Rate Of Soybean Research Articles

Impact of predictive selection of LbCas12a CRISPR RNAs upon on- and off-target editing rates in soybean.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology has revolutionized creating targeted genetic variation in crops. Although CRISPR enzymes have been reported to have high sequence-specificity, careful design of the editing reagents can also reduce unintended edits at highly homologous sites. This work details the first large-scale study of the heritability of on-target edits and the rate of edits at off-target sites in soybean (Glycine max), assaying ~700 T1 plants each resulting from transformation with LbCas12a constructs containing CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) predicted to be either "unique" with no off-target sites or "promiscuous" with >10 potential off-targets in the soybean genome. Around 80% of the on-target edits observed in T0 plants were inherited in the T1 generation, and ~49% of the total observed on-target edits in T1 were not observed at T0, indicating continued activity of LbCas12a throughout the life cycle of the plant. In planta editing at off-target sites was observed for the Promiscuous but not the Unique crRNA. Examination of the edited off-target sites revealed that LbCas12a was highly tolerant to mismatches between the crRNA and target site in bases 21-23 relative to the start of the protospacer, but even a single mismatch in the first 20 nt drastically reduced the editing rate. In addition, edits at off-target sites have lower inheritance rates than on-target edits, suggesting that they occur later in the plant's lifecycle. Plants with a desired on-target edit and no off-target edits could be identified in the T1 generation for 100% of the T0 plants edited with the Unique crRNA compared with the 65% of T0 plants edited with the Promiscuous crRNA. This confirms that proper crRNA selection can reduce or eliminate off-target editing. Even when potential off-target sites are predicted, plants containing only the intended edits can still be identified and propagated.

Analysis of Product Quality Control Using the Taguchi Method and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) at the Pabrik Tahu Alami

Indonesia's rapid economic growth in the global business sector has intensified competition among entrepreneurs, necessitating stringent control over product quality for companies to sustain their market position. This study utilizes the Taguchi method and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to enhance quality control processes. The Taguchi method focuses on offline quality control with a single response, while PCA is employed for multiple responses. Experiments were conducted at Pabrik Tahu Alami, examining four factors: soybean rate, soaking time, boiling time, and whey water rate, each at three levels. The optimal combination determined was 3 kg of soybeans (level 1), 4 hours of soaking time (level 1), 20 minutes of boiling time (level 2), and 5 litres of whey water (level 2). These results provide a robust framework for optimizing product quality in similar production settings.

Changes in sulfur in soybean rhizosphere soil and the response of microbial flora in a continuous cropping system mediated by Funneliformis mosseae.

Soybean is an S-loving crop, and continuous cropping might cause soil sulfur shortage. The primary objectives of this study are to determine whether Funneliformis mosseae (F. mosseae) can enhance the content of available S in S-deficient soil and thereby improve the sulfur utilization rate in soybean. The experiment used Heinong 48 (HN48), a soybean variety with a vast planting area in Heilongjiang Province, and F. mosseae was inoculated in the soil of soybean that had been continuously cropped for 0 and 3 years. The results of the barium sulfur turbidimetric assay show that the sulfur content in the soil and soybean was reduced by continuous cropping and increased by inoculation with F. mosseae; the results of the macro-genome sequencing technology, show that the diversity and abundance of bacteria in the soil was decreased by continuous cropping and increased by inoculation with F. mosseae. The sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) activity and sulfur-related gene expression levels were lower in the continuous crop group compared to the control group and higher in the F.mosseae-inoculated group compared to the control group. Continuous cropping reduced the sulfur content and ratio of soybean rhizosphere soil, affecting soil flora activity and thus soybean growth; F. mosseae inoculation increased the sulfur content of soybean root-perimeter soil and plants, increased the diversity and abundance of rhizosphere soil microorganisms, increased the expression of genes for sulfur transport systems, sulfur metabolism, and other metabolic functions related to elemental sulfur, and increased the species abundance and metabolic vigor of most SOB. In summary, continuous cropping inhibits soil sulfur uptake and utilization in soybean while the inoculation with F. mosseae can significantly improve this situation. This study offers a theoretical research foundation for using AMF as a bio-fungal agent to enhance soil sulfur use. It also supports the decrease of chemical fertilizers, their substitution, and the protection of native soil.

Exogenous melatonin mitigates saline-alkali stress by decreasing DNA oxidative damage and enhancing photosynthetic carbon metabolism in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) leaves.

Saline-alkali stress (SS) is a common abiotic stress affecting crop cultivation worldwide, seriously inhibiting plant growth and biomass accumulation. Melatonin has been proven to relieve the inhibition of multiple abiotic stresses on plant growth. Therefore, soybean cultivars Heihe 49 (HH49, SS-tolerant) and Henong 95 (HN95, SS-sensitive) were pot-cultured in SS soil and then treated with 300 μM melatonin at the V1 stage, when the first trifoliate leaves were fully unfolded, to investigate if melatonin has an effect on SS. SS increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in soybean leaves and thereby induced DNA oxidative damage. In addition, SS retarded cell growth and decreased the mesophyll cell size, chloroplast number, photosynthetic pigment content, which further reduced the light energy capture and electron transport rate in soybean leaves, and affected carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism. However, melatonin treatment reduced SS-induced ROS accumulation in the soybean leaves by increasing antioxidant content and oxidase activity. Effective removal of ROS reduced SS-induced DNA oxidative damage in the soybean leaf genome, which was represented by decreased random-amplified polymorphic DNA polymorphism, 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanine content, and relative density of apurinic/apyrimidinic-sites. Melatonin treatment also increased the volume of mesophyll cells, the numbers of chloroplast and starch grains, the contents of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids in soybean seedling leaves treated with SS, thereby increasing the efficiency of effective light capture and electron transfer and improving photosynthesis. Subsequently, carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism in soybean leaves under SS were improved by melatonin treatment, which contributes to providing basic substances and energy for cell growth and metabolism, ultimately improving soybean SS tolerance.

Single and composite damage mechanisms of soil polyethylene/polyvinyl chloride microplastics to the photosynthetic performance of soybean (Glycine max [L.] merr.).

Adverse impacts of soil microplastics (MPs, diameter<5 mm) on vegetative growth and crop production have been widely reported, however, the single and composite damage mechanisms of polyethylene (PE) /polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics (MPs) induced photosynthesis inhibition are still rarely known. In this study, two widely distributed MPs, PE and PVC, were added to soils at a dose of 7% (dry soil) to examine the single and composite effects of PE-MPs and PVC-MPs on the photosynthetic performance of soybean. Results showed PE-MPs, PVC-MPs and the combination of these two contaminants increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 21.8-97.9%, while decreased net photosynthesis rate (Pn) by 11.5-22.4% compared to those in non-stressed plants, PVC MPs caused the most severe oxidative stress, while MPs stress resulted in Pn reduction caused by non-stomatal restriction. The reason for this is the single and composite MPs stress resulted in a 6% to 23% reduction in soybean PSII activity RCs reaction centers, along with negative effects on soybean PSII energy uptake, capture, transport, and dissipation. The presence of K-band and L-band also represents an imbalance in the number of electrons on the donor and acceptor side of PSII and a decrease in PSII energy transfer. Similarly, PVC single stress caused greater effects on soybean chloroplast PSII than PE single stress and combined stresses. PE and PVC microplastic stress led to oxidative stress in soybean, which affected the structure and function of photosynthetic PSII in soybean, ultimately leading to a decrease in net photosynthetic rate in soybean.

Analyzing impact of seed village programme on seed replacement rate in soybean

Analyzing impact of seed village programme on seed replacement rate in soybean

Enhancement of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Productivity through Sowing Methods and Seed Rates in Telangana State

Background: With the unparalleled growth in area and production, soybean has established itself as a leading oilseed crop of India. The crop is mainly grown under rainfed conditions, and the distribution of rainfall plays an important role in yield realization. The changed landform management with broad-bed furrow seed drill is gaining popularity as the system helps in in situ moisture conservation and draining out excess rainwater. A field experiment was conducted at Regional Sugarcane and Rice Research Station, Rudrur. The yield advantage by adoption of broad-bed and furrow (BBF) method over flat bed was 7.06%. Seed rate of 50 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher mean seed yield of 2804 kg ha-1 over 75, 38, 20 kg ha-1. The total benefit from adoption of BBF method recorded net returns of ₹ 53,233 ha-1 and B:C ratio of 2.58 over flatbed planting. Seed rate of 50 kg seed ha-1 recorded the highest net returns and B:C ratio this was followed by 75 kg ha-1 seed rate. Methods: A field experiment was conducted for three years (2017-19) at Regional Sugarcane and Rice Research Station, Rudrur, situated at an altitude of 286.3 m above mean sea level at 18°49’41" N latitude and 78°56’ 45" E longitude. Indeterminate variety of soybean ASB 22 was selected. The experimental plots (6m × 6m= 36m2) were laid out with split plot design with three replications. Main plot treatments were methods of planting: M1- Flat bed, M2- Broad bed and Furrow, and sub plot treatments were : seed rates; S1- 75 kg ha-1 (30 × 10 cm), S2- 50 kg ha-1 (30 × 15 cm), S3- 38 kg ha-1 (30 × 20 cm), S4- 20 kg ha-1 (30 × 30 cm). Result: The grain yields, water productivity, harvest index and economics of soybeans under BBF method of planting (in-situ water conservation) and flatbed practices were studied. BBF method increased seasonal soil water storage by 5.37%, 5.78% and 6.20% respectively compared with flatbed planting for 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively. Seed rate of 50 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher mean seed yield of 2804 kg ha-1 over 75, 38, 20 kg ha-1. The yield advantage by adopting seed rate of 50 kg ha-1 was 16.08%, 56.02% and 67.6% over 75, 38 and 20 kg ha-1 respectively. The total benefit from adoption of BBF method recorded net returns of ₹ 53,233 ha-1 and B:C ratio of 2.58 over flatbed planting. Seed rate of 50 kg ha-1 recorded the highest net returns and B:C ratio this was followed by 75 kg ha-1. Broad bed and furrow method of planting and optimum seed rate in soybean will enhance the soybean productivity.

Optimization and Kinetic Study of Soybean Oil Extraction Rate with Ternary Solvents Mixture

The rate of Soybean (Glycine max) oil (SBO) extraction with a ternary solvent mixture (water, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) optimised with I-optimal Design (IOD) under the Mixture Methodology of the Design Expert (12.0.1.0). The data obtained were analysed statistically. The effect of extraction time (60-180 mins) and temperature (65-70 °C) on SBO was investigated and data obtained were used to evaluate the suitable kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the extraction. The maximum Rate of Oil Yield (32.35 mg/min) was achieved at the solvent mixture of 9.17% water, 6.67% ethanol, and 84.17% ethyl acetate. The Quadratic model best describes the Rate of Oil Yield, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9922 and an Adjusted R2 of 0.9825. The rate equation for the extraction process is a first-order reaction with ‘n’ value of 1.12756 (≅1.000) while the activation energy (Ea) and Arrhenius constant were 6508.1 kJ/mol and 38.901 s-1, respectively. The study has demonstrated the suitability of I-Optimal Design for the investigation of the Rate of Oil Yield from soybean and the result could be employed in oil extraction process design.

Changes in photosynthetic traits and their responses to increasing fertilization rates in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) during decades of genetic improvement

Changes in photosynthetic traits (PTs) during the long-term genetic improvement of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield have been studied, but detailed information on whether PT responses to environmental stress have improved, and their correlations with seed yield, are still unknown. Our objectives were to describe the changes in soybean PTs - leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll content (Chl), net photosynthetic rate (PN ), stomatal conductance (gs ), and transpiration rate (E) - during decades of genetic improvement, and to detect whether the responses to increasing fertilizer application rates (FRs) of the PTs of 13 different soybean cultivars released in various decades differed. All of the soybean PTs increased significantly along with the year in which each cultivar was released, under different FR treatments, indicating that PTs have improved during decades of genetic breeding. Medium FR (nitrogen) treatment (150 kg ha -1 ) increased PT values, to different extents, at all the investigated growth stages. Leaf area index, Chl, and PN of the old and middle cultivar groups at the full bloom (R2), full seed (R6), and beginning maturity (R7) stages decreased significantly under high FR treatment (300 kg ha-1 ) compared with the medium FR treatment. The former had no effect on any of the PTs of new cultivar group, or had promotive effects. Thus, the photosynthetic capacities of the new cultivars are more tolerant to high FR-related stress than older cultivars. The photosynthetic capacities, and tolerance to high FR-related stress, of soybean cultivars that were released in different years improved after long-term genetic breeding. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Lead uptake and translocation pathways in soybean seedlings: the role of ion competition and transpiration rates.

Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean) crop plants have been found to have high lead (Pb) levels in aerial organs; however, knowledge about the processes involved in the incorporation, and subsequent translocation and accumulation of the metal in the plants is scarce. Considering the toxicity of this heavy metal, the aim of the present study was to evaluate Pb uptake and translocation, and their toxic effects on soybean seedlings via experiments of ionic competition with Ca2+ (2.5 mM, Ca:Pb 1:1) and alteration of the transpiration flow [0.25 mM Pb(NO3)2]. The following variables were analyzed: biomass, leaf area (morphological parameters), photosynthetic efficiency, biochemical response (considered physiological stress markers: antioxidant power, chlorophylls, carotenoids, starch, proteins, sugars, and malondialdehyde), and Pb content. Results showed that soybean seedlings can accumulate high Pb concentration in its organs; however, in general, no morpho-physiological Pb stress symptoms were observed, except for lipid peroxidation and antioxidant power. The treatment with Ca ions was not effective in reducing Pb entry into root over time when both Ca and Pb where present in the grow solution. Alteration of the transpiration rate in soybean showed that the air flow increased the consumption of solutions, regardless of the treatments. However, Pb accumulation was lower in seedlings exposed to air flow, indicating a selective exclusion of the metal in the solution. In both experiments, soybean seedlings showed to be tolerant to high Pb concentrations.

Comparison of variable‐rate prescriptions and optimum seeding rate in soybean

AbstractAs the cost of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed increases, farmers are interested in reducing seeding rates. Variable‐rate seeding (VRS) allows farmers to adjust seeding rates within a field by management zone, and many farmers practice VRS in soybean. However, without field validation, the accuracy of existing VRS practices is unknown. The objectives of this study were to: (a) determine the agronomic optimum seeding rate (AOSR) of soybean in predetermined management zones and (b) compare the AOSR to each farmer's standard VRS practice. Ten on‐farm trials were established in Ohio and Michigan during 2017 and 2018. The trials consisted of three uniform seeding rate treatments of low, moderate, and high and a variable‐rate treatment determined by each cooperating farmer. Farmers used a variety of methods to create management zones within their fields. Within each site‐year, soybean grain yield was not different among management zones. The farmer‐selected seeding rate was within 10% of the calculated AOSR in 6 out of 15 management zones. In 8 out of 15 management zones, soybean was underseeded by &gt;10%, and one management zone out of 15 was overseeded by &gt;10%. Underseeding was likely due to low plant populations caused by heavy rainfall after planting or late planting, even though seeding rate was high. We recommend farmers take a stand count to understand the relationship between seeding rate and plant population in their individual field management zones and adjust their seeding rates accordingly.

MODELING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FOR C4 and C3 CROPS IN THE WESTERN LAKE ERIE BASIN USING REMOTE SENSING DATA

Abstract. Growing monoculture impacts not just soil properties and biodiversity but also local hydrology including evapotranspiration (ET). The Midwest region of the U.S. is known for its monoculture trend by growing and producing corn, which commonly replaces other crop types. In addition to large areas covered with corn, the photosynthetic adaptations of corn, being the C4 crop, affects ET differently than other C3 crops such as soybean, wheat, and alfalfa. This study aims to model and compare ET for C3 and C4 crops using remote sensing (Sentinel-2 data) and the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model, modified to consider C3 and C4 crops. The study explores the ET rate trend for corn and soybean in an agriculture area situated in the Western Lake Erie Basin, where the balance between evapotranspiration, groundwater level, and surface runoff may play a role in agricultural runoff and Lake Erie’s algal blooms caused by runoff pollution. The results suggest that the monthly average ET rates for both soybean (C3) and corn (C4) reach its maximum at the mid-to-late growing season. However, the ET rate for corn is higher than for soybean in the early season (June) (ET = 121 mm month−1 for corn; ET = 105 mm month−1 for soybean), while the ET rate for soybean becomes higher than for corn soon after (July) and becomes considerably higher in August (ET = 181 mm month−1 for corn; ET = 218 mm month−1 for soybean). It is surmised that the higher ET rate for corn in the early growing season is due to nitrogen-based fertilizer commonly applied to corn parcels at that time, whereas soybean growth is based on biological nitrogen fixation.

Seeding rate in soybean according to the soil apparent electrical conductivity.

This work aimed to study different seeding rates in soybean, at management zones determined by the mapping of the soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and its relationships with plant phenology and grain yield (GY). The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design, with six replications. The plant population ranged between 311,000, 360,000, and 422,000 plants ha-1, and the fixed population (360,000 plants ha-1). The management zone with the least yield potential, received the highest seed population. The management zone with the highest plant vigor potential, received the lowest seed population. The variables plant height, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at 50, 66, and 92 days after emergence (DAE), one hundred-grain weight, and GY were analyzed. ECa maps can be used to decide the seed population of the soybean. The decision strategy of increasing 20% of the seed soybean population on the smaller ECa map zones, and decreasing 20% seed population on higher ECa zones was effective and resulted in similar GY, even with the negative pressure of the high resistance of penetration (RP) values in some zones. GY map variability was influenced by ECa 0-0.2 m, by NDVI at 92 DAE and by RP 0.4-0.6 m soil layer.

Genetic effects and plant architecture influences on outcrossing rate in soybean

Outcrossing rate is an important determinant of cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) breeding and hybrid seed production for heterosis in soybean. Parental lines with a high outcrossing rate were screened for backcross breeding to obtain the high outcrossing rate maintenance B-lines and sterile A-lines. Application in production practices will help to increase hybrid soybean production. In this study, JLCMS82B and JLCMS89B were selected as parents for the construction of outcrossing rate segregation populations, and the progeny-array approach (PAA) and glyphosate resistant gene markers were used to determine outcrossing rates. We found that: (1) The outcrossing rate between JLCMS82B and JLCMS89B was significantly different; (2) the outcrossing rate of the F2 segregating populations was a quantitative trait, though whether an additive or epistatic effect exists required analysis with a triple test intersection analysis; (3) agronomic traits correlated with outcrossing rate; outcrossing rate was the highest with plant height of about 84 cm, lower number of plant branches, earlier flowering time, larger angle between the branches and the main stem, and with more divergent plant morphology. Correlation analysis between agronomic traits and outcrossing rate can effectively guide the screening of parents with a high outcrossing rate.

Production of indole acetic acid by Enterobacter cloacea H3 isolated from Mungbean (Vigna radiata) and its potential supporting the growth of soybean seedling

Many plant-associated bacteria synthesize the phytohormone indole acetic acid (IAA). Three bacterial isolates (H1, H2 and H3) were isolated from root nodules of Mungbean (Vigna radiata) and tested for their productivity of indole acetic acid by spectrophotometric method. Isolate H3 showed the highest IAA production (12.28 μg/ml) in culture medium supplemented with L-Tryptophan. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, isolate H3 was identified as Enterobacter cloacae. The cultures condition optimized for maximum IAA production by using different pH and tryptophan concentrations. IAA production of isolate H3 was maximum at pH 6 and 5 mg/ml of tryptophan concentration. The highest IAA producing isolate selected for determining its capability and compatibility to support the germination of soybean. The results showed that germination percentage and rate of soybean were not significantly different between control and isolate H3 treatment.

Development and application of a novel multiplex PCR method for four living modified soybeans

Since the early 1990s when the first commercialization of living modified organism (LMO), LMO has been developed to improve nutrient quality and productivity of crops. As the self-sufficiency rate of soybean has gradually decreased in South Korea, most of soybeans have been imported. The cultivation and trade of LM crops are regulated in many countries and authorizations for the use are mandatory in most. In South Korea, the cultivation of LM crop is not allowed and unintentional release of LMO into the natural environment is prohibited. In this study, we developed a novel multiplex PCR method for four LM soybean events (CV127, MON87705, FG72 and MON87701) which were approved recently in South Korea. Multiplex PCR primers were designed for PCR amplification of four LMO event-specific fragments, and we analyzed 41 environmental monitoring samples to confirm the efficiency of this method. These results indicated that the multiplex PCR detection method is sufficient for four LM soybeans found in the natural environment. Based on our finding, we suggest that the new technique may be useful as a lead tool for the development of a detection method for various LMO/GMOs.

Vegetative growth after flowering through gibberellin biosynthesis regulates pod setting rate in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

ABSTRACTPod setting rate in soybean is an important trait that determines pod number, which is highly correlated with seed yield. Using two soybean cultivars with different pod setting rates, we examined the relationship between plant growth regulation by gibberellin (GA) and pod setting rate. Plant growth rate (PGR) after flowering was significantly higher in ‘Fukuyutaka’ (low pod setting rate) than in ‘Kariyutaka’ (high pod setting rate); this difference was caused by increasing of GA biosynthesis-related genes expression. Additionally, pod setting rate in ‘Fukuyutaka’ was lower than that in ‘Kariyutaka’. Furthermore, when ‘Kariyutaka’ was treated with GA after flowering, the PGR increased and pod setting rate decreased. These results suggest that pod setting rate in soybean is regulated by vegetative growth after flowering through GA biosynthesis.

Correlation and Calibration of Soil‐Test Potassium from Different Soil Depths for Full‐Season Soybean on Coarse‐Textured Soils

Core Ideas Soil K at 0‐ to 15‐ and 0‐ to 30‐cm depths were excellent predictors of full‐season soybean relative yield.Tissue‐K concentration can be used for calibrating fertilizer‐K rate and in‐season K management.Soil sampling to 30‐cm depth would reduce fertilizer amount and cost for soybean on low cation exchange capacity soils. Quantifying soil‐K availabilities at deeper depths may be necessary to determine optimum fertilizer‐K rate for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown on low cation exchange capacity (CEC) soils that are prone to K leaching. We characterized full‐season soybean response to fertilizer‐K across 19 coarse‐textured low‐CEC sites during 2013 and 2014. Mehlich‐1 soil‐K concentrations at 0‐ to 15‐ and 0‐ to 30‐cm depths better correlated with relative yield and explained 90% of relative yield variation compared to 77% for 0‐ to 60‐cm depth. Critical soil‐K concentrations were similar for relative yield, V5 plant‐K concentration, and R2 leaf‐K concentration, ranging from 48 to 73 mg K kg−1 for 0‐ to 15‐cm and 41 to 63 mg K kg−1 for 0‐ to 30‐cm depths. Soil‐K concentrations less than this critical range accurately predicted positive yield responses to fertilizer‐K 89% of the time for 0‐ to 15‐cm and 80% for 0‐ to 30‐cm depths. Plant‐ and leaf‐K concentrations were equally good in predicting relative yield with critical concentrations of 19 to 22 g plant K kg−1 and 18 to 21 g leaf K kg−1. Plant‐K concentration was better than leaf‐K concentration in diagnosing K‐deficient sites. Calibration model confirmed that soybean requires no fertilizer‐K to maximize yield for soil‐K concentrations above the critical ranges at both depths. However, for K‐deficient soils, soil‐K concentrations at 0‐ to 30‐cm depth resulted in 7 to 32% less fertilizer‐K requirements than 0‐ to 15‐cm depth, indicating the value of deeper sample in recommending fertilizer‐K for soybean grown on coarse‐textured low‐CEC soils.

Nutritive values of soybean silages ensiled with maize at different rates

One of the major uses of soybean crops (Glycine max (L.) Merril) is as silage. However, due to its unpleasant odour and relatively high butyric acid content, soybean silage is not readily preferred by animals. Because it does not have a regular fermentation, easily fermented forage resources are needed to obtain quality silage. To improve the quality of the silage, soybeans can be mixed with an appropriate amount of maize (Zea mays L.). In this study, we examined the quality and properties of maize (M) and soybean (S) silages of different mixtures (100 % M, 100 % S, 10 % S + 90 % M, 20 % S + 80 % M, 30 % S + 70 % M, 40 % S + 60 % M, 50 % S + 50 % M, 60 % S + 40 % M, 70 % S + 30 % M, 80 % S + 20 % M and 90 % S + 10 % M). For this purpose, each plant species was grown separately, and the maize was harvested when the plants reached the doughy stage. The harvest was performed using a single row maize harvester that chops the plants into 1.5-2 cm pieces. The fresh plant material from each species was then mixed in different proportions and squeezed before being transferred to 1.5 L anaerobic jars (Le Parfait, France). The jars were opened after a 60-day ensiling period. Then, the dry matter rate, pH, silage loss, fleig point, crude protein content, ADF content and NDF content of the silages were determined. The results showed that an increase in soybean rate in the mixture decreased the dry matter rate. Conversely, the silage pH, crude protein content and ADF content increased. Our results suggested that producing quality silage required the soybean material to be mixed with a minimum of 50 % maize.

Sensitivity of Dry Bean to Dimethenamid-p, Saflufenacil and Dimethenamid-p/Saflufenacil

There is limited information on the sensitivity of dry bean to dimethenamid-p, saflufenacil and a preformulated mixture of dimethenamid-p/saflufenacil. Field trials were conducted at Exeter and Ridgetown, ON, Canada in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate the tolerance of four market classes of dry bean to dimethenamid-p, saflufenacil and dimethenamid-p/saflufenacil applied preemergence (PRE) at the 1X and 2X manufacturer’s recommended rate in soybean. Dimethenamid-p, saflufenacil and dimethenamid-p/saflufenacil applied PRE caused 0% - 2%, 20% - 31% and 34% - 45% injury in dry bean, respectively. Dimethenamid-p (220 and 440 g ai ha-1) caused no adverse effect on plant stand, shoot dry weight, height and yield of black, white, adzuki and kidney bean. Saflufenacil (25 and 50 g ai ha-1) or dimethenamid-p/saflufenacil (245 and 490 g ai ha-1) reduced plant stand 53% - 70%, shoot dry weight 61% - 81%, height 26% - 48% and yield 40% - 61% of black and white bean. However, saflufenacil applied alone or in combination with dimethenamid-p at the 1X or 2X rates caused no adverse effect on plant stand, shoot dry weight, height and yield of adzuki and kidney bean except with dimethenamid-p/saflufenacil at the 2X rate which reduced plant stand 38% in kidney bean, shoot dry weight 46% in adzuki bean and 42% in kidney bean, and yield 29% in kidney bean. Based on these results, saflufenacil and dimethenamid-p/saflufenacil applied PRE at the proposed rate of 25 and 245 g ai ha-1, respectively does have an adequate margin of crop safety for weed management in black and white bean. Further research is needed to ascertain the margin of crop safety in kidney and adzuki bean.