Rare Flower Research Articles

Temporal variation of floral reward can improve the pollination success of a rare flowering plant

Many pollinating animals visit a variety of flowering plant species. Rare plant species pollinated by such generalists may experience a low quality or quantity of pollination, depending on the pollinators’ foraging behaviour. How plants cope with this rarity disadvantage is not well understood. One possibility would be to offer a higher floral reward, for example, a higher nectar sugar concentration. However, since nectar production is costly, rare plants may only be able to increase their nectar concentration for a limited time and offer little reward afterwards. In this study, we performed a laboratory experiment with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) foraging on artificial flowers of two colours to investigate whether the bees’ foraging behaviour produces a rarity disadvantage and if so, whether the rare flower type could improve its pollination success through temporal variation of its nectar sugar concentration, i.e. a temporary increase of nectar sugar followed by a period with low concentration. We found that when both flower colours offered equal rewards, the rare colour received only slightly fewer visits per flower, but had a considerably lower expected pollination success based on the bumblebees’ visitation sequences. Temporal variation of the rare colour’s sugar concentration increased both the quantity and quality of visits it received. This positive effect was reduced when there were fewer rare flowers or when two bumblebees foraged simultaneously. Our results suggest that temporal variation of floral rewards can alleviate, but not completely eliminate the rarity disadvantage.

Investigating the use of pollen DNA metabarcoding to quantify bee foraging and effects of threshold selection.

DNA metabarcoding of pollen is a useful tool for studying bee foraging ecology. However, several questions about this method remain unresolved, including the extent to which sequence read data is quantitative, which type of sequence count removal threshold to use and how that choice affects our ability to detect rare flower visits, and how sequence artefacts may confound conclusions about bee foraging behavior. To address these questions, we isolated pollen from five plant species and created treatments comprised of pollen from each species alone and combinations of pollen from multiple species that varied in richness and evenness. We used ITS2 and rbcL metabarcoding to identify plant species in the samples, compared the proportion of pollen by mass to the proportion of sequencing reads for each plant species in each treatment, and analyzed the sequencing data using both liberal and conservative thresholds. We collected pollen from foraging bees, analyzed metabarcoding data from those samples using each threshold, and compared the differences in the pollinator networks constructed from the data. Regardless of the threshold used, the relationship between the proportion of pollen by mass and sequencing reads was inconsistent, suggesting that the number of sequence reads is a poor proxy for pollen abundance in mixed-species samples. Using a liberal threshold resulted in greater detection of original plant species in mixtures but also detected additional species in mixtures and single-species samples. The conservative threshold reduced the number of additional plant species detected, but several species in mixtures were not detected above the threshold, resulting in false negatives. Pollinator networks produced using the two thresholds differed and illustrated tradeoffs between detection of rare species and estimation of network complexity. Threshold selection can have a major effect on conclusions drawn from studies using metabarcoding of bee pollen to study plant-pollinator interactions.

Proteomic Analysis of the Inflorescence Stem Mechanical Strength Difference in Herbaceous Peonies (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.).

The herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is a traditional rare flower in China, and production of its cut flowers has developed gradually in many places of the world. However, the inflorescence stems of some P. lactiflora cultivars have such low mechanical strength that the cut flower production was severely restricted. To better understand the causes of this problem from a protein expression level, two P. lactiflora cultivars with different inflorescence stem mechanical strengths were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/MS. More than 1700 clear protein spots were detected, 53 of which varied significantly. Moreover, 23 of the differentially expressed proteins were identified and confirmed and are involved in various biological processes such as metabolism, protein biosynthesis and transport, signal transduction, and defensive response. Especially, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) were strongly connected to the inflorescence stem mechanical strength in P. lactiflora.

DESIGNING PARTY DRESS WITH WIJAYAKUSUMA BATIK MOTIF

Wijayakusuma flower is a unique and rare flower that only blooms once at night and after that it will wither and not bloom again. This uniqueness is an attraction to make it an inspiration for batik art work. The formulation of the studdy in this creation is how to visualize the Wijayakusuma flower in the form of a batik motif and implement it into party dresses. This artistic research uses three stages, namely exploration, design and visualization. The results of this study are the creation of the Wijayakusuma batik motif, the application of the Wijayakusuma floral batik motif to the party dresses, and the realization of the Wijayakusuma batik patterned party dress. The works of this party dress are entitled Selene, Amaris, Luna, and Neoma.

Characterizing the complete chloroplast genome of the Impatiens davidii (Balsaminaceae)

Impatiens davidii Franch, 1886 is a rare ornamental flower used in gardens and has high economic value. In this study, we characterized the chloroplast genome of I. davidii and analyzed its phylogenetic relationship with other Impatiens species. The length of the complete chloroplast genome sequence of I. davidii is 152,214 bp, with a GC content of 36.9%. The chloroplast genome shows a typical quadripartite structure with a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,634 bp, separated by one large single copy (LSC) region of 83,128 bp and one small single copy (SSC) region of 17,818 bp. We annotated 125 genes, of which there were 85 protein-coding genes, 32 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The Bayesian phylogenetic tree strongly supports that I. davidii has a close phylogenetic relationship with a group including I. piufanensis and I. alpicola.

Ecophysiology Identification and Flower Morphology of Rafflesia arnoldii at Forest Ecosystem of Bengkulu Province

Rafflesia flower, especially Rafflesia arnoldii, is a rare flower that is the pride and icon of Bengkulu Province. The population is decreasing over time and recently it is found that the size of the flower crown is relatively narrow. Conservation efforts begin with an inventory and identification of ecophysiological conditions and morphological characters, especially in several forest ecosystems in the Bengkulu Province. The target of this research is, in the end, a future conservation model based on cultivation technology. The survey method was used in this study. Data obtained through direct observation of the Bengkulu forest ecosystem habitat and interviews with representatives of the presence of Rafflesia flowers. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively-analytic. The results showed that 9 (nine) R. arnoldii flowers were found in various phases with the conditions attached to their host plant, namely Tetrastigma sp. This flower is found at the coordinate point of 4 ° 26'55 "S, 103 ° 15'14" E in Bungin Tambun III Village, Padang Guci Hulu District, Kaur Regency, Bengkulu Province, and this location is only 12 meters from the water source. Several flower phases were found, namely Copula (6-9 months), Brakta (3-5 months), and Perigon blooming (1-2 weeks) One of the phases of this orange flower has reached the blooming phase with 5 crowns, 53 cm in diameter, the diaphragm is 31 cm wide and 50 cm high. Environmental conditions at the time of flowering include temperatures ranging from 24-25 °C, with humidity (RH) 80-85%.

Bugs in the Valley

Should medicine developed through privately funded research be auctioned off to the highest bidder or distributed to those most in need? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, Amaya has developed a “bug” based on a rare flower that actively finds and repairs damaged cells in the human body. Her friend, and later husband, helps her bring additional funding to the project. The important flower is quite rare and after more than a decade Amaya is unable to replicate the flower’s properties. This puts her husband, and her investors, into a difficult situation of deciding if the neediest should get access to the limited treatments available, or if it should be auctioned off to the super rich. Amaya finally cracks the code and is able to replicate the flower’s properties when she dies in a mysterious lab explosion. Her daughter, Jayde, grows up fighting against selling the limited supply of medicine to the highest bidder. Over time, Jayde grows old and dies. At her funeral the truth is revealed to her husband, the company had her killed in order to perpetuate scarcity and secure increased profits.

The Secret Commonwealth by Philip Pullman

Reviewed by: The Secret Commonwealth by Philip Pullman Alaine Martaus Pullman, Philip The Secret Commonwealth; illus. by Chris Wormell. Knopf, 2019 [656p] (The Book of Dust: Volume Two) Library ed. ISBN 978-0-553-51067-6 $25.99 Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-553-51066-9 $22.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-0-553-51068-3 $11.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 9 up After the adventures of the His Dark Materials trilogy, twenty-year-old Lyra Belacqua Silvertongue has settled into the quiet life of a scholar. Of late, though, she's grown melancholy, and she and her daemon Pantalaimon are on the outs, the lasting effect of their soul-deep separation. They've no time to dwell on the scars of the past, though, because new adventure awaits, one that brings together old allies, then sends them on parallel journeys across Britain and Europe, into the deserts of Central Asia, and beyond in search of ancient ruins and a rare flower with connections to the ever-mysterious Dust. Malcolm and Alice (from La Belle Sauvage, BCCB 1/18, the prequel-styled volume that was the previous book in this second sequence) are on hand to reunite with a nearly grown-up Lyra, but the Magisterium is also rising again, with renewed authoritarian power and led by new enemies with connections to both Lyra's and Malcolm's pasts, setting up an intricately woven conflict with personal stakes and universal consequences. Knowledge of earlier volumes is a must here, but His Dark Materials fans will be thrilled to find Pullman at his best, combining global conspiracies, high-adventure quests, and private drama for a story that rarely drags and never lets go. This is definitely has more adult appeal, and the passage of in-world time makes the characters adult and many quite elderly. Still, the novel skillfully explores the boundary between precocious childhood and directionless adulthood, complete with angst and nihilism, all of which pairs nicely with its more mature themes and epistemic ruminations about magic, faith, love, and the very nature of reality. At times profound and provocative, the novel shifts between tense action and contemplative prose with ease, and for readers invested in the lives of Lyra, Pan, and friends, it packs an emotional wallop. The novel's end leaves the villains in ascendency and the large cast dispersed, isolated, and under threat, setting up a third volume that is sure to be a must-read like this one. Copyright © 2019 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Learning development model biological material "flowers wijaya kusuma (Epiphyllum anguliger)” by using augmented reality media to facilitate independent learning students

With the development of technology today, android mobile have many benefits for humans in various fields, namely in the field of information, education, business and communication. This study aims to create a media application as a model of biology learning to introduce flowers Wijaya Kusuma to biology students are classified as a rare flower and has a uniqueness in the blossoming of flowers that sometimes humans rarely to be able to find where and when the right time for the flowering process Wijaya Kusuma. Based on that, the researchers analyzed and looked for solutions how to introduce the interest of Wijaya Kusuma to the students in the biology learning process by utilizing Augmented Reality (AR) technology. AR as the incorporation of real and virtual objects in real environments, runs interactively in real time and there is integration between the three dimensions (3D). Merging of real and virtual objects is possible with the appropriate display technology. In this research-based augmented reality application created with the marker method which uses a marker for the detection of objects in combining the digital world and the real world. There are 5 markers a marker to display animations and 3D objects as well as information of interest Wijaya Kusuma, the information delivered include voice and text that can make the application interactive. This application is very useful for biology students who study the course of Plant Physiology.

LC-MS determination of L-DOPA concentration in the leaf and flower tissues of six faba bean (Vicia faba L.) lines with common and rare flower colors

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of muscle control, which causes trembling of the limbs and head as well as impaired balance. L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxy phenylalanine) is the major ingredient of several prescription drugs used to treat PD. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the few plant species that is known to produce L-DOPA and has the potential to be developed as a functional food crop for people suffering with PD.Objective: Aimed to provide needed information for people who want to use faba bean as a natural remedy or functional food to relieve PD symptoms, this study analyzed the variation of L-DOPA concentration in the leaf and flower tissues of six faba bean lines with common and rare flower colors.Methods: Leaf and flower samples were taken from field grown plants with different flower colors, namely, pink with purple lines and black dots, pure white, brown, and crimson. Samples were freeze-dried and L-DOPA was quantified by a LC-MS system consisting of an ACQUITY UPLC in line with a Synapt G2 HDMS quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This experiment was carried out in two consecutive years (2012 and 2013) and the plants used in the second year were grown from the seeds harvested from the plants used in the first year.Results and Discussion: Our two-year study revealed a high level of variation in L-DOPA concentration for leaf and flower tissues among the six faba bean lines studied. The average L-DOPA concentration based on dry weight (DW) in flowers ranged from 27.8 to 63.5 mg/g and 18.2 to 48.7 mg/g for leaf tissues. There was no significant correlation between L-DOPA concentrations in flowers and leaves. The L-DOPA concentration in flowers and in leaves of the same line varied but were not statistically significant between the two years. Ideally, the genotype with the highest average L-DOPA concentration in both flowers and leaves would be grown as a natural source of this medicinally important molecule. When developing faba bean as a functional food crop for PD patients, a careful selection of genotype seems necessary for exploiting the full potential of this natural remedy.Conclusion: Consumption of young pods and leaves is the most practical means for direct intake or processing of L-DOPA. Lastly, favorable environmental conditions for growth will optimize L-DOPA yield (Landry, et al., 2015). Further analysis of the genetic control of L-DOPA synthesis and metabolism will be valuable, with the possibility of developing environmentally resilient cultivars that can produce desirable amounts of L-DOPA for pharmaceutical use. Key words: Faba bean, L-DOPA, Parkinson’s disease

The role of pollinators in maintaining variation in flower colour in the Rocky Mountain columbine, Aquilegia coerulea.

Flower colour varies within and among populations of the Rocky Mountain columbine, Aquilegia coerulea, in conjunction with the abundance of its two major pollinators, hawkmoths and bumble-bees. This study seeks to understand whether the choice of flower colour by these major pollinators can help explain the variation in flower colour observed in A. coerulea populations. Dual choice assays and experimental arrays of blue and white flowers were used to determine the preference of hawkmoths and bumble-bees for flower colour. A test was made to determine whether a differential preference for flower colour, with bumble-bees preferring blue and hawkmoths white flowers, could explain the variation in flower colour. Whether a single pollinator could maintain a flower colour polymorphism was examined by testing to see if preference for a flower colour varied between day and dusk for hawkmoths and whether bumble-bees preferred novel or rare flower colour morphs. Hawkmoths preferred blue flowers under both day and dusk light conditions. Naïve bumble-bees preferred blue flowers but quickly learned to forage randomly on the two colour morphs when similar rewards were presented in the flowers. Bees quickly learned to associate a flower colour with a pollen reward. Prior experience affected the choice of flower colour by bees, but they did not preferentially visit novel flower colours or rare or common colour morphs. Differences in flower colour preference between the two major pollinators could not explain the variation in flower colour observed in A. coerulea. The preference of hawkmoths for flower colour did not change between day and dusk, and bumble-bees did not prefer a novel or a rare flower colour morph. The data therefore suggest that factors other than pollinators may be more likely to affect the flower colour variation observed in A. coerulea.

Flower like micellar assemblies in poly(styrene)-block-poly(4-vinyl pyridine)/poly(acrylic acid) complexes

The formation of rare flower like micelles in poly(styrene)-block-poly(4-vinyl pyridine)/poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-P4VP/PAA) diblock copolymer/homopolymer complexes is reported. The self-assembly as well as the morphological changes in the complexes were induced by the addition of a high molecular weight PAA/ethanol solution into the PS-b-P4VP solution in dimethyl formamide followed by dialyses. The composition-dependent micelles were varying in size and shape with increase in PAA concentration in solution. The complex aggregates in solution were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) whereas morphologies in the solid complexes were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Flower like micelles are formed in complexes at 20wt% PAA concentration followed by ‘spikey’ micellar assemblies at 40wt% PAA. The size of the micelles was found to be increased upon the addition of PAA into the block copolymer solution. Infrared studies revealed the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between the complementary binding sites on PAA and the P4VP block of the block copolymer. Finally, a model was proposed to explain the self-assembly and morphological transitions in these complexes based on the experimental results obtained.

Inheritance and reproductive consequences of floral anthocyanin deficiency in Silene dioica (Caryophyllaceae).

• Flower color is one of the most important traits for pollinator attraction. However, natural plant populations often harbor rare flower color variants resulting from mutations in biochemical pathways for floral pigment production. It is unclear how such mutations can persist because they can affect not only pollinator visitation but also plant fertility and performance.• We collected rare white-flowered (anthocyanin-deficient) and common pink-flowered morphs of Silene dioica from natural populations in Switzerland. First- and second-generation hybrids between pink and white morphs, as well as backcrosses toward white morphs were produced, and the proportion of white-flowered offspring was determined. We compared seed siring ability and seed production between morphs using hand pollination experiments. Moreover, we scored the transfer of pollen analogues (fluorescent dyes) in a 50:50 array of the two morphs.• The proportions of white-flowered plants in the offspring of our crosses were consistent with more than one recessive mutation as the cause of floral anthocyanin deficiency and further suggested a role of maternal effects for flower color. Seed siring ability and seed set did not differ significantly between pink and white morphs. Pollen transfer occurred preferentially within morphs.• Overall, our results imply that the white morph of S. dioica likely is caused by recessive mutations that do not impair reproduction. However, as this flower color polymorphism led to assortative mating in our experiment, it may represent standing genetic variation with the potential to contribute to evolutionary divergence.

Medical Resource Value Appraisal for Leucojum aestivum in Turkey.

In this study, we investigate the medical and economical value of Leucojum aestivum. Leucojum aestivum contains the alkaloid galanthamine, which is one of the main active substances in Reminyl, a commonly used drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this analysis, we estimate that there are 13 million mild to moderate patients with Alzheimer's who use Reminyl. Our results suggest that the market change value of L aestivum required for 1 unit of Reminyl is US$62. The value of total change of galanthamine and L aestivumis estimated to be US$18.6 billion per year. Alzheimer's drugs that use L aestivum are relatively expensive, ranging in cost from US$183 to more than US$400 per month. The minimum annual cost of this is US$2196 per person for "patients with mild and moderate stage AD." The using value of 6 million units of L aestivum bulbs, which is the amount exported from Turkey, is estimated to be US$27 million per year. The determined value for L aestivum is equivalent to the value of a rare flower that can be used to treat the serious illness of AD.

Incarnadine by Mary Szybist

reviews term, not because the author wanted to explore his subject matter in a variety of genres but because he has expertise in a number of fields, and that expertise very naturally rose to the surface here. Dealing with loss is very much about memory. The Day of Shelly’s Death remembers. And it re-members , that is, it reconnects the pieces of broken, fragmented experience. In “The Ifugao Men,” we read about the moment Rosaldo is brought to where his dead wife’s body was found: “Conchita arrives // with a pale, trembling man. / He places his lips on the body’s lips, // rocks back. A fly buzzes / in then out of the body’s mouth.” This is but a taste of what is found here. In the first of the book’s two essays, “Notes on Poetry and Ethnography ,” he writes of his conviction that “The material of poetry is not so much the raw event as the traces it leaves” and “The ambition of poetry is . . . to be the event itself.” I heartily agree. And I believe Renato Rosaldo has achieved these aims magnificently. Margaret Randall Albuquerque, New Mexico Mary Szybist. Incarnadine. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Graywolf Press. 2013. isbn 9781555976354 What happens when the nonhuman confronts the human? Mary Szybist explores the possibilities by making the Annunciation scene between Mary and the angel Gabriel the central encounter that is replayed in many different forms and modernized in a number of different contexts in her delicate, haunting collection . Szybist’s style is unusual in its imaginative force she invigorates the genre of devotional poetry with an uncommonly light yet vibrant touch. Conflating the mythic and the ordinary , the carnal and the sacred, her poems consider the range of ways in which annunciative confrontations that transform the spirit and heal the soul might occur in modern life. Like Yeats’s “Leda and the Swan,” Szybist’s work portrays the kaleidoscopically shifting sense of violence, terror, eros, and confusion inherent in an encounter between the human and the divine. She attempts nothing less than the realistic portrayal of an experience that cannot be logically understood by the human mind. The vantage points and images through which the Annunciation is reimagined are strikingly diverse. In “Long after the Desert and Donkey,” Gabriel addresses Mary as if he were her vigilant shadow: “What a thing to be with you and have / no words 70 worldliteraturetoday.org Federica de Paolis The Listener Samuel Rizzardi & Simona Rizzardi, tr. Troubador In her recent novel, Federica de Paolis uses the narrative device of listening in on telephone conversations to show how an act as simple as eavesdropping can vastly affect a person’s life. Dealing with themes of boredom, resentment, curiosity, connections between people, and listening, this book possesses a stark realism that draws the reader into its world. Tõnu Õnnepalu Radio Adam Cullen, tr. Dalkey Archive Press Tõnu Õnnepalu’s dense novel explores the dichotomy of a man who has been away for a long time returning home and his doubts about where he belongs. Frequently discussing Estonian culture and landscape and comparing the Baltic nation to France, the book demonstrates a complex understanding of the human psyche. Nota Bene for it. What a thing / to be outcast like that.” Their confrontation is reenacted as a televised moment in “Annunciation Overheard from the Kitchen”: “There were faint sounds / like walnuts being dropped by crows into the street.” Yet another version evokes the central scene through the startling grid of gulls attacking a whale: “why wouldn’t such sweetness be for them? / For they outnumber her.” Another poem disarmingly conjures their meeting through the images of a rare flower, Kinkaid’s lupine, and the endangered species of blue butterfly that is irresistibly drawn to it: “If I could bind myself to this moment, to the slow / snare of its scent, / What would it matter if I became / just the flutter of page / in a text someone turns.” What these poems share including those that do not specifically focus on the Annunciation is a kind of blueprint in verse of the erotically variegated state of spiritual longing . This complex state of desire is conveyed cinematically in actions...

The genetic basis of a rare flower color polymorphism in Mimulus lewisii provides insight into the repeatability of evolution.

A long-standing question in evolutionary biology asks whether the genetic changes contributing to phenotypic evolution are predictable. Here, we identify a genetic change associated with segregating variation in flower color within a population of Mimulus lewisii. To determine whether these types of changes are predictable, we combined this information with data from other species to investigate whether the spectrum of mutations affecting flower color transitions differs based on the evolutionary time-scale since divergence. We used classic genetic techniques, along with gene expression and population genetic approaches, to identify the putative, loss-of-function mutation that generates rare, white flowers instead of the common, pink color in M. lewisii. We found that a frameshift mutation in an anthocyanin pathway gene is responsible for the white-flowered polymorphism found in this population of M. lewisii. Comparison of our results with data from other species reveals a broader spectrum of flower color mutations segregating within populations relative to those that fix between populations. These results suggest that the genetic basis of fixed differences in flower color may be predictable, but that for segregating variation is not.

Contra Eichengreen and Mitchener on ABCT

PurposeAustrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT) is a rare and precious flower. As adherents of this perspective, the present authors wish to share it with as many scholars as possible. They thus welcome criticisms of it, particularly emanating from neoclassical economists, who have for far too long ignored ABCT. However, at least in the case of the mainstream critics Eichengreen and Mitchener, a more accurate assessment of that which they were criticizing would have gone a long way in the direction of achieving real disagreement. To wit, they have misunderstood ABCT, and thus their criticisms fail to come to grips with this mode of analysis. The purpose of this paper is to correct the misunderstandings of Eichengreen and Mitchener regarding ABCT.Design/methodology/approachThe paper's objectives are achieved by quoting heavily from Eichengreen, and Mitchener, and contrasting their erroneous understanding of ABCT with its actual tenets. In this way the authors hope to improve their criticism. If they could be direct their attention to the actual ABCT, instead of a straw man version of it, real understanding, and progress in economic theory, might well be the result.FindingsThe findings are, unfortunately, that there still remains a lot of work to be done if real disagreement between Austrian and neoclassical economists is to be achieved, let alone where a state of affairs is achieved where real learning can occur. A minimal necessary condition for such an eventuality is accurate understanding of the position of the other must be attained. Eichengreen, and Mitchener show little evidence of this accomplishment.Originality/valueThis paper provides a useful explanation of the ABCT.

The Note on Morphology of Rafflesia hasseltii Surigar from Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park, Riau

The detail observation had been done on the morphological characters of Rafflesia hasseltii from Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park (BTNP). Currently, this endangered and rare flower found in two populations in this park, Aek Telap and Mandi Urau, Tanah Datar. The preliminary study on morphological characters of flowers from this site shows blotches and dot pattern variability. The detail observation of morphology of R. hasseltii from BTNP, presented the similarity to its type except the blotches pattern in perigone lobe. However, the further monitoring research is still needed to observe more flowers in this site. Due to its rarity, study on all Rafflesia species must be carefully done especially in using the characters of blotch for taxonomy evidence, as this characters show the variability among the flowers within population.© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Rafflesia hasseltii, tjendawan muka rimau, morphology

Adaptation and the Art of Survival

Adaptation and the Art of Survival

Biology: Rare flower needs prickly neighbors

Science NewsVolume 171, Issue 14 p. 221-221 Of Note Biology: Rare flower needs prickly neighbors First published: 30 September 2009 https://doi.org/10.1002/scin.2007.5591711412AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume171, Issue147 April 2007Pages 221-221 RelatedInformation