Raspberry Powder Research Articles

Deep and Machine Learning Using SEM, FTIR, and Texture Analysis to Detect Polysaccharide in Raspberry Powders.

In the paper, an attempt was made to use methods of artificial neural networks (ANN) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify raspberry powders that are different from each other in terms of the amount and the type of polysaccharide. Spectra in the absorbance function (FTIR) were prepared as well as training sets, taking into account the structure of microparticles acquired from microscopic images with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition to the above, Multi-Layer Perceptron Networks (MLPNs) with a set of texture descriptors (machine learning) and Convolution Neural Network (CNN) with bitmap (deep learning) were devised, which is an innovative attitude to solving this issue. The aim of the paper was to create MLPN and CNN neural models, which are characterized by a high efficiency of classification. It translates into recognizing microparticles (obtaining their homogeneity) of raspberry powders on the basis of the texture of the image pixel.

Raspberry Consumption Decreases the Expression of Interleukin-6 in the Liver of Angiotensin II-Infused Rats

Abstract Objectives Angiotensin (Ang) II induces inflammation in a number of tissues. Inflammation contribute to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of raspberry consumption on markers of inflammation in the liver of rats-infused with Ang II. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats (8-week-old) were fed either an AIN-93M diet alone or supplemented with 10% w/w freeze-dried raspberry powder for seven weeks. At week 4, the animals were subcutaneously implanted with osmotic minipumps, delivering 0.9% saline (control) or Ang II (270 ng/kg body weight/day). Diet and treatment were continued for three additional weeks. Hepatic expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β were evaluated by western blot. Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. Data were normalized to control and are expressed as means ± standard deviation. Results Ang II increased liver expression of IL-6 (1.73 ± 0.12, n = 5, vs 1.00 ± 0.17-fold, n = 5, P = 0.009) while supplementation with raspberry attenuated this effect (1.10 ± 0.14-fold, n = 5, P = 0.021). In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the expression of IL-1 β among groups. Conclusions Raspberry supplementation attenuated Ang II-induced increases in IL-6 expression in the liver. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the effects of raspberry supplementation on Ang II-induced inflammation in the liver. Funding Sources This work was supported by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (grant no. 2019–67,017-29,257/project accession no. 1,018,642) from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

라즈베리와 표고버섯 분말을 첨가한 소고기 떡갈비의 항산화 활성

라즈베리와 표고버섯 분말을 첨가한 소고기 떡갈비의 항산화 활성

Optimization Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Anthocyanins from Raspberry Using Response Surface Methodology Coupled with Genetic Algorithm.

Raspberries have been reported to contain abundant anthocyanins and other active compounds. To extract anthocyanins from raspberries more efficiently, a novel procedure of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (UADESE) was proposed in this paper. The extraction process was optimized by response surface methodology coupled with a genetic algorithm. The optimum extraction parameters to achieve the highest yield of anthocyanins 1.378 ± 0.009 mg/g from raspberry powder via UADESE were obtained at a water content of 29%, ultrasonic power of 210 W, extraction temperature of 51 °C and extraction time of 32 min. The AB-8 macroporous resin combined with the high-speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) method were further used to isolate and purify the anthocyanins extracts obtained under optimum extraction conditions, and the structure of purified anthocyanins components were identified by UV-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C-NMR spectra. The two anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside with a purity of 92.25% and cyanidin-3-rutinoside with a purity of 93.07%) identified were consistent with those present in raspberries. These findings provided an effective and feasible method for extraction, isolation and purification of anthocyanins from natural plant resources.

Functionality of freeze‐dried berry powder on frozen dairy desserts

In the present work, the use of different freeze-dried berry powders as stabilizers to avoid the melt-down of frozen desserts was investigated. Samples were prepared using 3.5% freeze-dried berry powder (strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, and blueberry) and compared with a control containing no berries. The addition of strawberry or raspberry powder completely prevented the melt-down of the frozen desserts. These samples retained their original shapes once the ice crystals melted. Blackberry powder prevented the melting of the frozen desserts, but the foam structure collapsed and lost its original shape. The incorporation of blueberry powder did not prevent the melting of the frozen desserts. The blueberry samples showed phase separation with a fraction of clear serum. Practical applications Freeze-dried strawberries and raspberries could be used to replace stabilizers in the production of “clean label” and nutritionally enhanced ice creams. Also, the production of frozen dairy desserts that do not melt at ambient temperature will allow the creation of complex structures using new technologies, such as 3D printing under ambient conditions.

Blackberry and Raspberry Attenuate the Increase in Blood Pressure Elicited by Angiotensin II in Mice (P06-054-19)

ObjectivesTo examine whether diet supplementation with blackberry or raspberry attenuate angiotensin (Ang) II-induced increase in blood pressure (BP) and decrease oxidative stress in the kidneys of mice. MethodsTwelve-week male C57BL/6 J mice were fed AIN-93 M diets alone (control and Ang II groups) or supplemented with 10% w/w freeze-dried blackberry (BL + Ang II) or raspberry (RB + Ang II) powder for eight weeks. At week 4, mice were implanted with subcutaneous osmotic minipumps that delivered 0.9% saline (Control) or Ang II (1 μg/kg body weight/day) for another four weeks. BP was measured weekly by tail-cuff plethysmography and validated by direct measurement at endpoint using a BP catheter. Kidney expression of pro-oxidant enzymes such as NADPH oxidases (Nox) and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutates (SOD) were also measured. Results were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test. ResultsAs expected, Ang II significantly increased systolic BP (SBP; 185 ± 4, n = 6, vs 132 ± 2 mmHg, n = 5, P < 0.001) and diastolic BP (124 ± 4, n = 6, vs 96 ± 2 mmHg, n = 4, P < 0.001) compared to control. Supplementation with BL and RB significantly attenuated this increase in SBP (143 ± 7 mmHg, n = 5, P < 0.0001 and 137 ± 4 mmHg, n = 5, P < 0.0001, respectively) and DBP (100 ± 6 mmHg, n = 5, P < 0.003 and 90 ± 3 mmHg, n = 5, P < 0.0001, respectively). Regarding the expression of NADPH oxidases in the kidney, Nox2 was significantly decreased by supplementation with BL (0.68 ± 0.07-fold, n = 5, P = 0.0005) and RB (0.70 ± 0.03-fold, n = 5, P = 0.0008) compared to Ang II (1.15 ± 0.12-fold, n = 5). Nox1 expression was up-regulated by Ang II compared to control (2.03 ± 0.16 vs 1.00 ± 0.00-fold, n = 5, P = 0.0001), but this was not prevented by supplementation with either berry. Nox4 expression was not affected by any of the treatments. Lastly, Ang II did not change the expression of SOD1 and SOD2 in the kidney, however, supplementation with RB significantly increased SOD1 (P = 0.02) and SOD2 (P = 0.005) expression compared to the other groups. ConclusionsOur findings indicate that supplementation with BL and RB decrease BP in mice which may be related to a decrease in oxidative stress in the kidney. Studies are underway to further elucidate the mechanism by which BL and RB exert their antihypertensive effects. Funding SourcesArkansas Biosciences Institute and Lewis Foundation Grant Program.

Consumption of Black Raspberries Altered the Composition of the Fecal Microbiome in Mice Fed a Western Type Diet (OR04-01-19)

ObjectivesDietary strategies to reduce colonic inflammation and promote gut homeostasis may markedly reduce the risk of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Previously, we showed that dietary supplementation with black raspberries significantly suppressed colitis and colon tumorigenesis promoted by the consumption a Western type diet in mice. In this study, our goal was to assess the impact of consumption of the TWD with and without black raspberry supplementation on the composition of the fecal microbiome over the course of disease development. MethodsC57BL/6 J male mice were fed a standard diet (AIN93G), the total Western diet (TWD), TWD + 5% (w/w) black raspberry powder (BRB) or TWD + 10% (w/w) BRB for 16 weeks total. After two weeks of feeding test diets, all mice were dosed with axozymethane and provided 1% dextran sodium sulfate in drinking water for 10 days to promote colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis. Composition of the fecal microbiome was determined by standard 16S rRNA sequencing following two weeks of dietary treatment, during active colitis immediately following DSS treatment and again two weeks later during the recovery period. ResultsFecal microbiome profiles in mice fed diets supplemented with 5 or 10% BRB were distinct from those fed AIN93G or TWD diets, shown by significant differences in beta diversity at each of the time points (unweighted unifrac distance, permanova P < 0.01). During active colitis, alpha diversity was significantly reduced in mice fed TWD + 10%BRB compared to TWD-fed positive controls (Chao1, P = 0.04; Shannon, P = 0.006). Also of interest, LEfSe analysis identified bacteria families Bifidobacteriacea (Bifidobacteriumpseudolongum), Streptococcaceae (genus Lactococcus), and Turicibacteraceae (genus Turicibacter) as discriminating taxa for mice fed TWD with BRB supplementation compared to those fed TWD. Also during colitis, both Bifidobacteriaceae and Turicibacteraceae families also distinguished TWD + BRB groups from mice fed AIN93G diet, whereas Verrucomicrobiaceae (Akkermansia muciniphila) distinguished TWD-fed mice from AIN93G negative controls. ConclusionsConsumption of BRB at diet-relevant concentrations altered the composition of the gut microbiome in favor of some known health-promoting bacteria, a change the may explain the suppression of colitis and colon tumorigenesis previously observed. Funding SourcesUSDA NIFA Grant# 2018-67017-27516 and Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Project UTA-1178.

Dietary Intervention with Black Raspberries to Reduce Colitis Symptoms in Mice Fed Either Standard AIN93G Diet or the Total Western Diet (P05-021-19)

ObjectivesApproximately 1.4 million people suffer from inflammatory bowel disease, which is a major risk factor for developing colitis associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Dietary interventions with the goal to reduce colon inflammation and encourage gut microbiome homeostasis may be a strategy to reduce the risk of CAC. The antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds present in black raspberries (BRB) have demonstrated protective effects in the colon epithelium and may alter the composition of the gut microbiome. Previously, we showed that dietary supplementation with black raspberries significantly suppressed colitis and colon tumorigenesis promoted by the consumption of a Western type diet in mice. The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of dietary intervention with whole, freeze-dried black raspberries on colitis and colon tumorigenesis in mice consuming either a standard diet or a Western type diet that emulates typical U.S. nutrient intakes. MethodsC57BL/6 J male and female mice were fed a standard diet (AIN93G) or the total Western diet (TWD) supplemented with 0 to 10% (w/w) black raspberry powder for a total of 16 weeks. All mice were dosed with axozymethane and provided 1% dextran sodium sulfate in drinking water for 10 days to promote colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis. ResultsAs previously observed, mice fed TWD experienced more pronounced symptoms of colitis with a 40% increase in the disease activity index (DAI) score. Preliminary analyses suggest that dietary supplementation with 10% BRB suppressed the DAI score in mice fed TWD such that the colitis symptoms in these mice were not apparently different compared to the AIN93G-fed controls. However, addition of 10% BRB did not appear to provide a benefit to mice fed the AIN basal diet. Composition of the fecal microbiome over the course of disease development will be determined by standard 16S rRNA sequencing, and assessment of tumor outcome is ongoing. ConclusionsConsumption of a Western type diet increased symptoms of colitis, whereas dietary supplementation with 10% BRB appeared to ameliorate TWD-enhanced colitis in mice. Funding SourcesUSDA NIFA Grant# 2018-67017-27516 and UAES Project UTA-1178.

Spray-dried powders from berries extracts obtained upon several processing steps to improve the bioactive components content

This work aimed at developing powders rich in antioxidant compounds and pigments from three berries grown in argentine Patagonia: blackcurrant, raspberry and elderberry. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied on the precipitates generated after juice production in order to improve bioactive compounds recovery. The best extracts (UAE 10 min for raspberry and blackcurrant, and 5 min for elderberry), obtained after 2–3 extraction cycles were mixed and spray-dried. The glass transition temperatures (43–50 °C), and the low water content (0.92–1.44%) and water activity values (<0.06) of the powders suggest that they could be stored at room temperature without risk of physical deterioration. Elderberry and blackcurrant powders showed good flowability and low cohesiveness while raspberry powders presented an intermediate cohesiveness and fair flowability. This was consistent with the smooth surface and the less shrinkage of the raspberry powder particles observed by microscopy. Elderberry powders presented higher concentration of bioactive compounds (polyphenols content 4.57 ± 0.23 mg gallic acid (GA)/g d.m. and monomeric anthocyanins content 2.39 ± 0.12 mg cyd-3-glu/g d.m.), and higher antioxidant capacity (3.33 ± 0.57 mg GA/ g d.m.) when compared to raspberry and blackcurrant. The obtained powders result possible ingredients to be used as natural colorants or antioxidants.

Effects of Black Raspberry on Dibenzo[a,l]Pyrene Diol Epoxide Induced DNA Adducts, Mutagenesis, and Tumorigenesis in the Mouse Oral Cavity.

We previously showed that metabolic activation of the environmental and tobacco smoke constituent dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) to its active fjord region diol epoxide (DB[a,l]PDE) is required to induce DNA damage, mutagenesis, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the mouse oral cavity. In contrast to procarcinogens, which were employed previously to induce SCC, DB[a,l]PDE does not require metabolic activation to exert its biological effects, and thus, this study was initiated to examine, for the first time, whether black raspberry powder (BRB) inhibits postmetabolic processes, such as DNA damage, mutagenesis, and tumorigenesis. Prior to long-term chemoprevention studies, we initially examined the effect of BRB (5% added to AIN-93M diet) on DNA damage in B6C3F1 mice using LC/MS-MS and on mutagenesis in the lacI gene in the mouse oral cavity. We showed that BRB inhibited DB[a,l]PDE-induced DNA damage (P < 0.05) and mutagenesis (P = 0.053) in the oral cavity. Tumor incidence in the oral cavity (oral mucosa and tongue) of mice fed diet containing 5% BRB was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 93% to 66%. Specifically, the incidence of benign tumor was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced from 90% to 31% (62% to 28% in the oral cavity and 28% to 2% in the tongue), a nonsignificant reduction of malignant tumors from 52% to 45%. Our preclinical findings demonstrate for the first time that the chemopreventive efficacy of BRB can be extended to direct-acting carcinogens that do not require phase I enzymes and is not just limited to procarcinogens. Cancer Prev Res; 11(3); 157-64. ©2017 AACR.

Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer by black raspberry anthocyanins involved the modulation of gut microbiota and SFRP2 demethylation.

Freeze-dried black raspberry (BRB) powder is considered as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent. In this study, we fed azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-treated C57BL/6J mice with a diet containing BRB anthocyanins for 12 weeks, and this led to a reduction in colon carcinogenesis. These animals had consistently lower tumor multiplicity compared with AOM/DSS-treated mice not receiving BRB anthocyanins. In AOM/DSS-treated mice, the number of pathogenic bacteria, including Desulfovibrio sp. and Enterococcus spp., was increased significantly, whereas probiotics such as Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Lactobacillus were dramatically decreased, but BRB anthocyanins supplement could reverse this imbalance in gut microbiota. BRB anthocyanins also caused the demethylation of the SFRP2 gene promoter, resulting in increased expression of SFRP2, both at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the expression levels of DNMT31 and DNMT3B, as well as of p-STAT3 were downregulated by BRB anthocyanins in these animals. Taken together, these results suggested that BRB anthocyanins could modulate the composition of gut commensal microbiota, and changes in inflammation and the methylation status of the SFRP2 gene may play a central role in the chemoprevention of CRC.

July 2017: This Month in JoVE: Fruit Polyphenols, Strength Training in the Elderly, Reactions to Anti-Smoking PSAs, and Smartphone Eye Fundus Photography

Here's a look at what's coming up in the July 2017 issue of JoVE: The World's Premier Video Journal Summer fruits are our first video-appetizer this month, specifically, berries. Publishing in JoVE Biology, our Authors present a method for extracting polyphenols from freeze-dried blackberry and raspberry powder. Polyphenols have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-Inflammatory and cardio-protective properties. After extraction utilizing ethanol and sonication, our authors investigate the effects of both crude and purified extracts on cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. This extraction method can be applied to a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, and that's berry cool! Eating healthily pairs with working out as we move to our second video highlight this month, from JoVE Chemistry. Here, our Authors describe a short-term resistance-training program focusing the elderly. The group used an isokinetic dynamometer to obtain detailed information on changes in strength and power, muscle biopsies to assess aerobic capacity, and monitored changes in glucose tolerance. They conclude that strength training in seniors may be more efficient and less physically stressful than endurance exercise for combatting common age related issues like diabetes, and reduce the risk of injury. At the opposite end of the health spectrum our next study, from JoVE Neuroscience, looks at anti-smoking media. Our Authors examined the emotional and cerebral reactions of subjects towards a selection of Public Service Announcements, or PSA's, aired in the USA and Europe between 1998 and 2015. Using a combination of electroencephalography, heart rate monitoring, and galvanic skin response, the researchers measured the physical and emotional effects of the commercials on the participants to gauge their effectiveness. These data may be used to design more effective PSA's in the future, and help reduce the number of current and new smokers. All eyes are on a cool new technological application for our final highlight this month. In JoVE Medicine, our Authors describe a simple method to record images of the ocular fundus using a smartphone camera and a conventional, hand-held ophthalmoscopy lens. This snappy trick allows clear documentation of macula and optic nerve changes in settings not previously available due to the lack of access to a professional fundus camera. I think we can all see how smart that is! You've just had a sneak peek of the July 2017 issue of JoVE. Visit the website to see the full-length articles, plus many more, in JoVE: The World's Premier Video Journal.

Polyphenolic profile as well as anti-oxidant and anti-diabetes effects of extracts from freeze-dried black raspberries

Black raspberries are widely consumed in diets because of their potential health benefits attributed to abundant phytochemicals with biological properties. Twenty polyphenolic profiles (5 anthocyanins and 15 phenolics) were identified by HPLC-MS/MS. 10 compounds (3 anthocyanins and 7 phenolics) were isolated and confirmed by NMR, and two were isolated from Rubus for the first time. Freeze-dried black raspberry powder extracts were purified by polyamide resin with different concentrations of ethanol elution. The 30%, 50%, and 70% fractions exhibited the highest total monomeric anthocyanin, phenolic and flavonoid content, respectively. Moreover, the 30% fraction and compound 8, 9, 11, 17 exhibited optimal antioxidant activity. In α-glycosidase assay, the 70% fraction and compound 16, 17 demonstrated the greatest inhibitory effect. In PTP1B assay, the 30% fraction and compound 9, 11, 16, 17 exhibited the highest inhibitory effect.

Effects of Rubus occidentalis extract on blood pressure in patients with prehypertension: Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial

ObjectiveBlack raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) is known for improving vascular function. However, there has been no study evaluating its effects on 24-h systolic and diastolic blood pressure in prehypertensive patients. The aim of this study was to examine those effects. MethodsPatients with prehypertension (N = 45) were prospectively randomized into a moderate-dose black raspberry group (n = 15, 1500 mg/d), a high-dose black raspberry group (n = 15, 2500 mg/d), or a placebo group (n = 15) during an 8-wk follow-up period. Raspberries were consumed in the form of a dried powder extract that was fashioned into capsules. The capsules contained 187.5 and 312.5 mg of raspberry powder, which was equivalent to 1500 and 2500 mg raspberries. Ambulatory 24-h blood pressure (BP); central BP; pulse-wave velocity; abdominal visceral fat; serum renin; angiotensin-converting enzyme; and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were measured at baseline and at 8-wk follow-up. ResultsHigh-dose black raspberry significantly reduced 24-h systolic blood pressure (SBP; 3.3 ± 10 mm Hg versus –6.7 ± 11.8 mm Hg; P < 0.05) and nighttime SBP (5.4 ± 10.6 mm Hg versus –4.5 ± 11.3 mm Hg; P < 0.05) compared with controls during the 8-wk follow-up. Black raspberry powder did not produce any significant changes in most of the parameters other than BP. ConclusionThe use of black raspberry significantly lowered 24-h BP in prehypertensive patients during the 8-wk follow-up. Black raspberry used as a dietary supplement could be beneficial in reducing SBP in prehypertensive patients.

Processing and storage effects on the oxidative stability of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) oil‐in‐water emulsions

SummaryHempseed oil was used to form oil‐in‐water emulsions, and the effect of heating, storage and light on the oxidative stability of the dispersed phase was investigated. Lipid oxidation rate increased following thermal processing and light exposure, whereas oxidation markers remained relatively unaffected during emulsions storage at 4 °C for 10 days. Induction times of the emulsions were reduced up to 26% and the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances increased up to 4.5‐fold, depending on the processing conditions. Selected berries as potential sources of natural antioxidants were screened for polyphenol and anthocyanin content in order to investigate their ability to retard lipid oxidation in comparison with a commercially available synthetic counterpart. Raspberry powder extract significantly improved the oxidative stability of hemp‐based emulsion compared with the control and was even more effective compared to a synthetic antioxidant when samples were subjected to heat treatment.

Comparison of different drying methods on the physical properties, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of raspberry powders.

Dehydration has been considered as one of the traditional but most effective techniques for perishable fruits. Raspberry powders obtained after dehydration can be added as ingredients into food formulations such as bakery and dairy products. In this study, raspberry powders obtained by hot air drying (HAD), infrared radiation drying (IRD), hot air and explosion puffing drying (HA-EPD), infrared radiation and microwave vacuum drying (IR-MVD) and freeze drying (FD) were compared on physical properties, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Drying techniques affected the physical properties, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of raspberry powders greatly. FD led to significantly higher (P < 0.05) values of water solubility (45.26%), soluble solid (63.46%), hygroscopicity (18.06%), color parameters and anthocyanin retention (60.70%) of raspberry powder compared with other drying methods. However, thermal drying techniques, especially combined drying methods, were superior to FD in final total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. The combined drying methods, especially IR-MVD, showed the highest total polyphenol content (123.22 g GAE kg(-1) dw) and total flavonoid content (0.30 g CAE kg(-1) dw). Additionally, IR-MVD performed better in antioxidant activity retention. Overall, combined drying methods, especially IR-MVD, were found to result in better quality of raspberry powders among the thermal drying techniques. IR-MVD could be recommended for use in the drying industry because of its advantages in time saving and nutrient retention.

Dietary phenolics against colorectal cancer--From promising preclinical results to poor translation into clinical trials: Pitfalls and future needs.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major cause of cancer death worldwide. Over 70% of CRC cases are sporadic and related to lifestyle. Epidemiological studies inversely correlate CRC incidence with the intake of fruits and vegetables but not with their phenolic content. Preclinical studies using in vitro (cell lines) and animal models of CRC have reported anticancer effects for dietary phenolics through the regulation of different markers and signaling pathways. Herein, we review and contrast the evidence between preclinical studies and clinical trials (patients with CRC or at risk, familial adenopolyposis or aberrant crypt foci) investigating the protective effects of curcumin, resveratrol, isoflavones, green tea extracts (epigallocatechin gallate), black raspberry powder (anthocyanins and ellagitannins), bilberry extract (anthocyanins), ginger extracts (gingerol derivatives), and pomegranate extracts (ellagitannins and ellagic acid). To date, curcumin is the most promising polyphenol as possible future adjuvant in CRC management. Overall, the clinical evidence of dietary phenolics against CRC is still weak and the amounts needed to exert some effects largely exceed common dietary doses. We discuss here the possible reasons behind the gap between preclinical and clinical research (inconsistence of results, lack of clinical endpoints, etc.), and provide an outlook and a roadmap to approach this topic.

Abstract 230: The inhibitory effects of an anthocyanin enriched fraction of black raspberry (BRB), protocatechuic acid and ferulic acid on DB[a,l]P-induced DNA adduct formation in mouse oral tissues

Abstract Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common cancer of the head and neck region; in the USA, over 45,000 cases and about 11,000 deaths from the disease occur annually. Progress in the prevention and control of OSCC has been hampered by the lack of appropriate animal models that would reflect human exposure. Tobacco smoking is considered a major etiological factor in the development of oral cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of diets containing 5-10% freeze-dried black raspberry (BRB) powder to inhibit the development of chemically-induced cancers in multiple organ sites in rodents including 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in the hamster cheek pouch. However, DMBA is not present in the environment and the hamster cheek pouch model may not be applicable to humans. We had previously reported the carcinogenicity of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P), an environmental pollutant and a tobacco smoke component, in mouse oral cavity. Recently, we demonstrated that administration of BRB at 5% in the diet can significantly reduce DNA adducts resulted from the administration of DB[a,l]P. It has also been shown that anthocyanins are the most abundant compounds in BRBs that can account for much of their antioxidant activity. In the current study, under identical conditions we compare the inhibitory effects of an anthocyanin enriched fraction extracted from black raspberry (BRBE), protocatechuic acid (PA, a major metabolite of anthocyanins) or ferulic acid (FA, a major phenolic acid in raspberries shown to reduce oral carcinogenesis) with BRB on DNA adducts induced by DB[a,l]P in mouse oral cavity. Levels of DB[a,l]PDE-DNA adducts were quantified by a LC-MS/MS method. We demonstrated that the administration of BRBE (1.6 %), protocatechuic acid (0.2%) or ferulic acid (0.05%) in the diet, starting 2 weeks before DB[a,l]P (24 nmol, 3 times a week for 5 weeks) significantly resulted in 29.6%, 23.0% or 25.3% reduction of the level of (-)-anti-trans-DB[a,l]PDE-dA in murine oral tissues, respectively, compared to a 19.2% reduction of BRB. Our results clearly showed that the anthocyanin components of BRB and its metabolite, PA, are responsible for the inhibitory effects of BRB on the DB[a,l]P- induced DNA adducts formation; in addition, BRB and its related components can inhibit the metabolic activation of DB[a,l]P, and may prevent the subsequent mutagenesis and carcinogenesis resulting from exposure to DB[a,l]P. Supported by NIH grant #CA173465. Citation Format: Kun-Ming Chen, Shangmin Zhang, Yuan-Wan Sun, Cesar Aliaga, Krishnegowda Gowdahalli, Shantu Amin, Gary Stoner, Karam El-Bayoumy. The inhibitory effects of an anthocyanin enriched fraction of black raspberry (BRB), protocatechuic acid and ferulic acid on DB[a,l]P-induced DNA adduct formation in mouse oral tissues. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 230. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-230

Shelf life stability of lactobacilli encapsulated in raspberry powder: Insights into non-dairy probiotics

Aim: Study the shelf-life quality changes in raspberry juice with encapsulated lactobacilli (Lactobacillus rhamnosus NRRL B-4495 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NRRL B-442) obtained by spray drying and understand the various factors involved. Methods and results: Raspberry powder was obtained from spray drying lactobacilli and raspberry juice with maltodextrin as an additive. Shelf life of the powder was analyzed over a period of 30 d. Acid and bile tolerance and antibiotic resistance was compared before and after spray drying. Water activity, survival, and scanning electron microscope images were also measured during the shelf life. Conclusions and significance: A combination of processing conditions: inlet temperature (°C), maltodextrin to juice solids ratio and inlet feed rate (ml/min) during spray drying had a significant role on the survival of lactobacilli during shelf life. Refrigerated storage provided a higher shelf-life stability with regards to CFU/g (as high as 84% on day 0 and 98% retention by the end of 30 d) compared to room temperature storage. Probiotic properties during shelf life are affected by the processing conditions and encapsulated food matrix. Thus, understanding these aspects in vitro during shelf life gives us a brief insight into the future of non-dairy probiotics.

Urinary Excretion of Phenolic Acids in Rats Fed Cranberry, Blueberry, or Black Raspberry Powder

Dietary polyphenolics can be converted into smaller phenolic acids (PA) by microorganisms in the colon and may contribute to health benefits associated with the parent polyphenolics. Urinary excretion of 18 PA and their conjugates was studied, using HPLC-MS/MS, in rats fed AIN93G-based diets containing 5% (dry weight basis) of either cranberry (CB), blueberry (BB), or black raspberry (BRB). Hippuric, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids were excreted in greatest quantity in the urine over a 24 h period in all diets. Primary PA excreted in the berry diets were 4-hydroxycinnamic acid for CB; chlorogenic, ferulic, and 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acids for BB; and 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic, 3-hydroxybenzoic, and 3-hydroxycinnamic acids for BRB. PA were present in conjugated form with cinnamic acid derivatives being 50-70% and phenylacetic acid derivatives conjugated <10%. Conjugated, and not just the free, PA are significant contributors to total urinary excretion.