Precious Metals Research Articles

Comprehensive recovery of valuable metals from spent LiCoO2 cathode material by a method of NH4HSO4 roasting- (NH₄)₂S leaching

With the retirement of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) entering peak period, the recycling of LiCoO2 has become a hot topic. The spent LiCoO2 batteries are rich in carcinogenic metal Co and high-value metal Li, so they are needed to be recovered in time before causing serious environmental pollution and resource waste. Thus, a clean and efficient process is proposed for the comprehensive recovery of Li, Co, and Mn from the spent LiCoO2 cathode material. It is an integrated pyro-hydrometallurgical process, mainly consisting of sulfation roasting with NH4HSO4 and selective sulfurizing leaching with (NH4)2S solution. Using low melting point ammonium salt as roasting auxiliary, 99.7 %, 99.1 %, and 99.8 % of Li, Co, and Mn in the spent LiCoO2 powder can be converted into sulfate when roasting under 400 ℃ for 75 min. Then 99.5 % of Li in the sulfation roasting product can be selectively leached with an aqueous (NH4)2S solution, which is also a precipitator for Co, Mn, and impurity Al. In addition, 96.4 % of Co and 96.0 % of Mn in the sulfurized precipitate can be separated with impurity elements Al and C via oxidation roasting–water leaching process. Compared to traditional recycling, this method can achieve a higher Li leaching rate at a low roasting temperature, and the recovery of Co and Mn can be realized without adding any acid/base reagents or impurity cations. More importantly, the circulation of NH3/NH4+ and S element in the recycling system has been taken into account, making it an environmental-friendly and economical process. In this study, the sulfation reduction roasting and selective sulfurizing leaching mechanisms were both revealed in details, and the behavior of the valuable elements was also elucidated.

Trace element geochemistry of carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks of Mundwara Igneous complex, Sirohi district, Rajasthan, India

Carbonatites are widely recognized for their potential to host significant deposits of rare earth elements (REEs) and other rare metals. These igneous rocks, characterized by their high carbonate mineral content, are often rich in REEs, niobium, tantalum, and other valuable elements. This makes carbonatites key targets for mining and exploration. Carbonatites are believed to form from either primary carbonate magma derived directly from the mantle or from secondary melts. These secondary melts can originate from carbonated silicate magmas through liquid immiscibility or from the residual melts resulting from the fractional crystallization of silicate magmas. The coexistence of carbonatites and alkaline silicate rocks in most complexes, their coeval emplacement in many, and overlapping initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios supports the theory of their cogenesis. In this study, we aim to investigate the trace element geochemistry of carbonatites and coeval alkaline silicate rocks from the Mundwara Igneous Complex, Sirohi district, Rajasthan in India. Our trace element data indicate that the carbonatites and alkaline silicate rocks in this complex are products of fractional crystallization from two separate parental melts, formed through liquid immiscibility of a carbonated alkaline silicate magma.

Soil quality and heavy metal contamination in an open dumpsite in Navrongo, Ghana.

The increasing proximity of the Dudumbia dumpsite, an open dumpsite in Navrongo, Ghana, to human settlements necessitates an investigation of the soil quality to safeguard the environment from heavy metal toxicity. This study examined the impact of waste dumping activities on the physicochemical properties of the soil, as well as the level of heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, As, Hg, Cu, Mn, and Zn) contamination and associated risks. Various contamination and risk assessment tools were used, including the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk (Er), and potential ecological risk index (PERI). The study found significant improvements in notable soil attributes such as phosphorus (P), organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and effective cation exchange capacity, with percentage increases ranging from 50.8 to 2078.3%. Igeo values ranged from 2.07 to 6.20, indicating contamination levels from moderate to extreme. The PLI and PERI values were 16.241 and 1810, respectively. The Er values for the heavy metals ranged from 36 to 607, indicating ecological risk levels from low to very high, with Cd and Hg posing very high risks. These results suggest that while the dumpsite soil shows improvements in some characteristics favourable for plant cultivation, waste dumping significantly contributes to heavy metal contamination. The soil at the dumpsite is deteriorated and poses significant health risks, particularly due to Cd and Hg. Therefore, remediation efforts should prioritise mitigating the risks posed by Cd and Hg.

Is Copper Still Safe for Us? What Do We Know and What Are the Latest Literature Statements?

Copper (Cu) is a precious metal and one of the three most abundant trace elements in the body (50-120 mg). It is involved in a large number of cellular mechanisms and pathways and is an essential cofactor in the function of cellular enzymes. Both its excess and deficiency may be harmful for many diseases. Even small changes in Cu concentration may be associated with significant toxicity. Consequently, it can be damaging to any organ or tissue in our body, beginning with harmful effects already at the molecular level and then affecting the degradation of individual tissues/organs and the slow development of many diseases, such as those of the immunological system, skeletal system, circulatory system, nervous system, digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive system, and skin. The main purpose of this article is to review the literature with regard to both the healthiness and toxicity of copper to the human body. A secondary objective is to show its widespread use and sources, including in food and common materials in contact with humans. Its biological half-life from diet is estimated to range from 13 to 33 days. The retention or bioavailability of copper from the diet is influenced by several factors, such as age, amount and form of copper in the diet, lifestyle, and genetic background. The upper limit of normal in serum in healthy adults is approximately 1.5 mg Cu/L, while the safe upper limit of average intake is set at 10-12 mg/day, the reference limit at 0.9 mg/day, and the minimum limit at 0.6-0.7 mg/day. Cu is essential, and in the optimal dose, it provides antioxidant defense, while its deficiency reduces the body's ability to cope with oxidative stress. The development of civilization and the constant, widespread use of Cu in all electrical devices will not be stopped, but the health of people directly related to its extraction, production, or distribution can be controlled, and the inhabitants of nearby towns can be protected. It is extremely difficult to assess the effects of copper on the human body because of its ubiquity and the increasing reports in the literature about its effects, including copper nanoparticles.

Cobalt-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation at sp3-Carbon Centers.

The rising demand and financial costs of noble transition metal catalysts have emphasized the need for sustainable catalytic approaches. Over the past few years, base-metal catalysts have emerged as ideal candidates to replace their noble-metal counterparts because of their abundance and easiness of handling. Despite the significant advancements achieved with precious transition metals, earth-abundant cobalt catalysts have emerged as efficient alternatives for allylic substitution reactions. In this review, allylic alkylations at sp3-carbon centers mediated by cobalt will be discussed, with a special focus on the mechanistic features, scope, and limitations.

Confining platinum clusters in indium-modified ZSM-5 zeolite to promote propane dehydrogenation

Designing highly active and stable catalytic sites is often challenging due to the complex synthesis procedure and the agglomeration of active sites during high-temperature reactions. Here, we report a facile two-step method to synthesize Pt clusters confined by In-modified ZSM-5 zeolite. In-situ characterization confirms that In is located at the extra-framework position of ZSM-5 as In+, and the Pt clusters are stabilized by the In-ZSM-5 zeolite. The resulting Pt clusters confined in In-ZSM-5 show excellent propane conversion, propylene selectivity, and catalytic stability, outperforming monometallic Pt, In, and bimetallic PtIn alloys. The incorporation of In+ in ZSM-5 neutralizes Brønsted acid sites to inhibit side reactions, as well as tunes the electronic properties of Pt clusters to facilitate propane activation and propylene desorption. The strategy of combining precious metal clusters with metal cation-exchanged zeolites opens the avenue to develop stable heterogeneous catalysts for other reaction systems.

Desalination of mother liquor generated from the precipitation of lithium carbonate during the recycling of retired lithium ion battery

Generally, hydrometallurgy process is adopted in factory to recover valuable metal from anode materials in lithium ion battery. The mother liquor generated from the precipitation of lithium carbonate in this process is often managed by evaporative crystallization process which is high energy-consuming and expensive. The methodology employed in this research involves pretreatment and bipolar membrane electrodialysis to partition salts within the mother liquor into acids and bases, thereby achieving cost savings. The findings reveal that a significant 76.5 % reduction in COD is achievable through the application of potassium permanganate and activated carbon in the treatment of the mother liquor. Subsequently, the treated mother liquor can be transfer to electrodialysis process for further treatment. During this process, desalination of the mother liquor occurs, leading to the decomposition of sodium sulfate into sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. Analysis of the experimental data reveals that optimizing the initial concentrations of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide within the acid and alkali collection chambers, along with the application of elevated electric current density and maintaining a high pH value of the mother liquor, yields improvements in current efficiency and concomitant reductions in energy consumption. Under optimal conditions, the current efficiency of acid and alkali preparation is 52.53 % and 62.12 % respectively, along with energy consumption of acid and alkali preparation is 8.68kWh/kg and 8.99kWh/kg respectively. The pretreatment and bipolar membrane electrodialysis process is low-energy consumption and inexpensive, facilitating a reduction in processing expenses to $6.659 per ton of mother liquor.

Humic acid-mediated mechanism for efficient biodissolution of used lithium batteries

Resource recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium batteries is an inevitable trend for sustainable development. In this study, external regulation was used to enhance the tolerance and stability of strains in the leaching of spent lithium batteries to radically improve the bioleaching efficiency. The leaching of Li, Ni, Co and Mn increased to 100 %, 85.06 %, 74.25 % and 69.44 % respectively after targeted cultivation with HA as compared to the undomesticated strain. In the process of microbial leaching of spent lithium batteries, the metabolites in the Ⅰ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ regions of the metabolism of the undomesticated bacterial colony had a positive correlation to the dissolution of spent lithium batteries. The metabolites of Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅴ regions were directly affected by the HA domesticated flora on the dissolution of spent lithium batteries. The excess metabolism of protein substances can significantly promote the reduction of Ni, Co, Mn leaching, and at the same time in the role of a large number of humic substances complexed the toxic metal ions in the system, to ensure the activity of the bacterial colony. It can be seen that the bacteria were domesticated by humic acid, which promoted the bacteria's own metabolism, and the super-metabolised EPS promoted the solubilisation of spent lithium batteries.

Microbial electrochemical enhanced composting of sludge and kitchen waste: Electricity generation, composting efficiency and health risk assessment for land use

To realize the energy and resource utilization from organic solid waste, a two-phase microbial desalination cell (TPMDC) was constructed using dewatered sludge and kitchen waste as the anode substrate. The performance of electricity generation and composting efficacy was investigated, along with a comprehensive assessment of the potential health risks associated with the land use of the resulting mixed compost products. Experimental outcomes revealed a maximum open-circuit voltage of 0.893 ± 0.005 V and a maximum volumetric power density of 0.797 ± 0.009 W/m³. After 90 days of composting enhanced by microbial electrochemistry, a significant organic matter removal rate of 31.13 ± 0.44 % was obtained, and the anode substrate electric conductivity was reduced by 30.02 ± 0.04 % based on the anode desalination. Simultaneously, there was an increase in the content of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as an improvement in the seed germination index. The forms of heavy metals shifted from bioavailable to stable residual states. The non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) values for heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the land use of compost products were less than 1, and the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values for heavy metals and PAHs were below the acceptable threshold of 10−4. The occupational population risk of infection from five pathogens was higher than that of the general public, with all risk values ranging from 8.67 × 10−8 to 1, where the highest risk was attributed to occupational exposure to Legionella. These outcomes demonstrated that the mixture of dewatered sludge and kitchen waste was an appropriate anode substrate to enhance TPMDC stability for electricity generation, and its compost products have promising land use suitability and acceptable land use risk, which will provide important guidance for the safe treatment and disposal of organic solid waste.

Ultrahigh Sensitivity for Thermographic Human-Machine Interface via Precious Metals Atomic Layer Deposition on V-MXene: Computational and Experimental Exploration.

Global healthcare based on the Internet of Things system is rapidly transforming to measure precise physiological body parameters without visiting hospitals at remote patients and associated symptoms monitoring. 2D materials and the prevailing mood of current ever-expanding MXene-based sensing devices motivate to introduce first the novel iridium (Ir) precious metal incorporated vanadium (V)-MXene via industrially favored emerging atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. The current work contributes a precise control and delicate balance of Ir single atomic forms or clusters on the V-MXene to constitute a unique precious metal-MXene embedded heterostructure (Ir-ALD@V-MXene) in practical real-time sensing healthcare applications to thermography with human-machine interface for the first time. Ir-ALD@V-MXene delivers an ultrahigh durability and sensing performance of 2.4%°C-1 than pristine V-MXene (0.42%°C-1), outperforming several conventionally used MXenes, graphene, underscoring the importance of the Ir-ALD innovative process. Aberration-corrected advanced ultra-high-resolution transmission/scanning transmission electron microscopy confirms the presence of Ir atomic clusters on well-aligned 2D-layered V-MXene structure and their advanced heterostructure formation (Ir-ALD@V-MXene), enhanced sensing mechanism is investigated using density functional theory (DFT) computations. A rational design empowering the Ir-ALD process on least explored V-MXene can potentially unfold further precious metals ALD-process developments for next-generation wearable personal healthcare devices.

Recovery of Copper Layer from Waste Mobile Phone Printed Circuit Board Without Crushing

Resource recovery and material reuse from waste is an art of circular economy. Waste mobile phone printed circuit boards contain a significant amount of nonferrous and precious metals, where copper is one of the dominant nonferrous elements. This paper presents the recovery of copper material using an electrochemical process from three samples of waste mobile phone printed circuit boards, each double-sided, where for sample preparation no crushing and dismantling are applied except that the painting mask is chemically removed. From mass analysis, the gross amount of the recovered copper from the sample materials was 5.94 g and the calculated average was 1.98 g per sample material. In this way, the copper layer from waste mobile phone printed circuit boards could be recovered economically at an early stage, which could reduce complexity and improve further material recovery compared to the traditional crushing practice.

Hierarchical V2O3 spiny hollow nanosphere for efficient adsorption of precious metal ions in complicated matrices

Treatment of precious metals in electronic waste has attracted tremendous attention and is essential for both environmental protection and resource sustainable development. In this study, a novel adsorbent for precious metal ions, V2O3 spiny hollow nanospheres (p-V2O3 SHN), was synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal-assisted methodology for the adsorption of Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II), and Pt(IV) from the leaching solution of electronic waste. The results reveal that the p-V2O3 SHN hierarchy was successfully constructed with a hollow structure and dense spiny morphology. The prepared p-V2O3 SHN can effectively remove precious metal ions such as Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II), and Pt(IV), with the selective capture order being Au(III) > Ag(I) > Pt(IV) > Pd(II) > other metal ions. This superior adsorption capability can be attributed to the multi-diffusible, intermingled composition, and numerous active sites decorating the p-V2O3 SHN hierarchy, facilitating the uptake of Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II), and Pt(IV) ions from electronic waste. The Langmuir model provided a better fit for the uptake process, revealing maximum uptake capacities of 833.33 mg/g for Au(III), 370.37 mg/g for Ag(I), 77.51 mg/g for Pd(II), and 42.01 mg/g for Pt(IV) on p-V2O3 SHN. Remarkably, p-V2O3 SHN exhibited a robust affinity for the adsorbate due to the presence of surface defects and reduction. The new p-V2O3 SHN also demonstrated good reusability for three sorption cycles, highlighting its potential for electronic waste treatment. Due to its facile synthesis and excellent efficiency, hierarchical p-V2O3 SHN presents itself as a promising candidate for the selective uptake of Au(III), Ag(I), Pt(IV), and Pd(II) from electronic waste.

Pt nanoclusters confined in the pores of hollow carbon spheres boost adsorption and electrochemical redox reaction for lithium-sulfur batteries

Sulfur (S) cathode is considered an ideal energy storage material for secondary batteries due to the high specific capacity and energy density. However, the insulating nature of S and lithium sulfide and slow electrochemical reaction kinetics, among many other issues, limit its power and energy output. Precious metals are vigorous catalytic materials and have been applied in various fields. However, the investigation of small-sized precious metal nanoclusters as the catalytic for polysulfide conversion in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries has yet to be deepened. Herein, small-sized Pt nanoclusters are successfully synthesized and confined in the pores of hollow carbon spheres as the host for Li-S batteries cathode. The resultant PtNC@HCS provides the space for storing S and the electron transport network. Meanwhile, the Pt nanoclusters in the pores serve as catalytic sites for adsorbing and accelerating polysulfide conversion, thus effectively suppressing the shuttle effect. As a result, PtNC@HCS exhibits an initial capacity of 1460 mAh g−1 and a reversible capacity of 1316 mAh g−1 at 0.2C, with outstanding capacity retention, which confirms that such precious metal nanocluster catalytic material design effectively can optimize the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries.

Converting inert MOF into ultrafine CoOx particles embedded on N-doped hierarchical carbon as robust catalyst for nitrophenol wastewater management under ambient conditions

Developing metal oxide catalysts with comparable activity to precious metals has become a hot but challenging area of research for wastewater purification. Herein, CoOx particles and nitrogen co-doped carbon with a hierarchical structure were designed and synthesized via a temperature-controlled pyrolysis strategy using inert Co-based metal–organic frameworks (Co-MOFs) as precursors. Unlike traditional methods, the exquisite pyrolysis of the Co-MOF at 400 °C enabling the CoOx particles with an average diameter of 6.8 nm to uniformly disperse, thus facilitating the formation of the optimized CoOx/CN-400 composite. Benefiting from the unique morphology and composition, CoOx/CN-400 exhibited improved redox property and exceptional activity for the reduction of nitrophenol to form the corresponding aminophenol compounds. The complete conversion of 4-nitrophenol over CoOx/CN-400 requires only 35 min with a rate constant of 0.12 min−1, which is significantly higher than that of most non-noble metal catalysts and approaching some of the noble metal-based catalysts. Furthermore, leveraging the embedded CoOx particles, CoOx/CN-400 maintains its high catalytic efficiency even after six successive cycles, demonstrates an outstanding long-term catalytic capability and reusability. Finally, the mechanisms of 4-NP reduction have been hypothesized based on the combination of characterization and DTF calculations.

Low-cost porous transport layers for water electrolysis cells with polymer electrolyte membranes

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis has advantages over other methods of producing green hydrogen such as its excellent response to power input fluctuations; wide operating range of current density; ease of production of high-pressure, high-purity hydrogen; and high durability. However, the conventional precious metal coatings used on the bipolar plates (BPPs) and porous transport layers (PTLs) of the PEM water electrolysis cell to prevent their oxidation are problematic because of their high cost; indeed, the BPPs and PTLs combined are the largest contributor (50%–70%) to the total cost of PEM water electrolysis stacks. Here, the Pt-coated PTL on the oxygen electrode side of a PEM water electrolysis cell was replaced with one with an alternative low-cost material coating (Ti4O7 or NiTiP), and the water electrolysis characteristics of the system were evaluated. We found that Ti4O7, but not NiTiP, functioned as a conductive, corrosion-resistant PTL coating in the PEM water electrolysis cell.

Joule heating assisted solvothermal growth of C3N4 on carbon paper for effective photothermal-photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen evolution

Photocatalysis combined with photothermal effect has become a promising process for highly-efficiently production of H2. In this work, C3N4 was solvothermally grown on carbon paper and further construction of vacancies by fast Joule heating treatment. The substrate carbon paper could increase the photothermal evaporation of water, and the fabricated vacancies could accelerate the charge separation. Furthermore, the temperature increased because of the photothermal synergistic effect, which was favorable for the H2 evolution reaction. Based on the above, the CP/SCN-NVs system achieved efficient H2 evolution in deionized water without sacrificial agent and precious metal co-catalysts, with a hydrogen evolution rate of 2248.83 μmol m-2 h−1, which was 41.3 times higher than the C3N4 suspension system. Overall, this work offered a new approach for efficient H2 evolution in photothermal-photocatalytic dual-phase systems.

Selective Hydroboration of C-C Single Bonds without Transition-Metal Catalysis.

Selective hydroboration of C-C single bonds presents a fundamental challenge in the chemical industry. Previously, only catalytic systems utilizing precious metals Ir and Rh, in conjunction with N- and P- ligands, could achieve this, ensuring bond cleavage and selectivity. In sharp contrast, we discovered an unprecedented and general transition-metal-free system for the hydroboration of C-C single bonds. This methodology is transition-metal and ligand-free and surpasses the transition-metal systems regarding chemo- and regioselectivities, substrate versatility, or yields. In addition, our system tolerates various functional groups such as Ar-X (X=halides), heterocyclic rings, ketones, esters, amides, nitro, nitriles, and C=C double bonds, which are typically susceptible to hydroboration in the presence of transition metals. As a result, a diverse range of γ-boronated amines with varied structures and functions has been readily obtained. Experimental mechanistic studies, density functional theory (DFT), and intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) calculations unveiled a hydroborane-promoted C-C bond cleavage and hydride-shift reaction pathway. The carbonyl group of the amide suppresses dehydrogenation between the free N-H and hydroborane. The lone pair on the nitrogen of the amide facilitates the cleavage of C-C bonds in cyclopropanes.

Electroless plating of copper on carbon fiber surfaces and corresponding mechanism

Traditional methods for surface pretreatment of carbon fibers often rely on the use of precious metals like palladium and silver as activators to enhance surface reactivity through redox reactions, achieving metallization. However, such approaches are costly and economically inefficient. This study employed a cost-effective copper (Cu)-nickel (Ni) colloid mixture as an activator and investigated its effectiveness in enhancing surface reactivity. Meanwhile, it examined the influence of various parameters, such as pH value, reducing agent (formaldehyde (HCHO) concentration, temperature, and deposition duration, on the morphology and structure of copper-electrodeposited carbon fibers. To characterize the treated samples, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) were adopted, shedding light on the mechanism underlying copper electrodeposition on the carbon fiber surface. The results indicate that Cu-Ni colloid mixture activation exhibits significant improvements. The optimal conditions for uniform and smooth copper electrodeposition on the carbon fiber surface identified as follows: a pH value of 13.5, a HCHO concentration of 15 ml L−1, a temperature of 50 °C, and a deposition duration of 5 min. Consequently, these results represent a cost-effective alternative to traditional precious metal-based activation methods, with promising applications in surface pretreatment for carbon fibers.

Extracting valuable metals from zinc sulfide concentrate: A comprehensive simulation-based life cycle assessment study of oxidative pressure leaching

Considering the increasing environmental consciousness and the imperative for sustainable development, conventional zinc smelting operations employing the roast-leaching-electrowinning process face growing environmental pressures. Consequently, the oxidative pressure leaching process has emerged as an alternative processing route. This study focuses on recovery of major metals from ZnS concentrate, building a comprehensive model to simulate the oxidative pressure leaching process. The process model built demonstrated that zinc, sulfur, indium, gallium, cadmium, cobalt, germanium, and copper could be recovered effectively, the main chemical inputs being sulfuric acid, oxygen, and lime, while zinc electrowinning constituting over 90 % of the total electricity consumption. The results were used to compile a life cycle inventory, culminating in a gate-to-gate assessment of the environmental impacts of the process. The global warming potential for the treatment of 1 t of ZnS concentrate is approximately 2,000 kg CO2 eq. The primary environmental impacts in the process are from chemical inputs and electricity consumption. Based on these findings, recommendations for sustainable production practices are proposed. These include systematic recovery and reuse of electrolytic off-gas and roasting heat, greater utilization of renewable energy, enhanced iron removal processes, and exploration of alternative chemicals for Ga and Ge recovery.

Numerical Development of a Thermal Pre-processing Step for the Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

In the present study, a numerical model is being developed to simulate a step in the battery recycling chain, namely the thermal pre-treatment process. This process involves exposing battery cells to a high-temperature environment to induce a thermal runaway, with the aim of maximising the recovery of valuable metals in the subsequent downstream recycling steps. The proposed numerical model utilises the CFD-DEM framework. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to calculate the gas phase variables. The battery is considered a solid phase, using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to model its behaviour under high temperature. In this context, an experiment was designed to reproduce conditions similar to a battery thermal deactivation process. Once elaborated, the results from the experiments are compared to the numerical model, seeking further simulations using more realistic furnace designs.