Raster Image Data Research Articles

Multi-channel convolutional neural network for integration of meteorological and geographical features in solar power forecasting

The forecasting of potential photovoltaic power is essential to investigate suitable regions for power plant installation where high levels of electricity can be produced. However, it remains challenging to integrate the meteorological and geographical features at a regional level into the modeling process of solar forecasting, through which the model trained can be extended to predict at other regions. In particular, regional effects resulting from adjacent topography and weather conditions have rarely been considered in solar energy forecasting. Thus, this paper proposes a multi-channel convolutional neural network that is designed to forecast the monthly photovoltaic power with raster image data representing various regional effects. In particular, the network model with multi-channels allows for training with input data of elevation, solar irradiation, temperature, wind speed, and precipitation in a map format, and output data of corresponding photovoltaic power outputs from 164 sites. The results show that the proposed network model achieves a mean absolute percent error of 8.639%, which outperforms conventional methods such as multiple linear regression (e.g., 16.187%) and artificial neural networks (e.g., 15.991%). This implies that learning regional patterns of both geographical and meteorological features may lead to better performance in solar forecasting, and that the trained model can be applied to other regions—the data of which is not used for the training. Thus, this study may help to identify suitable regions with high electricity potential in a large area.

Development and Publication of Volcanic Base Map Data

Abstract. Japan has 111 active volcanoes accounting for about 7 percent of active volcanoes in the world and many volcanic disasters have been recorded so far. Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) proceeds to develop Volcanic Base Map, which depicts specific landforms of volcanoes precisely from 1979 to 2009 for the purpose of providing basic information for formulating various types of volcanic disaster prevention plans and volcano research. Although Volcanic Base Maps have been created by aerial photogrammetry for 31 active volcanoes throughout Japan as a paper map with a scale of 1:2,500 to 1:10,000, they have not been able to meet the needs of recent volcanic disaster prevention measures and have not been fully utilized in disaster emergency measures due to the following reasons: (1) There are undeveloped volcanoes because creation pace was limited for one volcano per year in the conventional creation method; (2) Considerable number of years has passed after its maintenance, so the latest terrain and infrastructure have not been updated; (3) It is impossible to cover the whole area of the volcano and the range of damage estimation because the development around the crater is mainly focused; (4) Basic information such as disaster prevention related facility information, which is necessary for the formulating volcanic disaster prevention plan and disaster emergency measures, has not been covered; (5) Since they were provided by a paper map for a fee, they were not suitable for advanced application using GIS.In order to solve the above issues and to promptly develop and provide maps of volcanoes, we have revised methods of making and acquisition criteria and have newly created Volcanic Base Map Data from 2017. Contour line data was created using digital stereoscopic machine in the conventional method of Volcanic Base Map, but it was changed to generate automatically by Digital Elevation Model of airborne laser survey. Also, we have changed to create features such as roads, buildings and disaster prevention-related facilities by using existing geospatial data maintained by GSI and materials collected from relevant organs. Therefore, the process of numerical mapping and associated photocontrol points surveying, pricking and aerial triangulation becomes omissible, and the number of creating maps can be increased. Although some of the designated evacuation shelters and heliports are not acquired in the conventional Volcanic Base Map, they are added as an acquisition item in Volcanic Base Map Data in order to make it easier to utilize to disaster prevention plan and emergency measures.Volcanic Base Map Data consists of three types of raster image data (base map, colour relief map and photomap, Figure 1), two types of vector data (Shapefile and Digital Mapping data) and GSI Tile data, is started to provide and publish on March 31, 2017 on the website of GSI and 14 volcanoes are provided as of October 2018. While Volcanic Base Map Data is possible to update in a very short time compared to conventional paper maps by maintaining and creating as numerical data, if there is a change in the contents of display such as disaster prevention related facilities and important infrastructures, it is necessary to consider a mechanism that can quickly update and publish maps. Furthermore, it is necessary to promote the products in each of the Volcano Disaster Management Councils and to continuously grasp the needs of users to be utilized more in the future.

Web-Based Supervised Thematic Mapping

We introduce a methodology for semiautomatic thematic map generation from remotely sensed Earth Observation raster image data based on user-selected examples. The methodology is based on a probabilistic k-nearest neighbor supervised classification algorithm. Efficient operation is attained by exploiting data structures for high-dimensional indexing. The methodology is integrated in a Web-mapping server that is coupled to an HTML supervision interface that supports interactive navigation as well as model training and tuning. Quantitative classification quality and performance measurements are extracted for real optical data with 0.25 m resolution on a highly diverse training area.

Raster Vs. Point Cloud LiDAR Data Classification

Abstract. Airborne Laser Scanning systems with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology is one of the fast and accurate 3D point data acquisition techniques. Generating accurate digital terrain and/or surface models (DTM/DSM) is the main application of collecting LiDAR range data. Recently, LiDAR range and intensity data have been used for land cover classification applications. Data range and Intensity, (strength of the backscattered signals measured by the LiDAR systems), are affected by the flying height, the ground elevation, scanning angle and the physical characteristics of the objects surface. These effects may lead to uneven distribution of point cloud or some gaps that may affect the classification process. Researchers have investigated the conversion of LiDAR range point data to raster image for terrain modelling. Interpolation techniques have been used to achieve the best representation of surfaces, and to fill the gaps between the LiDAR footprints. Interpolation methods are also investigated to generate LiDAR range and intensity image data for land cover classification applications. In this paper, different approach has been followed to classifying the LiDAR data (range and intensity) for land cover mapping. The methodology relies on the classification of the point cloud data based on their range and intensity and then converted the classified points into raster image. The gaps in the data are filled based on the classes of the nearest neighbour. Land cover maps are produced using two approaches using: (a) the conventional raster image data based on point interpolation; and (b) the proposed point data classification. A study area covering an urban district in Burnaby, British Colombia, Canada, is selected to compare the results of the two approaches. Five different land cover classes can be distinguished in that area: buildings, roads and parking areas, trees, low vegetation (grass), and bare soil. The results show that an improvement of around 10 % in the classification results can be achieved by using the proposed approach.

Advantages to Geoscience and Disaster Response from QuakeSim Implementation of Interferometric Radar Maps in a GIS Database System

High-resolution maps of earth surface deformation are available in public archives for scientific interpretation, but are primarily available as bulky downloads on the internet. The NASA uninhabited aerial vehicle synthetic aperture radar (UAVSAR) archive of airborne radar interferograms delivers very high resolution images (approximately seven meter pixels) making remote handling of the files that much more pressing. Data exploration requiring data selection and exploratory analysis has been tedious. QuakeSim has implemented an archive of UAVSAR data in a web service and browser system based on GeoServer (http://geoserver.org). This supports a variety of services that supply consistent maps, raster image data and geographic information systems (GIS) objects including standard earthquake faults. Browsing the database is supported by initially displaying GIS-referenced thumbnail images of the radar displacement maps. Access is also provided to image metadata and links for full file downloads. One of the most widely used features is the QuakeSim line-of-sight profile tool, which calculates the radar-observed displacement (from an unwrapped interferogram product) along a line specified through a web browser. Displacement values along a profile are updated to a plot on the screen as the user interactively redefines the endpoints of the line and the sampling density. The profile and also a plot of the ground height are available as CSV (text) files for further examination, without any need to download the full radar file. Additional tools allow the user to select a polygon overlapping the radar displacement image, specify a downsampling rate and extract a modest sized grid of observations for display or for inversion, for example, the QuakeSim simplex inversion tool which estimates a consistent fault geometry and slip model.

The Raster Image Splicing of Using Oracle Spatial Technology to Research the GeoRaster Data

GeoRaster is a feature of Oracle Spatial that let you store, index, query, analyze, and deliver GeoRaster data, that is, raster image and gridded data and its associated metadata. Using geographic information system GeoServer, we can release the raster map data, and allow users to update, delete, insert the characteristic data. Then, it can be easier to share the space geographic information by GeoServer between users. In fact, due to the enormous data size of the remote sensing image information, so that the same region of image information can be divided into many grids data blocks, and stored into sheets of raster images. To facilitate GeoServer to publish map data, based on the Oracle Spatial GeoRaster architecture, which provided by Oracle database, as well as the “SampleCode_For_Loader” project sample provided by the website, georaster_tools.jar toolkit, we do the secondary development. We splice the region of the same grid data block raster images, and import them into the Oracle database, then make the data as a whole. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i2.4007

Storage and Management Approach of Raster Image in Georaster Model

The putting forward of Georaster brings a new opportunity for realizing integrated storage of raster data and vector data in Oracle Spatial . This paper analyzed raster images storage and management mechanisms using Georaster model of Oracle spatial, including GeoRester data model,physical storage structure, data block and pyramid strategy. On this basis, the paper demonstrated a typical example of storing and managing raster image data. Through a large number of experiments, the paper pointed out that the Oracle's raster image data loading tool cannot upload large capacity raster image. Aiming at the disadvantage in terms of data capacity, the paper presented a simple yet effective solution, which adopts block processing way, is consistent with "divide and conquer idea, can improve data processing and network transmission speed.

A Three-Tier Statistical Approach to Verifying Suspected Copying of Spatial Data

Spatial data copyright and security have become very important issues in geo-information technology. Digital watermarking has been developed to protect the copyright of the data. Current researches are concentrated on raster image data and only little research on geo-referenced spatial data in vector format has been conducted. However, vector is still the most important data format for geo-information and this research is concentrated on vector data. Watermarking vector data means to add/delete or modify some features. However, a slight change resulting from data generalization or compression may corrupt the watermarks. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a simple but rather effective statistical testing approach to recognise and record suspected infringement of data copyright. This approach has proved to be effective according to the results from a number of experimental tests.

Novel Image Trimming Algorithm for Use with Ink Jet Printing Fabrication

For the development of new inkjet printing (IJP) technology, instead of traditional processes, such as spinning, screen printing, photolithography, and laser printing, used for semiconductor and display fields, what are the obstacles to mass production? IJP is an ideal technology for fabricating material layering on a specific substrate that needs to be patterned. However, the line width presence often conflicts with the thin film requirement, i.e., to obtain a better line edge quality, the overlap distance of drops needs to be tuned closer and this results in greater thickness, which deteriorates the electronic performance. Besides, sometimes the image resolution for a metal circuit will be expected to fall within a tunable region, up to ±3 μm for a high level IC carrier board, in order to correct the image deterioration caused during the prior layering process. Those process needs are hard to achieve because of the innate characteristics of IJP transfer into the raster image data format. This paper proposes a novel image trimming method to transfer an original image to a trimmed image, based on the spreading factor between the liquid-solid interface and the assumption of linear superposition for drop-to-drop overlapping, as well as a versatile filtering function built-in as an auxiliary look-up table to modulate layer thickness. In detail, the trimming method included the procedure of pattern identification and location, image separation, seamless image merging, image boundary compensation, image trimming on spreading factor, and image reconstruction. The filtering method included the local characteristic of boundary inspection with a defined correcting function and varied filtering pattern applied to the inner field of boundary. The test pattern found that the circuit was satisfactory in terms of thickness and line width, according to expectation.

Real-Time Image Compensation and Memory Arbitration for Ink-Jet Patterning on Roll-to-Roll System

To brew ink-jet printing (IJP) technology instead of traditional processes like spinning, screen printing, photolithography, and laser printing, used for semiconductor and display field, what is the obstacle before make mass production? The image compensation for printed thickness and resolution modulation control is the highest priority due to they dominate the device performance, especially for the roll-to-roll fabrication process. In this study, we tried to construct a novel algorithm to real-time calculate methodology to compensate the image distortion due to the thermal process and web delivery stress. Besides, this paper proposed a novel image trimming method based on the spreading factor between the liquid-solid interface and calculated image distortion, to real-time transfer the original image to a printing raster image data. In details, the trimming method included the procedure of pattern identification and locating, image separation, seamless image merge, image boundary compensation, image trimming on spreading factor, and image reconstruction, and the filtering method included the local characteristic of boundary inspection with defined correcting function and varied filtering pattern applied to inner field of boundary. To correct the landing position, this article designed new algorithm memory arbitration for the inconsistent between nozzle physical arrangement and printing data by rearranging the data format, to reduce the dispensing landing deviation.

A Novel Image Trimming Algorithm for IJP Fabrication in Line Width and Layer Thickness Compromise

To brew ink-jet printing (IJP) technology instead of traditional processes like spinning, screen printing, photolithography, and laser printing, used for semiconductor and display field, what is the obstacle before make mass production? The tunable resolution for image compensation and thickness control is the highest priority due to they dominate the device performance and need carefully control. For examples, the metal circuit will be in tunable resolution up to ± 3 um for high level IC carrier board, to correct the image deterioration caused during prior layering process. However, the innate characteristics of IJP transfer the raster image data format restrict its development due to the resolution is non-tunable in such fine resolution, or it need overlap drop-to-drop in ultra accuracy, to complete the narrow line width requirement. But this strategy conflicts with the layer thickness while highly drop-to-drop overlay, it will increase the layer thickness and spreading the line width synchronously, make it is hard to control the line and layer quality expected. This paper proposed a novel image trimming method to transfer original image to trimmed image based on the spreading factor between the liquid-solid interface and the assumption of linear superposition for drop-to-drop overlapping, as well as versatile filtering function built as look-up table in auxiliary to modulate layer thickness. In details, the trimming method included the procedure of pattern identification and locating, image separation, seamless image merge, image boundary compensation, image trimming on spreading factor, and image reconstruction, and the filtering method included the local characteristic of boundary inspection with defined correcting function and varied filtering pattern applied to inner field of boundary. The test pattern found the resolution can be step tuning of ± 5 um at 100um line width requirement for 10 pl IJP dispensing, and got satisfactory thickness as expectation.

A Method for Tracing Run-length Outline to Implement Vectorization of Raster Graphics and Image Data

A Method for Tracing Run-length Outline to Implement Vectorization of Raster Graphics and Image Data

Modelling the accuracy of image data reprojection

Data transformation and reprojection are required for integrating remotely sensed data and geographical information system data into one map projection. At global or continental scales, the reprojection procedure may bring significant distortion of original pixel values. This research investigated a scale factor model to explain the amount of distortion. Specifically, model results were compared with experimental results. Six possible reprojections among the Equal-area Cylindrical projection, the Mollweide projection, and the Sinusoidal projection were tested. Results showed that reprojection accuracy could be explained using the ratios of scale factor changes along vertical and horizontal axes between source and target projections. The reprojection accuracy was the reciprocal of the maximum scale factor change either along the vertical or horizontal axis. However, the model accuracy was very sensitive to the skew effect that leads to significant increase of accuracy. Spatial autocorrelation and the number of unique pixels were found to affect the accuracy of reprojection. Considering the increasing use of global and continental datasets, this research suggests that reprojection of raster image data should be performed very carefully.

農地区画の輪郭データ参照によるＡＳＴＥＲ／ＶＮＩＲ画像からの水稲作付面積高精度推定手法の検証

The acreage estimation of the riceplanted fields is an important subject for agricultural administration, and it requires the high precise measurements in actual work. In order toimprove the accuracy of estimation, high ground resolution satellite data are required in conventional methods. However, there are problems in frequent use of high ground resolution satellite data due to its narrow observation area, requiring a fair weather at time of acquisition and high cost; there are some limitations to use them operationally. A method of referring agricultural plot outline data was developed in this study, which improves the estimation accuracy of the rice planted fields using medium ground resolution satellite data such as LANDSAT-TM, SPOT-HRV or ASTER-VNIR. In this method, the satellite raster image data are not used for totalization, although they are used to discriminate whether the fields are rice planted or not. The acreage of the rice planted fields discriminated as rice planted fields are totalized referring the existing or preliminary measurement data of agricultural plot outline data. By employing the developed method, the acreage estimation of the rice planted fields using remote sensing techniques is remarkably progressed in practical use. This paper described the result which the method was applied to ASTER-VNIR image and the estimation data was compared with the surveyed data. The estimation error ratio was -5.5%.

Mapping raster imagery to the Interrupted Goode Homolosine projection

Abstract Because of the increasing emphasis on global monitoring, processing remotely-sensed raster image data onto global map projections has become an important issue. One class of map projections, interrupted equal-area projections, is especially useful for this purpose. The use of the Interrupted Goode Homolosine map projection for the Global Land Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1 km project and the AVHRR Pathfinder project has produced a map that is both attractive to the viewer and useful for data analysis. This interrupted, composite, equal-area map projection uses the Sinusoidal projection for low latitudes and the Mollweide projection for high latitudes and is broken into 12 regions, each with its own central meridian. This combination of projections helps to preserve the shape of the land masses and results in a map that has less distortion than an uninterrupted global map. The use of the interrupted projection also simplifies the processing and management of larger data sets, because the data can be processed either separately in the component projections that make up the interrupted projection or directly onto the interrupted projection.

Extracting area objects from raster image data

An algorithm for extracting the spatial objects contained in raster image data is presented. Input to the algorithm is a Siemens computer-aided design (SICAD)-Hygris raster file representing a classification of the plane. Output of the algorithm is a SICAD geographic information system (GIS) external file containing the topologically complete definitions of all area objects and their constituents, such as arcs and nodes, as implied by the classification. The algorithm is based on a one-pass plane sweep that processes the input raster data in a strictly sequential order. Processing takes place only if certain color changes, also called events, occur. Each event triggers a well-defined sequence of simple actions. >

Fast Operations on Raster Images with SIMD Machine Architectures

AbstractAlgorithms for fast operations on a raster image data structure are described. The data structure and algorithms have been designed to exploit SIMD parallel architectures. Images of lines, discs and circles can be created efficiently. Images can be translated, scaled, and combined. The data structure is closely related to runlength encodement. The algorithms have been implemented on an ICL DAP on which the operations can be done in real time (on non‐trivial images).