Rate In Healthy Adults Research Articles

In dubio pro silentio - Even Loud Music Does Not Facilitate Strenuous Ergometer Exercise.

Background: Music listening is wide-spread in amateur sports. Ergometer exercise is one such activity which is often performed with loud music.Aim and Hypotheses: We investigated the effects of electronic music at different intensity levels on ergometer performance (physical performance, force on the pedal, pedaling frequency), perceived fatigue and heart rate in healthy adults. We assumed that higher sound intensity levels are associated with greater ergometer performance and less perceived effort, particularly for untrained individuals.Methods: Groups of high trained and low trained healthy males (N = 40; age = 25.25 years; SD = 3.89 years) were tested individually on an ergometer while electronic dance music was played at 0, 65, 75, and 85 dB. Participants assessed their music experience during the experiment.Results: Majorities of participants rated the music as not too loud (65%), motivating (77.50%), appropriate for this sports exercise (90%), and having the right tempo (67.50%). Participants noticed changes in the acoustical environment with increasing intensity levels, but no further effects on any of the physical or other subjective measures were found for neither of the groups. Therefore, the main hypothesis must be rejected.Discussion: These findings suggest that high loudness levels do not positively influence ergometer performance. The high acceptance of loud music and perceived appropriateness could be based on erroneous beliefs or stereotypes. Reasons for the widespread use of loud music in fitness sports needs further investigation. Reducing loudness during fitness exercise may not compromise physical performance or perceived effort.

Effects of intestinal colonization by Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus on microbiota diversity in healthy individuals in China

BackgroundIntestinal colonization by pathogenic bacteria is a risk factor for infection, and contributes to environmental contamination and disease dissemination. Alteration of gut microbiota also plays a pivotal role in the development of disease. Although Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus are well-recognized pathogens causing nosocomial and community infections, the intestinal colonization was not fully investigated. Herein, we explored their overall carriage rates in healthy adults from the community, and characterized the gut microbiomes of C. difficile and S. aureus carriers.MethodsFecal samples were collected from 1709 healthy volunteers from communities in Shanghai, China, and tested for the presence of C. difficile, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) using culture-based techniques. To explore differences in the gut microbiome, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted using samples from non-carriers (CH), C. difficile carriers (CCD), MRSA carriers (CM), and MSSA carriers (CS).ResultsOverall, we detected 12 C. difficile and 60 S. aureus isolates, accounting for 0.70% and 3.51% of total isolates, respectively. Eight isolates were determined to be MRSA, accounting for 13.3% of the S. aureus population. Sequencing data revealed that the microbial diversity and richness were similar among the four groups. However, at the phylum level, carriage of C. difficile or MRSA was associated with a paucity of Bacteroidetes and an overabundance of Proteobacteria compared with non-carriers. At the genus level, the prevalence of the genera Bacteroides, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, and Roseburia was decreased in C. difficile-positive samples compared with the controls, while the proportion of Clostridium cluster XIVa species was increased. MRSA carriers exhibited a higher proportion of the genera Parasutterella and Klebsiella, but a decreased prevalence of Bacteroides. Compared with MSSA carriers, Klebsiella was the only genus found to be significantly enriched in MRSA carriers.ConclusionsIn healthy adults, colonization by C. difficile or S. aureus did not significantly affect gut microbiota diversity. However, the alteration of the gut microbiota composition in C. difficile carriers could indicate a predisposition to further infection. Our study provides essential data on the prevalence and effects of C. difficile and S. aureus colonization on gut microbiota composition in healthy adults.

31 P magnetization transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Assessing the activation induced change in cerebral ATP metabolic rates at 3 T.

PurposeIn vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) magnetization transfer (MT) provides a direct measure of neuronal activity at the metabolic level. This work aims to use functional 31P MRS‐MT to investigate the change in cerebral adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolic rates in healthy adults upon repeated visual stimuli.MethodsA magnetization saturation transfer sequence with narrowband selective saturation of γ‐ATP was developed for 31P MT experiments at 3 T.ResultsUsing progressive saturation of γ‐ATP, the intrinsic T1 relaxation times of phosphocreatine (PCr) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) at 3 T were measured to be 5.1 ± 0.8 s and 3.0 ± 1.4 s, respectively. Using steady‐state saturation of γ‐ATP, a significant 24% ± 14% and 11% ± 7% increase in the forward creatine kinase (CK) pseudo‐first‐order reaction rate constant, k 1, was observed upon visual stimulation in the first and second cycles, respectively, of a paradigm consisting of 10‐minute rest followed by 10‐minute stimulation, with the measured baseline k 1 being 0.35 ± 0.04 s−1. No significant changes in forward ATP synthase reaction rate, PCr/γ‐ATP, Pi/γ‐ATP, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/γ‐ATP ratios, or intracellular pH were detected upon stimulation.ConclusionThis work demonstrates the potential of studying cerebral bioenergetics using functional 31P MRS‐MT to determine the change in the forward CK reaction rate at 3 T. Magn Reson Med 79:22–30, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Impact of Short-Term Practice of Yoga on Forced Vital Capacity, Forced Expiratory Volume in 1st Second and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in Healthy Adults

Impact of Short-Term Practice of Yoga on Forced Vital Capacity, Forced Expiratory Volume in 1^st Second and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in Healthy Adults

Modelling idiopathic Parkinson disease as a complex illness can inform incidence rate in healthy adults: thePR EDIGT score.

Fifty‐five years after the concept of dopamine replacement therapy was introduced, Parkinson disease (PD) remains an incurable neurological disorder. To date, no disease‐modifying therapeutic has been approved. The inability to predict PD incidence risk in healthy adults is seen as a limitation in drug development, because by the time of clinical diagnosis ≥ 60% of dopamine neurons have been lost. We have designed an incidence prediction model founded on the concept that the pathogenesis of PD is similar to that of many disorders observed in ageing humans, i.e. a complex, multifactorial disease. Our model considers five factors to determine cumulative incidence rates for PD in healthy adults: (i) DNA variants that alter susceptibility (D), e.g. carrying a LRRK2 or GBA risk allele; (ii) Exposure history to select environmental factors including xenobiotics (E); (iii) Gene–environment interactions that initiate pathological tissue responses (I), e.g. a rise in ROS levels, misprocessing of amyloidogenic proteins (foremost, α‐synuclein) and dysregulated inflammation; (iv) sex (or gender; G); and importantly, (v) time (T) encompassing ageing‐related changes, latency of illness and propagation of disease. We propose that cumulative incidence rates for PD (P R) can be calculated in healthy adults, using the formula: P R (%) = (E + D + I) × G × T. Here, we demonstrate six case scenarios leading to young‐onset parkinsonism (n = 3) and late‐onset PD (n = 3). Further development and validation of this prediction model and its scoring system promise to improve subject recruitment in future intervention trials. Such efforts will be aimed at disease prevention through targeted selection of healthy individuals with a higher prediction score for developing PD in the future and at disease modification in subjects that already manifest prodromal signs.

The effect of long chain omega 3 PUFA on resting and recovery heart rate in healthy adults

The effect of long chain omega 3 PUFA on resting and recovery heart rate in healthy adults

Resting metabolic rate varies by race and by sleep duration.

Short sleep duration is a significant risk factor for weight gain, particularly in African Americans and men. Increased caloric intake underlies this relationship, but it remains unclear whether decreased energy expenditure is a contributory factor. The current study assessed the impact of sleep restriction and recovery sleep on energy expenditure in African American and Caucasian men and women. Healthy adults participated in a controlled laboratory study. After two baseline sleep nights, subjects were randomized to an experimental (n = 36; 4 h sleep/night for five nights followed by one night with 12 h recovery sleep) or control condition (n = 11; 10 h sleep/night). Resting metabolic rate and respiratory quotient were measured using indirect calorimetry in the morning after overnight fasting. Resting metabolic rate-the largest component of energy expenditure-decreased after sleep restriction (-2.6%, P = 0.032) and returned to baseline levels after recovery sleep. No changes in resting metabolic rate were observed in control subjects. Relative to Caucasians (n = 14), African Americans (n = 22) exhibited comparable daily caloric intake but a lower resting metabolic rate (P = 0.043) and higher respiratory quotient (P = 0.013) regardless of sleep duration. Sleep restriction decreased morning resting metabolic rate in healthy adults, suggesting that sleep loss leads to metabolic changes aimed at conserving energy.

Optimizing Cold Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia

Cold water immersion (CWI) provides rapid cooling in events of exertional heat stroke. Optimal procedures for CWI in the field are not well established. This meta-analysis aimed to provide structured analysis of the effectiveness of CWI on the cooling rate in healthy adults subjected to exercise-induced hyperthermia. An electronic search (December 2014) was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science. The mean difference of the cooling rate between CWI and passive recovery was calculated. Pooled analyses were based on a random-effects model. Sources of heterogeneity were identified through a mixed-effects model Q statistic. Inferential statistics aggregated the CWI cooling rate for extrapolation. Nineteen studies qualified for inclusion. Results demonstrate CWI elicited a significant effect: mean difference, 0.03°C·min(-1); 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.04°C·min(-1). A conservative, observed estimate of the CWI cooling rate was 0.08°C·min(-1) across various conditions. CWI cooled individuals twice as fast as passive recovery. Subgroup analyses revealed that cooling was more effective (Q test P < 0.10) when preimmersion core temperature ≥38.6°C, immersion water temperature ≤10°C, ambient temperature ≥20°C, immersion duration ≤10 min, and using torso plus limbs immersion. There is insufficient evidence of effect using forearms/hands CWI for rapid cooling: mean difference, 0.01°C·min(-1); 95% confidence interval, -0.01°C·min(-1) to 0.04°C·min(-1). A combined data summary, pertaining to 607 subjects from 29 relevant studies, was presented for referencing the weighted cooling rate and recovery time, aiming for practitioners to better plan emergency procedures. An optimal procedure for yielding high cooling rates is proposed. Using prompt vigorous CWI should be encouraged for treating exercise-induced hyperthermia whenever possible, using cold water temperature (approximately 10°C) and maximizing body surface contact (whole-body immersion).

A Study on Duration of Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Therapy on Whole Saliva Flow.

Saliva is a complex fluid, whose important role is to maintain the well being of oral cavity. Salivary gland hypofunction or hyposalivation is the condition of having reduced saliva production which leads to the subjective complaint of oral dryness termed xerostomia.(7) Management of xerostomia includes palliative therapy using topical agents or systemic therapy. Electrostimulation to produce saliva was studied in the past and showed moderate promise but never became part of mainstream therapy. Hence, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on whole salivary flow rate in healthy adults and to evaluate how long this effect of TENS lasts on salivary flow. One hundred healthy adult subjects were divided into five age groups with each group containing 20 subjects equally divided into males and females in each group. Unstimulated saliva was collected using a graduated test tube fitted with funnel and quantity was measured. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation unit was activated and stimulated saliva was collected. Saliva was again collected 30 minutes and 24 hours post stimulation. The mean unstimulated whole saliva flow rate for all subjects (n = 100) was 2.60 ml/5 min. During stimulation, it increased to 3.60 ± 0.39 ml/5 min. There was 38.46% increase in salivary flow. Ninety six out of 100 responded positively to TENS therapy. Salivary flow remained increased 30 minutes and 24 hours post stimulation with the values being 3.23 ± 0.41 ml/5 min and 2.69 ± 0.39 ml/5 min respectively. Repeated measures One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed that the difference between these values were statistically significant. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation therapy was effective for stimulation of whole saliva in normal, healthy subjects and its effect retained till 30 minutes and a little up to 24 hours. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation may work best synergistically with other sialagogues and can be used for the management of xerostomia.

Abstract 18257: Cardiovascular Response to Energy Drink Consumption in Healthy Adults

Introduction: An increasing number of healthy adults consume energy drinks to enhance their physical and mental performance. Energy drinks contain caffeine and multiple other “natural” stimulants and their combined effects on cardiac hemodynamics in healthy individuals are unclear. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that drinking a commercially available energy drink, Rockstar , compared to a placebo drink, increases resting blood pressure and heart rate in healthy adults, and these increases would be further accentuated by stress conditions. Methods: We enrolled 25 healthy, normotensive subjects (14 males), aged 29±1 years, with body mass index 24.5±1 kg/m 2 , in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Each subject consumed a placebo drink and a commercially available Rockstar energy drink (473 ml), in random order on two separate study days. Blood pressure and heart rate responses were recorded and compared before and 30 minutes after drink consumption, both at rest and then in response to physical, mental and cold stressors. Results: The Rockstar energy drink induced a 6±1% increase in resting systolic blood pressure, compared to 3±1% with the placebo drink (P=0.0078). Diastolic blood pressure increased by 7±1% vs 0±1% with the placebo drink (P=0.0007; Figure 1). Heart rate increased similarly in both groups, by 5±2% in the energy drink group vs. 7±2% in the placebo group. Blood pressure and heart rate increases during the stress stimuli (sustained handgrip, mental stress and cold stress) did not differ between energy drink and placebo. Conclusions: Drinking a commercially available Rockstar energy drink significantly increases resting blood pressure in young healthy adults. Blood pressure increases are not further accentuated by exercise, mental or cold pressor stress stimuli. These hemodynamic changes induced by energy drink consumption could predispose to cardiovascular events.

Long term efficacy and safety of Tenofovir in patients with severe and progressive acute hepatitis B

Background: Acute Hepatitis B has a low chronification rate in healthy adults, but can progress to fulminant hepatitis and liver failure in about 1 percent. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tenofovir as first-line treatment for patients with severe and progressive acute hepatitis B.

Reliability and concurrent validity of a peripheral pulse oximeter and health-app system for the quantification of heart rate in healthy adults.

There are downloadable applications (Apps) for cell phones that can measure heart rate in a simple and painless manner. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of this type of App for a Smartphone using an Android system, compared to the radial pulse and a portable pulse oximeter. We performed a pilot observational study of diagnostic accuracy, randomized in 46 healthy volunteers. The patients' demographic data and cardiac pulse were collected. Radial pulse was measured by palpation of the radial artery with three fingers at the wrist over the radius; a low-cost portable, liquid crystal display finger pulse oximeter; and a Heart Rate Plus for Samsung Galaxy Note®. This study demonstrated high reliability and consistency between systems with respect to the heart rate parameter of healthy adults using three systems. For all parameters, ICC was > 0.93, indicating excellent reliability. Moreover, CVME values for all parameters were between 1.66-4.06 %. We found significant correlation coefficients and no systematic differences between radial pulse palpation and pulse oximeter and a high precision. Low-cost pulse oximeter and App systems can serve as valid instruments for the assessment of heart rate in healthy adults.

Influenza vaccine immunogenicity in patients with primary central nervous system malignancy.

Patients with central nervous system (CNS) malignancies represent an "at-risk" population for contracting influenza, particularly if they are receiving ongoing chemotherapy, radiation, and/or glucocorticoid treatment. The Centers for Disease Control endorses vaccination for these patients, although data are not available to indicate whether they mount an immunologic response adequate to achieve clinical protection. A pilot prospective cohort study was designed to evaluate the immunogenicity of the standard-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in patients with malignant CNS tumors. Baseline data collection included diagnosis, chemotherapy, timing of chemotherapy or radiation relative to vaccination, and glucocorticoid dose. Serum samples were collected at baseline, day 14, day 28, and month 3 following vaccination. Samples were tested using hemagglutinin inhibition to determine seroconversion (4-fold rise in titer) and seroprotection (titer >1:40). A total of 38 patients were enrolled (mean age, 54 years ±13.5 years, 60.5% male, 94.7% Caucasian, and 5.3% African American). CNS tumor diagnoses included glioblastoma multiforme (55.2%), other high-grade glioma (13.2%), low-grade glioma (15.8%), and primary CNS lymphoma (15.8%). At enrollment, 20 patients (52.6%) were taking glucocorticoids, 25 (65.8%) were on active chemotherapy, and 3 (7.9%) were undergoing radiation. Seroconversion rates at day 28 for the A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B strains were 37%, 23% and 23%, respectively. Seroprotection was 80%, 69%, and 74%, respectively. All rates were significantly lower than published rates in healthy adults (P < .001). Influenza vaccine immunogenicity is significantly reduced in patients with CNS malignancies. Future studies are needed to determine the causative etiologies and appropriate vaccination strategies.

A study of diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rates in healthy adult female subjects in South India

Background: Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) reflects the strength and condition of respiratory muscles and the degree of airflow limitation in large airways. PEFR shows hour to hour variation that follows a specific pattern in asthmatics and healthy individuals. Adequate data is not available for the diurnal variation in normal individuals who are students in professional courses and had a sedentary life style. Hence, this study was undertaken to study the diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rates in healthy adult female subjects in South India. Materials and Methods: Peak expiratory flow rate was recorded in 50 adult healthy female students aged 18-23 years and studying in professional courses. Mini Wright's peak flow meter was used to measure the peak expiratory flow rate. PEFR were recorded at 7-8 a.m., 10-11 a.m., 1-2 p.m., 4-5 p.m., and 7-8 p.m. for two consecutive days. Results: On analysis of PEFR records of individual subjects, it was seen that there was an overall dip in the morning at 7-8 h PEFR, which increased in the daytime, peaking in the afternoon at 1-2 p.m. and eventually decreased in the night. Subjects did not show the peak PEFR values at the same time point, 10% of subjects had a rise in PEFR in the early morning, afternoon (1-2 p.m.) peak was observed in 48% subjects and evening (4-5 p.m.) peak was observed in 16% subjects. 14% subjects showed a peak in the night time (7-8 p.m.) PEFR values. Conclusion: This study provided the preliminary reference data of diurnal variation of peak expiratory flow rate in healthy adults. Since, there is a variation in the peak expiratory flow rate recorded during different time points of the day; hence, to compare the PEFR between individuals it is advisable to record the PEFR at the same time point.

Dietary fatty acids modify gastric emptying rates in healthy adults

Dietary fatty acids modify gastric emptying rates in healthy adults

Change of glomerular filtration rate in healthy adults with aging

In order to determine the relationship between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and age, the associated factors, and the accurate method of GFR in healthy adults, we conducted a cross-sectional study in community-dwelling adults in Beijing. Renal function of 201 clinically healthy subjects was determined using technetium-99 m-labelled diethylene triamine pentacetic acid ((99m)Tc-DTPA). Estimated GFR was calculated with the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equation, abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation, and plasma clearance of creatinine (Ccr). Serum cystatin C, biomarkers of inflammatory and endothelial cells were analyzed as well. Protein intake, carotid artery intima-media thickness and plaque formation were assayed as well. Glomerular filtration rate was negatively associated with age and the correlation coefficient for (99m)Tc-GFR, CG-GFR, MDRD-GFR, Ccr were -0.643, -0.736, -0.55 and -0.619, respectively (P < 0.001), while the correlation coefficient between cystatin C and age was 0.681 (P < 0.001). Estimated GFR were associated with measured GFR, and the correlation coefficient for Ccr, CG-GFR and MDRD-GFR were 0.813, 0.582 and 0.418, respectively (P < 0.001). The area under the receiver-operator curve of Ccr was larger, CG was smaller while MDRD was the smallest, and the difference was significant (P < 0.001). So a predicted equation was presented by cystatin C and C-reactive protein for the elderly. In the clinically healthy adults, GFR declined with age. MDRD and CG equation are not suitable to estimate GFR in healthy adults. The predicted equation established by cystatin C and C-reactive protein may be more accurate.

Does domperidone, a dopamine 2 receptor-antagonist, alter gastric emptying rates in healthy adults?

Does domperidone, a dopamine 2 receptor-antagonist, alter gastric emptying rates in healthy adults?

Determining ‘true’ glomerular filtration rate in healthy adults using infusion of inulin and comparing it with values obtained using other clearance techniques or prediction equations

To determine 'true' glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy adults as renal clearance following infusion of inulin, and compare that result with those obtained using other markers and clearance techniques and with estimations of GFR using creatinine-based prediction equations. Twenty healthy volunteers (11 females) with a median age of 27 years (range 19-36 years) received bolus doses of inulin and iohexol i.v. and 16 blood samples were taken after injection. Then, inulin and iohexol were infused to give stable plasma concentrations and blood and urine samples were collected. Residual bladder volume was estimated using ultrasound scanning. Plasma and urine concentrations of inulin and iohexol were determined using chromatography and resorcinol methods, respectively. Different methods of GFR determination were compared as well as four formulae for GFR estimation based on serum creatinine. 'True' GFR, i.e. renal clearance of inulin during its infusion, was a median of 117 ml/min/1.73 m2 (inter-quartile range 106-129 ml/min/1.73 m2). Similar values of GFR were obtained with renal clearance of iohexol during its infusion and also with plasma (body) clearance of inulin or iohexol following bolus injections and using 16 or five plasma samples. Endogenous creatinine clearance was higher (p<0.001) than true GFR (median 23 ml/min/1.73 m2). Plasma clearance of iohexol and inulin based on their concentrations in four blood samples underestimated their renal clearance considerably. All four creatinine-based formulae markedly underestimated renal inulin clearance. Plasma and renal clearance of iohexol and inulin were similar in healthy adults. Underestimation of GFR was noted when plasma clearance of iohexol and inulin was based on four but not five or more blood samples. Some prediction equations underestimate true GFR to such an extent that caution must be taken when using them to evaluate normal or high GFR values.

Citrus aurantium extract has no effect on blood pressure or heart rate in healthy adults

BACKGROUND: Much has been written concerning the cardiovascular effects associated with weight loss dietary supplements containing bitter orange (Citrus aurantium, CA). Because CA is a botanical source of synephrine and octopamine, both adrenergic amines, some authors have suggested that dietary supplements containing CA may have similar cardiovascular risks associated with ephedra (a source of ephedrine and related sympathomimetics). PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of CA extract (Advantra-Z, containing 80mg/synephrine/day) versus placebo on cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure and heart rate). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We recruited 30 healthy normotensive adult nonsmokers to participate in a 6-week supplementation program. Subjects followed a moderate diet/exercise program and consumed CA or placebo with morning and evening meals. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in systolic or diastolic blood pressure (mm/Hg) or resting heart rate (beats/min) at any point during the 6-week supplementation period. Table 1. CONCLUSION: We found no indication that daily supplementation with Citrus aurantium extract for 6 weeks is associated with any cardiovascular risks in this group of healthy normotensive subjects.

Supratentorial Cerebrospinal Fluid Production Rate in Healthy Adults: Quantification with Two-dimensional Cine Phase-Contrast MR Imaging with High Temporal and Spatial Resolution

A method for objectively determining supratentorial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production rate is described. The method employs cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging with high temporal and spatial resolution at the level of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Automatic encircling of the aqueduct was accomplished by using a pulsatility-based segmentation approach. Results in 23 healthy adults (18 men, five women; age range, 21-39 years) yielded an average CSF production rate of 305 microL/min +/- 145 (standard deviation); this rate is in good agreement with literature-reported values obtained with invasive ventriculolumbar perfusion measurements. Average operator imprecision was 23.1% if automatic segmentation was not used. The proposed method is potentially an effective means for measuring supratentorial CSF production rate in humans.