Raster Form Research Articles

An Analysis of Debris-Flow Propagation Characteristics and Assessment of Building Hazard Mapping Using FLO-2D - The Case of Chuncheon Landslide Area -

본 연구는 수치 모델을 이용하여 토석류 거동 특성을 이해하고 도심지 건물에 대한 정량적 위험도를 도출하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 춘천시 피해 지역을 대상으로 수치해석 모형인 FLO-2D를 이용하여 토석류 거동을 모의하였으며, 토석류 속도 및 깊이를 도출하여 각 피해 건물에서 받을수 있는 영향을 시간대별로 분석하였다. 피해 건물 4개소에 대한 VECTOR 분석 결과 토석류 흐름은 1번 건물을 통과하여 3번 건물 방향으로 수렴되는 것으로 나타났으며, 이를 통해 토석류 흐름을 직관적으로 확인할 수 있었다. RASTER 결과를 이용하여 시간대별 토석류 높이를 분석한 결과 1, 2, 3번 건물에서는 피크 점에서부터 시간이 지남에 따라 서서히 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 4번 건물의 경우 피크점 이후로도 토석류 높이가 계속 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그리고 분석된 결과를 바탕 으로 격자별 토석류 위험도 맵을 산출하였다. 본 연구를 통해 토석류의 최대 흐름 속도 및 높이를 GIS 격자상 RASTER 및 VECTOR 형태로 중첩하여 정량적 분석이 가능하였으며, 토석류로 인한 피해 건물의 원인을 간접적으로 추론할 수 있었다.Urbanization of mountain areas is upscaling debris-flow damage including a lot of human casualties, such as the 2011 landslide in Chuncheon City in Korea. The purpose of this study is to understand the propagation characteristics of debris-flow using a numerical model and to quantitatively determine the hazard of urban buildings. For this purpose, we simulated debris-flow velocity and depth using the FLO-2D numerical analysis model and analyzed the potential effect in each damaged building by time of day. The correlation between the model results and the satellite images after the landslide was analyzed, and than the risk map was created by using the derived velocity and depth. Through this study, it was possible to quantitatively analyze the maximum flow velocity and depth of debris-flow in the form of raster and vector in the GIS lattice and to produce the risk map effectively by using the tools provided in FLO-2D.

Estimation of photovoltaic power generation potential in Serbia based on irradiance, air temperature, and wind speed data

This study is devoted to the research of spatial-temporal variation of electricity generation from the kilowatt-peak photovoltaic system made of crystalline silicon solar cells. The research was conducted in the territory of Serbia using the model for estimation photovoltaic performances as a function of incident irradiance and module temperature. Preparation of input data and calculation of the final results was done within the geographical information system. Some of the required raster data, like solar irradiance and wind speed, were already available, while air temperature raster was created from discrete set of observed data using the regression-kriging model. Obtained results were presented in the form of raster maps that enabled further analysis and discussion about new findings. The analysis of seasonal variations reveals that during spring and summer months photovoltaic systems are producing up to 70% of total annual electricity yield. In terms of the spatial distribution, the most promising areas for electricity generation are located in the south part of Serbia and along main river valleys. In addition, discussion part addresses the issue of data imperfection caused by the accuracy of the selected model, as well as quality and availability of data series.

THE EXAMPLE OF USING THE XIAOMI CAMERAS IN INVENTORY OF MONUMENTAL OBJECTS - FIRST RESULTS

Abstract. At present, digital documentation recorded in the form of raster or vector files is the obligatory way of inventorying historical objects. Today, photogrammetry is becoming more and more popular and is becoming the standard of documentation in many projects involving the recording of all possible spatial data on landscape, architecture, or even single objects. Low-cost sensors allow for the creation of reliable and accurate three-dimensional models of investigated objects. This paper presents the results of a comparison between the outcomes obtained when using three sources of image: low-cost Xiaomi cameras, a full-frame camera (Canon 5D Mark II) and middle-frame camera (Hasselblad-Hd4). In order to check how the results obtained from the two sensors differ the following parameters were analysed: the accuracy of the orientation of the ground level photos on the control and check points, the distribution of appointed distortion in the self-calibration process, the flatness of the walls, the discrepancies between point clouds from the low-cost cameras and references data. The results presented below are a result of co-operation of researchers from three institutions: the Systems Research Institute PAS, The Department of Geodesy and Cartography at the Warsaw University of Technology and the National Museum in Warsaw.

Exploring point-of-interest data from social media for artificial surface validation with decision trees

ABSTRACTArtificial surfaces represent one of the key land cover types, and validation is an indispensable component of land cover mapping that ensures data quality. Traditionally, validation has been carried out by confronting the produced land cover map with reference data, which is collected through field surveys or image interpretation. However, this approach has limitations, including high costs in terms of money and time. Recently, geo-tagged photos from social media have been used as reference data. This procedure has lower costs, but the process of interpreting geo-tagged photos is still time-consuming. In fact, social media point of interest (POI) data, including geo-tagged photos, may contain useful textual information for land cover validation. However, this kind of special textual data has seldom been analysed or used to support land cover validation. This paper examines the potential of textual information from social media POIs as a new reference source to assist in artificial surface validation without photo recognition and proposes a validation framework using modified decision trees. First, POI datasets are classified semantically to divide POIs into the standard taxonomy of land cover maps. Then, a decision tree model is built and trained to classify POIs automatically. To eliminate the effects of spatial heterogeneity on POI classification, the shortest distances between each POI and both roads and villages serve as two factors in the modified decision tree model. Finally, a data transformation based on a majority vote algorithm is then performed to convert the classified points into raster form for the purposes of applying confusion matrix methods to the land cover map. Using Beijing as a study area, social media POIs from Sina Weibo were collected to validate artificial surfaces in GlobeLand30 in 2010. A classification accuracy of 80.68% was achieved through our modified decision tree method. Compared with a classification method without spatial heterogeneity, the accuracy is 10% greater. This result indicates that our modified decision tree method displays considerable skill in classifying POIs with high spatial heterogeneity. In addition, a high validation accuracy of 92.76% was achieved, which is relatively close to the official result of 86.7%. These preliminary results indicate that social media POI datasets are valuable ancillary data for land cover validation, and our proposed validation framework provides opportunities for land cover validation with low costs in terms of money and time.

CULTURAL HERITAGE DOCUMENTATION IN SIS ENVIRONMENT: AN APPLICATION FOR "PORTA SIRENA" IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF PAESTUM

Abstract. The Heritage Documentation allows the monitoring, maintenance and conservation by the most recent, efficient investigation techniques and storage of data. A key role in Heritage Documentation is represented by the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Spatial Information System (SIS), thanks to the possibility offered by this instrument not only to connect spatial elements (geographical features) to attribute tables, but also manage various information in the form of raster (terrestrial, aerial and satellite imagery), 3D point clouds, 3D models and other vector data. The paper describes all the activities that lead to the construction of a SIS, especially in relation to the new survey technologies with particular focus at survey performed by Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP). In addition, after explaining the relationships between the different information systems that contribute towards creating of a SIS and the various professions involved, a case study in Paestum area (Italy), showing the efficiency of Spatial Information System (SIS) technology, is discussed.

The effect of choosing three different C factor formulae derived from NDVI on a fully raster-based erosion modelling

The research was aimed at studying the efect of choosing three different C factor formulae derived from NDVI on a fully raster-based erosion modelling of The USLE using remote sensing data and GIS technique. Methods applied was by analysing all factors affecting erosion such that all data were in the form of raster. Those data were R, K, LS, C and P factors. Monthly R factor was evaluated based on formula developed by Abdurachman. K factor was determined using modified formula used by Ministry of Forestry based on soil samples taken in the field. LS factor was derived from Digital Elevation Model. Three C factors used were all derived from NDVI and developed by Suriyaprasit (non-linear) and by Sulistyo (linear and non-linear). P factor was derived from the combination between slope data and landcover classification interpreted from Landsat 7 ETM+. Another analysis was the creation of map of Bulk Density used to convert erosion unit. To know the model accuracy, model validation was done by applying statistical analysis and by comparing Emodel with Eactual. A threshold value of ≥ 0.80 or ≥ 80% was chosen to justify. The research result showed that all Emodel using three formulae of C factors have coeeficient of correlation value of > 0.8. The results of analysis of variance showed that there was significantly difference between Emodel and Eactual when using C factor formula developed by Suriyaprasit and Sulistyo (non-linear). Among the three formulae, only Emodel using C factor formula developed by Sulistyo (linear) reached the accuracy of 81.13% while the other only 56.02% as developed by Sulistyo (nonlinear) and 4.70% as developed by Suriyaprasit, respectively.

Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques in Multitemporal Analyses of Soil Properties in the Foreland of the Carpathians

The paper presents a spatial and temporal analysis of the distribution of the soil salinity and its pH level of south-east Poland depending on selected environmental factors. The area under examination (Carpathian Foredeep, Carpathians flysch) is distinguished by its specific hydrological and geological conditions (the Vistula and the San valley). The research works were performed in relation to parameters that had been measured in-situ in 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. Using specialist GIS software, proper interpolation procedures were performed, which enabled visualization in the form of raster and vector maps for the spatial distribution of the examined soil properties. Moreover, an analysis of remote sensing data was completed. Based on the analysis, it was discovered that the biggest changes in all examined soil parameters took place in 2010 - changes in the soil salinity and its pH level, as well as in the content of potassium (K) and sodium (Na). Those changes occurred mainly in the north and south parts of the examined area. The underlying reason for those changes might have been the flood, which hit the region in June 2010.

Accuracy and Computational Efficiency of 2D Urban Surface Flood Modelling Based on Cellular Automata

There is an emerging abundance of freely available high resolution (one meter or less) LIDAR data due to the advent of remote sensing, which enables wider applications of detailed flood risk modelling and analysis. Digital terrain surface data often comes in raster form, i.e., a square regular grid, and often requires conversion into a specific computational mesh for two-dimensional (2D) flood modelling that adopts triangular irregular meshes. 2D modelling of flood water movement through urban areas requires resolution of complex flow paths around buildings, which requires both high accuracy and computational efficiency. Water distribution and wastewater systems in the UK contain over 700,000km of water distribution and sewer pipes, which represents a large risk exposure from flooding caused by sewer surcharging or distribution pipe breaks. This makes it important for utilities to understand and predict where clean or dirty water flows will be directed when they leave the system. In order to establish risk assessment many thousands of simulations may be required, calling for the most computational efficient models possible.Cellular Automata (CA) represents a method of running simulations based on a regular square grid, thus saving set-up time of configuring the terrain data into an irregular triangular mesh. It also offers a more uniform memory pattern for very fast modern, highly parallel hardware, such as general purpose graphical processing units (GPGPU). In this paper the performance of the CADDIES [1], a CA platform and associate flood modelling software caFloodPro, using a square regular grid and Von Neumann neighbourhood, is compared to industry standard software using triangular irregular meshes for similar resolutions. A minimum time step is used to control the computational complexity of the algorithm, which then creates a trade-off between the processing speeds of simulations and the accuracy resulting from the limitations used within the local rule to cope with relatively large time steps. This study shows that using CA based methods on regular square grids offers process speed increases in terms of 5-20 times over that of the industry standard software using irregular triangular meshes, while maintaining 98-99% flooding extent accuracy.

Digital soil mapping: A brief history and some lessons

Digital soil mapping (DSM) is a successful sub discipline of soil science with an active research output. The success of digital soil mapping is a confluence of several factors in the beginning of 2000 including the increased availability of spatial data (digital elevation model, satellite imagery), the availability of computing power for processing data, the development of data-mining tools and GIS, and numerous applications beyond geostatistics. In addition, there was an increased global demand for spatial data including uncertainty assessments, and a rejuvenation of many soil survey and university centres which helped in the spreading of digital soil mapping technologies and knowledge. The theoretical framework for digital soil mapping was formalised in a 2003 paper in Geoderma. In this paper, we define what constitutes digital soil mapping, sketch a brief history of it, and discuss some lessons. Digital soil mapping requires three components: the input in the form of field and laboratory observational methods, the process used in terms of spatial and non-spatial soil inference systems, and the output in the form of spatial soil information systems, which includes outputs in the form of rasters of prediction along with the uncertainty of prediction. We also illustrate the history with a number of sleeping beauty papers that seem too precocious and consequently the ideas were not taken up by contemporaries and largely forgotten. It took another 30 to 40years before the ideas were rediscovered and then flourished. Examples include proximal soil sensing that was developed in the 1920s, soil spectroscopy in 1970s, and soil mapping based on similarity of environmental factors in 1979. In summary, the coming together of emerging topics and timeliness greatly assists in the development of paradigm. We learned that research and ideas that are too precocious are largely ignored — such work warrants (re)discovery.

ATTEMPTS TO AUTOMATE THE PROCESS OF GENERATION OF ORTHOIMAGES OF OBJECTS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

Abstract. At present, digital documentation recorded in the form of raster or vector files is the obligatory way of inventorying historical objects. The orthoimage is a cartometric form of photographic presentation of information in the two-dimensional reference system. The paper will discuss the issue of automation of the orthoimage generation basing on the TLS data and digital images. At present attempts are made to apply modern technologies not only for the needs of surveys, but also during the data processing. This paper will present attempts aiming at utilisation of appropriate algorithms and the author’s application for automatic generation of the projection plane, for the needs of acquisition of intensity orthoimages from the TLS data. Such planes are defined manually in the majority of popular TLS data processing applications. A separate issue related to the RGB image generation is the orientation of digital images in relation to scans. It is important, in particular in such cases when scans and photographs are not taken simultaneously. This paper will present experiments concerning the utilisation of the SIFT algorithm for automatic matching of intensity orthoimages of the intensity and digital (RGB) photographs. Satisfactory results of the process of automation, as well as in relation to the quality of resulting orthoimages have been obtained.

A Pedological Tale IV: Conversations with Turtle, Bear, and Eagle

A Pedological Tale IV: Conversations with Turtle, Bear, and Eagle

Enabling heterogenous multi-scale database for emergency service functions through geoinformation technologies

Abstract. Geographical Information Science (GIS) is now graduated from traditional desktop system to Internet system. Internet GIS is emerging as one of the most promising technologies for addressing Emergency Management. Web services with different privileges are playing an important role in dissemination of the emergency services to the decision makers. Spatial database is one of the most important components in the successful implementation of Emergency Management. It contains spatial data in the form of raster, vector, linked with non-spatial information. Comprehensive data is required to handle emergency situation in different phases. These database elements comprise core data, hazard specific data, corresponding attribute data, and live data coming from the remote locations. Core data sets are minimum required data including base, thematic, infrastructure layers to handle disasters. Disaster specific information is required to handle a particular disaster situation like flood, cyclone, forest fire, earth quake, land slide, drought. In addition to this Emergency Management require many types of data with spatial and temporal attributes that should be made available to the key players in the right format at right time. The vector database needs to be complemented with required resolution satellite imagery for visualisation and analysis in disaster management. Therefore, the database is interconnected and comprehensive to meet the requirement of an Emergency Management. This kind of integrated, comprehensive and structured database with appropriate information is required to obtain right information at right time for the right people. However, building spatial database for Emergency Management is a challenging task because of the key issues such as availability of data, sharing policies, compatible geospatial standards, data interoperability etc. Therefore, to facilitate using, sharing, and integrating the spatial data, there is a need to define standards to build emergency database systems. These include aspects such as i) data integration procedures namely standard coding scheme, schema, meta data format, spatial format ii) database organisation mechanism covering data management, catalogues, data models iii) database dissemination through a suitable environment, as a standard service for effective service dissemination. National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM) is such a comprehensive database for addressing disasters in India at the national level. This paper explains standards for integrating, organising the multi-scale and multi-source data with effective emergency response using customized user interfaces for NDEM. It presents standard procedure for building comprehensive emergency information systems for enabling emergency specific functions through geospatial technologies.

Design and Implementation of a Map Building Model for base Stations Placement

this paper, a map building function which will display spatial data for the region surrounding a proposed base transceiver station (BTS) location has been developed. The agitation for more base stations and issues of non compliance of most Global system for mobile telecommunications (GSM) base stations in the country to stipulated safety requirement by regulatory agencies in Nigeria necessitated this research work. The placement of Base stations in cellular network is determined during the site selection process in radio network planning. Development of a digital spatial map for base station placement was born out of the need to make improved decisions on placement of base stations in built-up areas. The territory map was developed using a MATLAB scripts which converts coordinate data (longitude and latitude) to equivalent vector locations using binary codes. The model development process involve preprocessing of data, location generation and map plotting. The developed digital map gives a clear picture of the infrastructure on ground in form of square rasters. The developed map building model was implemented using spatial data collected from selected areas in Minna, Nigeria. The results reveal a 100% representation of the structures on ground.

基于GIS的虾夷扇贝养殖适宜性综合评价——以北黄海大小长山岛为例

由于水产养殖缺乏科学空间规划，近年来中国最大的虾夷扇贝（<em>Patinopecten yessoensis</em>）养殖基地长山群岛发生了扇贝大规模死亡现象。当地渔业主管部门急需水产养殖空间格局优化的技术手段和科学依据。采用叶绿素a浓度、海水表面温度、水深、透明度以及评价单元到渔港、城镇、旅游区和自然保护区的距离等指标，构建了虾夷扇贝养殖适宜性评价模型，并以大小长山岛海域为示范区，对该海域的虾夷扇贝的养殖适宜性进行了空间分析。结果表明：大小长山岛海域虾夷扇贝养殖适宜性较高且具有较大的空间变异，在不考虑海域使用冲突情形下，养殖适宜性指数在6.0-7.0以及7.0以上的海域占示范区的面积比例分别为26.04%（167.75 km²）和4.73%（44.06 km²），且高适宜性（SSI > 7.0）区主要分布在大长山岛西北和西南海域；而由于航道和水产养殖存在海域使用冲突，高适宜区面积大幅下降为19.56 km²。在此基础上对大小长山岛海域虾夷扇贝养殖空间格局优化提出了建议。利用一些简单的距离指标反映了陆地基础设施因素对水产养殖选址的影响，体现了海陆统筹的理念并可为海陆统筹技术方法研究提供重要借鉴。;Changshan archipelago in North Yellow Sea, the biggest base for Japanese scallop aquaculture in China, has recently experienced a series of problems including large-scale scallop death, environmental degradation and sea use conflicts. Most of them are attributed to the shortage of scientific spatial planning for Japanese scallop aquaculture and the subsequent over-density issue to great extent. The local government and farmers are in urgent need of the technology and scientific foundation for spatial adjustment and optimization of current scallop aquaculture. It is widely accepted that the definition and characterization of suitable aquaculture zones is pivotal for the success and sustainable development of aquaculture, GIS based suitability studies for aquaculture site selection, however, are surprisingly very rare in China. With the islands of Dachangshan and Xiaochangshan (IDX) as a case, a GIS-based aquaculture site suitability index (SSI) model was used in the spatial suitability analysis of Japanese scallop aquaculture. The distances to towns, biological conservation zones, island tourism zones, fishery harbors and navigation lines in addition to SST, bathymetry, water transparency, Chl a were used as criteria or parameters for site selection, which were selected according to the current sea uses and ecological issues of concern in IDX and the requirements of Japanese scallop for environments as well. Field surveyed data were used to obtain the parameters for Chl a and water transparency whereas the other parameters were extracted from basic geospatial vector data or raster data(only ocean color SST here) for the study area to produce thematic layers in the form of raster by means of distance tool or interpolation tool in ArcGIS 10. All data were re-sampled or interpolated to the same resolution of 250 meters and a suitability score for each criterion was established using a scoring system from 1 to 8, with 8 being the most suitable and 1 being the least suitable for developing scallop culture. To make full use of the expertise and research results of foreign scientists in this field, the weights and scoring system for these parameters were mainly determined according to relevant references and slightly adjusted based on the opinions of local aquaculture experts and farmers. After that, a site suitability index model based on a liner weighted combination of suitability score for each parameter was used to calculate the site suitability index (SSI) for each assessment unit(pixel here). Due to the sea use conflicts between scallop aquaculture and navigation, biological conservation and island recreation, some water areas cannot be used as scallop aquaculture sites and form spatial constraints. Given that the issue of sea use conflicts is a big concern in marine aquaculture site selection, the spatial and areal distribution of SSI for IDX were analyzed both in the scenarios of no spatial constraints and spatial constraints, on which basis aquaculture structure optimization plan for IDX was proposed in this paper. The results showed that IDX were fairly suitable for Japanese scallop aquaculture and of big spatial variation. 32.06% of the potential water area (211.81 km²) had suitability index bigger than 6.0 in the scenario of no spatial constraints. The highly suitable sites with SSI above 7 (accounting for 4.73% of the potential water area) were mainly distributed to the northwest and southwest of Dachangshan Island with an area of 44.06 km². In addition, it was found that the spatial constrains mainly resulted from the sea use conflict between aquaculture and marine navigation, which made the area of highly suitable level (SSI > 7.0) drop from 44.06 km² to 19.56 km². The adjustment of navigation line can improve the potential of scallop aquaculture potential greatly. In this paper, the impact of scallop aquaculture on nature reserve of wild fishery species was considered in the scallop site suitability model, highlighting the concern of biodiversity conservation. Besides, the role of land based social-infrastructure resources such as fishery harbors and towns in site selection reflected the thought of land-ocean overall planning. In the end, advice on the spatial pattern adjustment of Japanese scallop aquaculture in IDX was given based on the aquaculture site suitability analysis. The results are expected to provide an important scientific foundation for spatial structure optimization of Japanese scallop aquaculture in IDX whereas the methodology can be used as an important reference for the spatial pattern adjustment of marine aquaculture in China.

GIS Analysis of Land Cover Changes on the Territory of the Prokuplje Municipality

The monitoring of the territory of Prokuplje Municipality was done based on 1 : 25,000 topographic maps in three different time periods (1969, 1974, and 1984) and land cover map in 2012. Analogous topographic maps done in 1969, 1974, and 1984 were used, while in 2012 the land cover map obtained by using CORINE-like approach was used. Topographic maps are developed by aerial campaign, and today they are replaced by satellite images. Topographic maps were scanned, and raster form was transformed to vector data with Geo Media Professional 6.1 and Global Mapper software. The monitoring in the period of 1969–2012, on the area of 758300000 m2, was performed, where some parameters were analyzed. In particular, the changes of natural resources, primarily forest lands, were observed as well as the type of land susceptible to primary erosion, including the level of urbanization and level of agricultural land. The obtained results clearly showed changes in forestation within the 43-year-long period, as well as changes in primary erosion and urbanization, while at the level of agricultural land, slight changes were found. The paper also involved transition of social factors from 1969 to 2012, expressed as a change between the earth and forest layer.

Continuous Mapping of Soil pH Using Digital Soil Mapping Approach in Europe

Soil pH is one of the most important chemical parameters of soil, playing an essential role on the agricultural production and on the distribution of plants and soil biota communities. It is the expression of soil genesis that in turns is a function of soil forming factors and influences all the chemical, physical and biological processes that occur in the soil. Thus it shapes the entire soil ecosystem. Due to any of the above reasons, mapping of soil pH becomes very important to provide harmonised soil pH data to policy makers, public bodies and researchers. In order to obtain a continuous mapping of soil pH for Europe, adopting the digital soil mapping approach, a set of continuously distribute covariates, highly correlated with pH, were selected. The estimate of soil pH was realized using a regression procedure, coupled with the kriging of the residuals. More than 30.000 points on top soil pH (CaCl 2 ) were used, and 27 covariates were tested as predictors. The similar approach was already applied with 12.333 samples to produce a pH map of Europe using European Soil Profile Data in 2008 which compiles several databases from 11 different sources (Reuter et al. 2008). Our study was conducted to update the previous data and maps based on LUCAS (EUROSTAT - Land Use/Cover Area frame statistical Survey), BIOSOIL (Hiederer and Durrant, 2010) and merged database which was used to produce previous soil pH map of Europe (Reuter et al. 2008). We used a compilation of more than 30.000 soil pH measurements from 13 different sources to create a continuous map of soil pH across Europe using a geostatistical approach based on regression-kriging. Regression was based on the use of 27 covariates in the form of raster maps at 1km resolution to explain the differences in the distribution of soil pH in CaCl 2 and we added the kriged map of the residuals from the regression model.

Creation of Digital Elevated Model using lunar images of Chandrayan – 1

The present work discusses the technique and methodology of analysing and Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) Images acquired during India’s first Moon mission, Chandrayaan – 1, launched on October, 2008 for generating Digital Elevated Model (DEM). The Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) on India’s first satellite for lunar exploration, Chandrayaan-1, is intended for systematic topographic mapping of the entire lunar surface, including the far side and the polar regions. A high resolution imagery of the entire Moon will help detailed study of specific lunar regions of scientific interests and further our understanding of lunar evolution. The swath of the instrument is 20 km. The digital elevation model (DEM) is a computer representation of the moon’s surface. DEMs can be generated by traditional photogrammetry based on aerial photos if they are available and they are created very often more economically by the means of space images. A Digital Terrain Model (DEM) is a continuous representation of a ground surface landform that is commonly used to produce topographic maps. DEMs are created by integrating data obtained from a wide range of techniques including remote sensing and land surveying.DEM's are sampled arrays of elevation values representing ground positions at regularly spaced intervals. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the terminology adopted by the USGS to describe terrain elevation data sets in a digital raster form. The normal orientation of data is by columns and rows. In this project work a DEM is created for each of the lunar images retrieved from the space craft using Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) Key Words : Chandrayaan-1, DEM, Swath, TMC, TIN DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v1i2.80

Designing Raster Cells as the Basis for Developing Personal Graphic Language

Continuous work in creating new designer solutions points towards the need to create personal routines as personal communication in the relation comprising design, algorithms, and original computer graphics. This paper shows procedures for developing a control language for creating graphic designs with individual raster elements (screening element obtaint by halftoning). Personal commands should set routines in a language understood by the printer and the designer. The PostScript basis is used because we mix vector and pixel graphics in the same program stream, as well as different colour systems, and our own raster forms. The printing raster is set with the target of special design multi-use, and this includes the field of security graphics and art computer reproduction. Each raster form assumes modifications, creating their raster family. The raster cell content is transformed with PostScript, allowing the setting of basic values, angle and liniature for each pixel separately. Raster cells are mixed in multi-colour graphics to the level of individual designs with variable values of parameters determining them.

Building a Spatial Database by Developing a Work Environment to Accomplish the Automatic Transfer Process for Remote Sensing Data from Raster to Linear

In this paper a develop an working environment for building spatial database by utilizing ArcView Geographic Information System software package and IDRISI software package for remotely sensed images processing is obtained. Through working environment remotely sensed images representation transformed from raster form to vector form. Programming environment of the ArcView and IDRISI software packages utilized to achieve spatial database building from remotely sensed images automatically. The results of the proposed working environment show efficiency in building spatial database in accurate and quick manner. Thus, these spatial database can be used in Geographic Information System applications.

Landslide susceptibility assessment of the Kraľovany–Liptovský Mikuláš railway case study

The paper deals with bivariate statistical landslide susceptibility assessment for the territory of the Kraľovany–Liptovský Mikuláš railway case study. Bivariate statistical analysis with weight determination of each input parametric map, based on entropy index calculation, within the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) environment has been used, since bivariate and multivariate analyses are the most commonly used statistical methods. For the statistical assessment of landslide susceptibility, aerial entities of the main scarps were taken for bivariate analysis. The evaluated area presents an irregular buffer, delimited by the Vah River watershed, and it spreads 50 km along the railway between Kraľovany and Liptovský Mikuláš townships in the Slovak Republic. The effectiveness of landslide susceptibility assessment using GIS and statistics is based on appropriate selection of the geological factors which play a dominant role in slope stability. In this case study, five factors influencing slope stability are evaluated – lithology, slope aspect, slope angle, hypsographic level and actual landuse. These factors were prepared in vector form (parametric maps) and subsequently processed to the raster form. Bivariate statistical analysis was used to construct the final prognostic landslide susceptibility map.