphamethoxazole or to any one or more of them were detected in 42%, 26%, 46% and 66% respectively of the specimens found to contain E. coli. The corresponding figures for the finding of E. coli populations that were predominantly resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin or sulphamethoxazole were 12%, 6% and 20%. The frequency of resistance to any of these drugs was not related to age or sex of the subjects. All E. coli isolates were sensitive to gentamicin. Among the 577 subjects aged 6-80 years from whose samples E. coli was isolated were 19 who had taken antibacterial drugs in the previous 30 days and 11 who were involved in cattle farming; carriage rates for tetracycline-resistant and sulphonamide-resistant E. coli were significantly higher among these 30 than in the other 547.

Faecal carriage of group B streptococci.

Consecutive stool samples from 116 female and 98 male patients (both adults and children), and rectal and vaginal swabs from 28 and 53 cases respectively, were quantitatively cultured for group B streptococci using Islam's medium. Group B streptococcus was recovered from 5% and 2% of faeces in female and male patients respectively, and the colony counts ranged from 10(2) to 10(3)/g. In women, the faecal carriage rate was 6%, which was significantly lower than the rectal carriage rate (p 0.02), suggesting that the higher recovery rate (27%) from rectal specimens may be due to contamination of swabs by perianal skin flora. Type II group B streptococcus was the only faecal isolate in adults (numbers involved are small for statistical significance), and we suspect that this type strain may be the only resident gut flora in adults, and the gastrointestinal tract is unlikely to serve as the main reservoir of all group B streptococci.

Further studies on the sources of Klebsiella aerogenes in hospital patients

We report an investigation into faecal carriage of Klebsiella aerogenes and the distribution of this organism in the environment of three wards. In all three wards faecal carriage rates were high (60-70%). The faecal carriage rate increased with antibiotic administration and with length of in-patient stay. K. aerogenes was widely distributed in the ward environment and was found on the hands of nursing staff. Clusters of isolations of K. aerogenes of the same serotype were demonstrated indicating either patient-to-patient transfer or a common source of infection. The results indicate that even under conditions in which there are no outbreaks of K. aerogenes infection, there is a large reservoir of this organism both in the bowel of patients and in the ward environment.

The Special Affinity of Particular Types of Proteus Mirabilis for the Urinary Tract

The strains of Proteus species found in significant numbers and as pure cultures in urine from 217 individuals were isolated, identified to species level and typed for proticine production (P type) and proticine sensitivity (S type) to give their P/S type. Urinary-tract infections with Proteus, principally P. mirabilis, were associated with the elderly. Ninety seven distinct P/S types were found but three P/S types P3/S1,8, P3/S1,8,13 and P3/S1,13 were isolated at a much higher frequency (14%) then could be explained from their faecal carriage rate. These types were almost without exception restricted to patients with clinical symptoms of urinary-tract infection and it is suggested therefore that they have some special affinity for the urinary tract.

An epidemiological study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cattle and other animals by pyocine typing.

The high incidence (80.1%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocine type 1 in bovine mastitis in Israel suggested some degree of selectivity under local conditions. Contrary to other reports, cattle and calves showed a high rate of faecal carriage of this organism. The water supply on farms was often contaminated. The presence of certain pyocine types in the udder, gut or water occasionally led to their transmission from one reservoir to another; however, many types did not seem to spread.P. aeruginosa was found in association with infections in various animals and was present in many locations such as a mouse breeding house and a chick hatchery.