Ash Rate Research Articles

Co-Application of Inorganic Fertilizers with Charcoal and Sago Bark Ash to Improve Soil Nitrogen Availability, Uptake, Use Efficiency, and Dry Matter Production of Sorghum Cultivated on Acid Soils

Efficient management of N fertilizers enhances crop yields and contributes to sustainable food security. Tropical acidic soils with high Al and Fe are prone to easy loss of basic cations, such as NH4+, via leaching and erosion. Appropriate soil amendments and agronomic practices minimize the loss of fertilizer nutrients, improve soil nutrient retention, and maximize their uptake by plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of co-applying charcoal and sago bark ash with inorganic fertilizers on N availability, uptake, use efficiency, and dry matter production of sorghum in a tropical acid soil. The results revealed that the co-application of inorganic fertilizers with charcoal and sago bark ash increased sorghum plant height, dry matter production, N uptake and N use efficiency. The soil treated with a combination of 100% of the recommended rate of charcoal and sago bark ash (C1A1) resulted in significantly higher sorghum dry matter production, N uptake, and use efficiency compared with normal fertilization (U1). The C1A1 treatment resulted in significantly lower soil available N compared with U1. The C1A1 treatment enhanced the uptake of N by the sorghum plants, resulting in less available N in the soil after the experiment. Although the effects of co-applying charcoal and sago bark ash on soil total N were not glaring, this practice increased soil pH and total C, and reduced exchangeable acidity and Al3+. A long-term field study is recommended to confirm the effects of co-applying inorganic fertilizers with charcoal and sago bark ash on sorghum productivity, economic viability, and soil nutrient residual effects.

Determination of the surfaces functions and of the pH at the point of zero charges of powdered activated carbons produced from the shells of the nucleus of Balanites aegyptiaca and Zizyphus mauritiana

The objective of this study is to determine the surface functions and the pH at the point of zero charges (pHPCN) of powdered activated carbons (PAC) produced from two biomasses (nucleus shell of Balanites aegyptiaca and nucleus shell of Zizyphus mauritiana) with a particle size between 60 and 80 µm. The methodology is based on immediate analyzes of the biomasses (ash rate, humidity rate, volatile matter rate and the actual density), the chemical activation of the biomasses by H3PO4 and KOH activating agents at concentrations of (5%, 15%, 25%) and (10%, 15%, 20%) respectively, followed by pyrolysis at 400 °C and 600 °C for 2 hours. The CAPs obtained were characterized for their surface chemistry, by Boehm titration and pHPCN measurements and for their quantity, by yield calculation. The characterized PACs were compared to a commercial activated carbon. These analyzes reveal that the best PACs were obtained using a concentration of 25% H3PO4 and 10% KOH with a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C. The surface functions of the PACs produced are acidic with a total absence of basic functions and exceed those of commercial activated carbon (CAC). The pHPCNs of PACs resulting from acid activation are acidic and those resulting from basic activation are neutral and basic. Thus, the pHPCN of the CAC is closer to the pHPCN of the PACs resulting from the impregnation with KOH. These biomasses are potentially promising for the production of PACs.

Investigation of Pressure Dependence in Photoresist Ashing Process using Microwave Excited Water Vapor Plasma

Microwave-excited water plasma asher (WPA) is our laboratory's new technology for the photoresist (PR) ashing process in semiconductor manufacturing which uses water vapor as process gas. It has the potential to solve many problems of conventional PR ashing technologies including high temperature, oxidation of metal structure, low ashing rate for ion-implanted PR, and high costs of chemicals. In this study, the pressure dependence of various aspects of plasma in water plasma asher, including light emission area, emission intensity, and substrate temperature was investigated. The ashing rate of the novolak PR film on the silicon wafer at the various condition of process pressure was also investigated. Average emission intensity and emission area of plasma significantly increased as process pressure in the chamber were decreased, and they were the highest when the process pressure was 0.3 kPa. The average ashing rate of PR film was only 0.42 μm/min when process pressure was 2.14 kPa, and it gradually increased as process pressure was decreased. It is also found that the ashing rate was improved after reducing the temperature of the water. The ashing rate when using air-rich condition of plasma was observed to be higher than when only water vapor is used as process gas.

CONSTRUCTION OF NITRIFICATION MODEL WITH NITRIFYING COAL ASH IN AEROBIC TREATMENT OF HIGH STRENGTH WASTEWATER

Nitrifying carriers can provide good settle ability and stable removal efficiency for nitrogen. Models for ammonia removal rate for nitrifying carriers will improve its engineering application. This study was conducted in nitrifying coal ash system with Monod model. Results indicated the maximum NH4+-N removal rate and half-saturation constant of NH4+-N in Monod model were 110.48 mg/L and 59.19 mg/L, respectively. Introduction of the correction coefficients, including pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, decreased the average gap between experiment data and simulated data from 6.48 to 2.74 mg N/(L·h). And improved accuracy of the Monod model by 5.11%. The differences between experiment and simulated NH4+-N removal rate ranged from 0.08 mg N/(L·h) to 8.34 mg N/(L·h) when the influent concentration of NH4+-N increased from 443.18 to 1121.29 mg N/L and without organic. Only 0.08% inconsistency between experiment and simulated data occurred in treating wastewater with high-strength ammonia. However, NH4+-N removal rate of the nitrifying coal ash was inhibited about 40% when influent with averaged 173.19 mg COD/L and 37.20 mg N/L, therefore, other factors, the content of nitrifying bacteria for example, need to be introduced into the Monod model when treating organic wastewater.

The Influence of CO2 Curing on the Mechanical Performance and the Corresponding Chloride Ion Resistance of Alkali-Activated Compound Mineral Admixtures

In this paper, the mechanical properties (the flexural strength, compressive strength and the drying shrinkage rate) of CO2-cured alkali-activated compound mineral admixtures (blast furnace slag powder (BFS) and fly ash (FA)) are investigated. In addition, the corresponding chloride ion mobility coefficient is measured. Additionally, the freeze–thaw cycles with an NaCl concentration of 3% is studied. Thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy are applied in analyzing the mechanical properties. The curing ages of the alkali-activated compound mineral admixtures are 1 day, 3 days and 28 days. Results show that the mechanical strengths are decreased by the addition of FA and increased by the increasing curing age and CO2 curing. The maximum reducing rates of flexural and compressive strengths by FA are 47.6% and 42.3%. Meanwhile, the corresponding increasing rates by CO2 curing are 26.5% and 23.1%, respectively. The improving effect of alkali-activated BFS by CO2 curing is higher than that of FA. Furthermore, the drying shrinkage rate is increased by the increasing dosages of BFS, the increasing curing ages and CO2 curing. Additionally, CO2 curing and the increasing dosage of BFS leads to decreasing the chloride ion mobility coefficient. Finally, CO2 curing and the addition of BFS can effectively improve the resistance of NaCl freeze–thaw cycles. The compactness of the hydration products is improved by the addition of BFS and the roughness of hydration products is increased by CO2 curing.

Effects of hydrophobic modified fly ash on resistance of chloride corrosion and water penetration of cement mortar in the early hydration stage

The use of fly ash (FA) cement-based materials can solve the problem of environmental pollution, minimize land resources, and improve the utilization rate of fly ash. However, FA cement-based materials have the disadvantage of poor resistance to external water and aggressive chloride ions in the early stage of cement hydration. In this study, the resistance of cement mortars with different superhydrophobic fly ash (S-FA) contents to external water and aggressive chloride ions at the early hydration stage was investigated. The results of water absorption experiments revealed that the water absorption rate of superhydrophobic fly ash cement (S-FAC) mortar was reduced by 65.4% compared with ordinary cement mortar. The S-FA mitigated the problem of high water absorption in the early stage of hydration of mortar with FA. At the same time, the electrochemical analysis showed that the efficiency of S-FA cement mortar resistance to chlorine corrosion increased by 94.09% compared with ordinary mortar. Using S-FA is expected to be an effective way to mitigate the problem of poor resistance to external water and chloride ions at the early stage of hydration in FA cement mortar.

Influence of Additive N2 on O2 Plasma Ashing Process in Inductively Coupled Plasma.

One of the cleaning processes in semiconductor fabrication is the ashing process using oxygen plasma, which has been normally used N2 gas as additive gas to increase the ashing rate, and it is known that the ashing rate is strongly related to the concentration of oxygen radicals measured OES. However, by performing a comprehensive experiment of the O2 plasma ashing process in various N2/O2 mixing ratios and RF powers, our investigation revealed that the tendency of the density measured using only OES did not exactly match the ashing rate. This problematic issue can be solved by considering the plasma parameter, such as electron density. This study can suggest a method inferring the exact maximum condition of the ashing rate based on the plasma diagnostics such as OES, Langmuir probe, and cutoff probe, which might be useful for the next-generation plasma process.

Mechanical Property Evaluation and Prediction of Cementing Composites Blended with MK and UFA under High-Temperature Steam Curing.

In this paper, the influence of the substitution rate of metakaolin (MK) and ultrafine fly ash (UFA) on the hydration degree, the micromechanical properties, the pore size distribution, and the corresponding fractal dimension of composite cement-based material was investigated under high-temperature steam curing. Furthermore, Thermogravimetric, Nanoindentation, and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance tests were used to explore the influencing factors of pore size distribution and its corresponding multi-fractal dimension. Finally, the correlations among the pore size distribution, related fractal dimensions, and compression strength were analyzed. Results indicate that the MK-UFA cement ternary cementation system (TCS) can improve the compressive strength and fluidity of samples and enhance the hydration degree and micromechanical properties of the cementitious system. TCS effectively refines the pore size and increases microporosity. In addition, micropore and its fractal dimension have a stronger correlation with the compressive strength of composite cement-based materials. Furthermore, the micro-fractal dimensions can better reflect the essential characteristics of the composite cementitious system. The higher the degree of hydration of the cementitious system and the nanomechanical properties of the C-(A)-S-H gel, the lower the micro-fractal dimension. Finally, the GM (1,3) prediction model of compressive strength, micro-fractal dimension, and microporosity are established based on the grey relational theory.

Optimization of chitin demineralization from shrimp shells waste by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

The solubilization of chitosan is a very important parameter for its use in various fields. The ash content of chitosan is an important parameter because it can affect its solubility and viscosity, as well as other important characteristics. The objective of the present study is to optimize the demineralization step in the production of chitosan, using a fractional factorial experimental design, where the concentration of Hcl, the reaction time, the temperature, the size particles and the solid-liquid ratio varied. The results showed that a quadratic model was suggested for the demineralization yield and the ash rate showing high accuracy with R2 = 0.99 and 0.97, respectively. The developed models indicated a significant effect of the five studied factors except the temperature (B), and the solid-liquid ratio (E) have insignificant effects on the reaction yield. Optimal selectivity was 39.77% and 0.14% for yield and ash content respectively, reached for HCl concentration of 2N, reaction time of 0.5 h, reaction temperature of 50° C, a solid/liquid ratio (1/10 g/l) and a particle size of 1 mm. In conclusion, the conditions optimized for the demineralization process could be used for the industrial scale production of chitin for agricultural, biomedical and biotechnological purposes.

Effects of high temperature and substitution rates of fly ash on the mechanical properties and microstructures of steel-basalt hybrid fibers reinforced cementitious composites

The excellent performance of steel and basalt fiber at room and high temperatures makes steel-basalt hybrid fibers reinforced cementitious composites (SBFRCC) a promising solution for engineering structures with fire risk. In this study, the morphology, explosive spalling behavior, flexural, compressive and splitting tensile strength, and uniaxial tensile properties of SBFRCC with different substitution rates of fly ash after exposure to high temperatures were studied. In addition, the effects of high temperature on the microstructures of SBFRCC were investigated by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) tests. The results show that the incorporation of steel fiber and basalt fiber can significantly improve the explosive spalling behavior, flexural and splitting tensile strength. After exposure to high temperatures, increasing the substitution rate of fly ash properly can reduce the rate of strength degradation to some extent, but will reduce the compressive strength and increase the explosive spalling rates. The microstructures of SBFRCC become loose and the porosities of SBFRCC increase under the combined effect of the decomposition of hydration products, the melting of fly ash, and the deterioration of steel fiber and basalt fiber.

Study of forage species of the maritime region of Togo used in livestock feed

Natural pastures constitute the bulk of livestock feed in Togo, but very few studies have been conducted on their nutritional value. The objective of the study is to identify in the maritime region located in the south of Togo plant resources available and recoverable in livestock feed. During the ethnobotanical survey in the field, the feeding behavior of grazing cattle was observed and made it possible to collect samples of grazed plants. A part of each sample is brought to the laboratory for taxonomic identification and then another part goes for bromatological analysis. The results obtained from the bromatological analysis of 40 most palatable plant species in the region showed that the moisture content of the samples varies from 2.23 to 9.43%. The rates of ash, fat and crude fiber vary respectively from 2.23 to 9.43%, from 1.29 to 30.33%, from 0.85 to 8.11% and from 6.03 to 32 .3%.

Zeolite greenly synthesized from fly ash and its resource utilization: A review

Fly ash is an incineration byproduct of thermal power plants. Due to the complex composition of fly ash, improper disposal will seriously harm the ecological environment. Therefore, how to effectively use fly ash to safely and environmentally replace landfills is a worldwide concern. Considering the high silicon and aluminum contents in fly ash, it has the potential to synthesize zeolite, which has a wide range of applications in sewage treatment, gas adsorption, etc. Therefore, the synthesis of zeolites from fly ash is consistent with the theme of sustainable development. The synthesis mechanism of zeolite, various synthetic methods of zeolite from fly ash and their advantages and disadvantages was introduced in detail. In addition, combined with the current research hotspots, the application of synthetic zeolite from fly ash in the fields of sewage treatment and gas adsorption was introduced. Finally, the future development prospects and research directions of synthetic zeolite from fly ash to improve the utilization rate of fly ash were considered.

Bazı Macar Fiği (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) Genotiplerinin Tohum ve Kes Verimleri ile Kes Kalitelerinin Belirlenmesi

Çalışma, bazı Macar fiği genotiplerinin tohum ve kes verimleri ile kes kalitelerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, 2014, 2015 ve 2016 yıllarında 3 yıl süre ile yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, bitki materyali olarak 10 adet Macar fiği genotipi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada; genotiplerin tohum verimi, kes verimi, bin tane ağırlığı, keslerin ham kül oranı, ham protein oranı ve verimi, asit deterjan lif (ADF), nötral deterjan lif (NDF), sindirilebilir kuru madde (SKM) ve kuru madde tüketimi (KMT) oranları, nispi yem değeri (NYD) gibi özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Denemenin yapıldığı her üç yılda da ele alınan bütün özellikler yönünden genotipler arasındaki farklılıkların istatistiki olarak çok önemli düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. Üç yıllık deneme sonucuna göre; Macar fiği genotiplerinin tohum verimleri 35.4-126.7 kg/da, kes verimleri 463.2-1110.0 kg/da, bin tane ağırlıkları 25.32-43.23 g, keslerin ham kül oranı %5.30-12.49, ham protein oranı %7.04-15.01, ham protein verimi 36.10-154.43 kg/da, ADF oranı %29.28-49.72, NDF oranı %44.18-63.64, SKM oranı %50.17-66.09, KMT oranı %1.88-2.73 ve NYD 73.52-134.64 arasında değişim gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, Bingöl koşullarında verim açısından Anadolu Pembesi, kalite açısından ise Oğuz, Ağrı Populasyonu ve Hat-5 genotiplerinin diğer genotiplere göre daha üstün olduğu görülmektedir.

High-speed hydrophilic and ashing treatments of polyimide using Ar/O2 atmospheric-pressure microwave line plasma

The performance of a newly-developed 1D-long atmospheric-pressure microwave plasma, i.e. atmospheric-pressure microwave line plasma (APMLP), is demonstrated. Using vacuum ultraviolet atomic absorption spectroscopy, spatially uniform oxygen radical density along a 50 cm length is observed. With the APMLP using Ar/O2 gas, very fast hydrophilic treatment of polyimide (PI) film within 20 ms is obtained. Using looped-waveguide-type APMLP, fast ashing treatment of PI film at an ashing rate of 20 μm min−1 is demonstrated.

Co-combustion behavior, kinetic and ash melting characteristics analysis of clean coal and biomass pellet

In this study, the co-combustion characteristics and ash fusion temperatures of clean coal, biomass pellet and their blends were investigated by thermal analyzer and ash-melting point analyzer, respectively. Kinetic parameters were calculated by using the multistage reaction random pore model, which could be very consistent with the combustion law of the samples. The results show that the combustion characteristics of biomass pellet are better than those of clean coal, mainly influenced by the chemical structure. After mixing the two fuels, the flammability and comprehensive combustion performance were gradually improved, and there was an obvious synergistic effect. The best effect was when the biomass pellet mixing ratio was 60%. The increase of heating rate could promote synergy. The various activation energies of the solid carbon combustion stage decreased with the increase of biomass pellet ratio, and the change rule was similar to the synergistic effect. By detecting the shrinkage rate of ash and analyzing the phase composition and transformation, it is determined that the biomass blending ratio of 40–60% was most conducive to efficient utilization of the two fuels.

Study on the Mechanical Properties, Wear Resistance and Microstructure of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Mortar Containing High Volume of Industrial Solid Waste Mineral Admixture.

The use of a high volume of industrial solid waste mineral admixture and hybrid fiber can greatly reduce the amount of cement in mortar or concrete, improve its performance, ensure the service properties of mortar or concrete, and reuse industrial solid waste to reduce the environmental burden, which has significant research significance. In this paper, the mechanical properties, wear resistance and microstructure of hybrid fiber-reinforced mortar (HFRM) with a high content of industrial solid waste mineral admixture were systematically studied under different water/binder ratios. Mineral admixtures include fly ash, silica fume and granulated blast furnace slag (slag). The total content of hybrid glass fiber (GF) and polypropylene fiber (PPF) was 2% by volume fractions, and six different water/binder ratios ranging from 0.27 to 0.62 were used. The following conclusions were drawn: fibers have a significant negative effect on the properties of mortars with a low water/binder ratio (w/b = 0.27) and high content of mineral admixtures. In general, the effect of adding hybrid fiber on improving the wear resistance of mortar is more obvious. The average residual weight of hybrid fiber-reinforced mortar is the highest after the wear resistance test. Comprehensively considering the compressive strength, flexural strength, wear resistance and microstructure of the mortar samples, G8PP2-0.40 is the optimal mix ratio. At this time, the replacement rates of fly ash, silica fume and slag are: 20%, 5% and 30%, the water/binder ratio is 0.40, and the content of GF and PPF is 1.6% and 0.4%, respectively.

Investigations on the Performance of Shotcrete Using Artificial Lightweight Shale Ceramsite as Coarse Aggregate.

In this study, a type of artificial lightweight shale ceramsite (ALSC) was used as the coarse lightweight aggregate for shotcrete (LAS), of which the mechanical properties, chloride penetration ion resistance, and rebound behavior were investigated. Based on the experimental results on compressive, tensile, and bond strength, LAS meet the strength requirements, and the replacement rate of fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) are suggested to be kept at ~15% and 10%, respectively, to result in the best mechanical properties of LAS. Adding FA and SF to the mixture significantly improved the chloride ion penetration resistance (CPR) of LAS because of morphology effects and secondary hydration of FA and SF that lead to a denser microstructure of the mixture. The electric flux and chloride ion migration coefficient (DRCM) of LAS decreased by 56% and 67%, respectively, with FA increasing from 0 to 10%. The electric flux and DRCM further decreased by 71% (153C) and 66% (3.24 m2/s), respectively, with FA increasing from 10 to 20%. As 5–10% SF was further added, the electric flux and DRCM of LAS decreased to extremely low levels; for instance, with FA = 10% and SF = 10%, DRCM = 1.61 m2/s, and the electric flux was too small and could be ignored. The contact stresses between aggregate and shotcrete mixtures were measured to investigate the rebound trend of ALSC in shotcrete. According to the analyses of the theoretical model of the rebound behavior of aggregate in shotcrete proposed by Armelin and Banthia, because of the reduced contact stresses between ALSC and mortar and the smaller density of LAS compared with normal-weight aggregate, the rebound rate of ALSC was about half of that of normal-weight aggregate in the shooting process of the shotcrete.

Development of Ni-doped Fe/Ca catalyst to be used for hydrogen-rich syngas production during medicine residue pyrolysis

In this work, the catalytic pyrolysis of herbal residues (HR) by Ni–Fe/Ca catalysts and the effects of intrinsic ash and heating rate on the activity of Ni–Fe/Ca catalysts were investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. The results showed that the strong interaction of Fe and Ca formed Ca2Fe2O5, which inhibited the formation of CaCO3, shifted the weakly and moderately acidic sites to high temperatures, promoted the conversion of tar and char, and inhibited the formation of CO2. The H2 yield increased to 54.6 mL/g at 5% Fe/Ca catalyst. The addition of Ni to Fe/Ca improved the catalyst dispersion and promoted the adsorption of alkaline sites, while Ni formed a stable Fe3Ni2 alloy with Fe. The yields of H2 and CO increased from 54.6 mL/g and 63.4 mL/g (0.5% Fe/Ca) to 95.5 mL/g and 70.0 mL/g (0.5% Ni–Fe/Ca), respectively. The CO2 generation was suppressed at high temperatures and the calorific value of pyrolysis gas was significantly increased. Moreover, the acid wash pretreatment improved the tar yield, the alkaline sites in the Ni–Fe/Ca catalyst contributed to the conversion of aromatics and the reforming of CO2, and the presence of AAEMs promoted the redox reaction between gas and solid. The increase in the heating rate (100 °C/min) was beneficial to improve the activity of the Ni–Fe/Ca catalyst. The yields of H2 and CO reached 121.7 mL/g and 71.9 mL/g, respectively.

Examination of Mixing Proportion in Self-Compacting Gangue-Based Pavement Concrete

In recent years, with the rapid development of the coal-mining industry, the output of gangue has increased at a faster pace, while its utilization remains relatively low. The accumulation of a large amount of gangue has brought about a large environmental problem. In order to improve the utilization rate of waste gangue, and to solve the secondary environmental problems caused by gangue pollution, this paper conducted research on an economic and environmentally friendly gangue-based self-compacting concrete. This study designed aggregate industrial-analysis experiments to analyze the moisture content of the gangue and limestone, finding that the moisture content of gangue is 39% higher than that of limestone. By orthogonal experimental methods, the study investigated the fluidity, compressive strength, splitting strength and abrasion resistance of self-compacting gangue concrete. It was concluded that the optimal replacement rate of gangue for coarse aggregate is around 30%, the optimal replacement rate of fly ash for cement is around 30%, the optimal addition of polycarboxylate superplasticizer is 0.5% of the mass of cementitious materials, and the optimal rate of shear steel fibers is around 1% of the concrete capacity. In addition, this paper investigated the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) of the aggregate–cement slurry and found that the ITZ of gangue aggregate and cement mortar is more likely to generate AFT crystals, which will contribute more to the improvement of the strength of concrete in the early stage. In addition, a field-effect analysis was carried out in this study, and it found that gangue-based self-compacting concrete, as an environmentally friendly material, can basically meet the design requirements of C30 paving concrete.

Effects of the fly ash and water glass on the mechanical properties and water stability of the high ductile magnesium phosphate cement-based composite

High ductile magnesium phosphate cement-based composites (HDMPCC) give full play to the superior performance of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) in repair and reinforcement. However, when the MPC is cured in water or wet environment, the strength will be greatly reduced and the durability will be poor. In this paper, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of the substitution rate of fly ash (FA) and mass fraction of water glass (WG) on the mechanical properties and water stability of the HDMPCC. The main properties of the HDMPCC were examined, including the workability, compressive performance, bending performance and water stability. Finally, the effect mechanism was observed by using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the slump and compressive strength decreased as the FA substitution rate increased. In addition, when the FA substitution rate was 40%, the HDMPCC had the most excellent bending performance and water stability. The WG had little effect on the slump and compressive strength. However, the HDMPCC with a WG mass fraction of 5% had the best water stability, while excessive WG could reduce the fluidity of the slurry. The microscopic test results indicated that the FA and WG could improve the compactness of the HDMPCC. Moreover, the failure mode of PVA fiber at the fracture interface changed from the fracture failure to pull out damage after 7-day immersion, which improved the ductility of the specimens.