Rapid Spectrophotometric Method For Determination Research Articles

Using and Validation of a new Spectrophotometric method for determination of Vitamin C in Pharmaceutical samples

A new simple and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination the accurate amount of vitamin C containedin pharmaceutical samples has been developed. The ferric chloride is reduced by vitamin C and then reacts with potassium ferricyanide to create a dark blue solution of Prussian blue. The resulted color was observant at the absorption wavelength of 697nm. Optimum reaction conditions of Ferric chloride, Potassium Ferricyanide concentrations, reaction time, temperature and pH where investigated. Influence of potential interfering substances were also examined.Analyzes of commercial pharmaceutical samples showed good correlation with the valuesgiven by the manufacturers and the results obtained by a titration method with Iodine. The apparent molar absorptivity value is found to be 3.25 × 103. The results of analysis have been validated statistically, with good correlation coefficient (0.999). The proposed method has better LOD and LOQ values than many methods used to determine vitamin C in pharmaceutical forms.

Spectrophotometric determination of Montelukast Sodium in pure form and in its pharmaceutical formulations

A simple, sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of Montelukast Sodium (MON) in both pure form and pharmaceutical formulations was developed. This method was based on the oxidation of the studied drug in presence of acidic medium by a known excess of (Potassium bromide: Potassium bromate) (KBr:KBrO3) and subsequent determination of unreacted oxidant by reacting it with Crystal Violet (CV) dye [4 [bis [4 (dimethylamino) phenyl] methylidene] cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]-dimethylazanium to produce blue product at λmax. 592 nm. The linearity range was found to be (5-50)µg/ml and molar absorptivity 1.5691×104 L/mol.cm, correlation coefficient 0.9993 and the limit of detection 0.209 µg/ml. This method was successfully applied for the determination of (MON) in tablet formulation.

Spectrophotometric method for the Determination of Sulfathiazole Drug by Schiff's base Formation

This research involves the development of simple, sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of sulfathiazole (STHZ) in aqueous solution. The method is based on the Schiff's base formation between the primary amino group of sulfathiazole and aldehyde group of the p-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde reagent (p-DMAB) to produce a yellow colored complex having maximum absorption at 451 nm at pH 2.2. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range 2-24μg/ml of sulfathiazole , with a molar absorptivity 11259 L.mol-1.cm-1 and sandal index of 0.023 μg.cm-2 . The average recovery is 99.925%, relative standard deviation 0.68-0.81% and D.L of 0.1534 μg/ml . This method has been applied successfully to determination of sulfathiazole in veterinary injection liquid solution (bio prime).

Spectrophotometric determination of sulphite and thiamin hydrochloride via Xylenol orange dye

a simple, acurate and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of sulphite and thiamine hydrochloride (B1) is described. This method used proton transfer reaction between sulphite ion with xylenol orange at pH(7.6) to develop red colour adduct that of maximum absorption at 580 nm. This adduct was used for determination of thiamine hydrochloride by bleaching the red colour product (xylenol orange-sulphite) at the optimum conditions established for the determination of sulphite. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range (10-1000) μg/25ml (i.e. 0.4-40) of sulphite and 10-2000, μg/25ml (i.e. 0.4-80) for thiamine hydrochloride at the selected wavelength, the molar absorbtivity 2.8×104 l.mol-1.cm-1 for SO32- and 2.69×104 l.mol-1.cm-1 for thiamine hydrochloride, Sandell's index for sensitivity 0.002857 μg .cm-2 for sulphite and 0.012537 μg .cm-2 for B1. Good recoveries of sulphite and thiamine hydrochloride from water samples and pharmaceutical formations are achieved using the proposed method.

Brza spektrofotometrijska metoda za određivanje reaktivnih supstanci tiobarbiturne kiseline (TBARS) u hrani za kalifornijske pastrmke

Brza spektrofotometrijska metoda za određivanje reaktivnih supstanci tiobarbiturne kiseline (TBARS) u hrani za kalifornijske pastrmke

An Easy and Rapid Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Chloroquine Diphosphate in Tablets

Introduction: Malaria, an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, is highly prevalent in the Brazilian Amazon. Chloroquine is the first-choice drug for the treatment of malaria caused by P. vivax and P. malariae. The humid and hot climate characteristic of the Brazilian endemic region favors drug degradation and modification of its biopharmaceutical properties, which may result in subtherapeutic dosage, formation of degradation products that can be toxic to humans and appearance of parasitic resistance. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the quality of chloroquine tablets. Materials and Methods: An analytical method was developed and validated to determine chloroquine content in tablets by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The diluent consisted of 0.06 M monosodium phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and detection was performed at 343 nm. Results and Conclusion: The method proved to be linear in the range of 7.2 to 19.2 µg.mL-1, precise, accurate, selective, robust, and statistically equivalent to a liquid chromatographic method by the United States Pharmacopeia. The developed method was applied to determine chloroquine content in six batches of the drug. The evaluated batches were considered adequate for identification, assay, dissolution, disintegration and uniformity of dosage units, and were found to be inadequate in terms of friability.

Spectrophotometric determination of sulphite and thiamin hydrochloride using proton transfer reaction-application to water sample and pharmaceutical formation

In this research, an easy, acurate and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of sulphite and thiamine hydrochloride is described. This method used proton transfer reaction between sulphite ion with alizarine at (pH 6.73) to develop red colour adduct that bears maximum absorption at 524 nm. This method was developed to determination of thiamine hydrochloride by bleaching the red colour (alizarine-sulphite product) at the optimum conditions established for the determination of sulphite. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range (10-1000) μg/25ml (0.4-40) of sulphite and 10-1500, μg/25ml (0.4-60) for thiamine hydrochloride at the selected wavelength, the molar absorbtivity 2.6×104 l.mol-1.cm-1 for SO32- and 3.37×104 l.mol-1.cm-1 for thiamine hydrochloride, Sandell's index for sensitivity 0.00307 μg .cm-2 for sulphite and 0.0100 μg .cm-2 for B1, the precision (RSD) of the method is ±0.23- ± 0.51% sulphite and ±0.15- ±0.25 thiamine hydrochloride. Good recoveries of sulphite and thiamine hydrochloride from water samples and pharmaceutical formation are achieved using the proposed method.

Validated spectrophotometric approach for determination of salbutamol sulfate in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms using oxidative coupling reaction

This study was aimed to find out a simple, sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of salbutamol sulfate (SAL). The suggested method was based on the oxidative-coupling reaction of SAL with potassium iodate coupled with 4-amino-5-isopropyl-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one (AMP). The formed red colour of the reaction product was measured at a maximum absorption wavelength of 499 nm against the blank solution. It was obeyed to Beer-Lambert's law over the concentration ranged of 2–32 μg mL−1 with a molar absorptivity of 9.165 × 103 L mol−1 cm−1. The suitability of the proposed method for determination of SAL in the presence of some interfering species was studied. The method revealed high sensitivity for determination of the selected drug. The percentage recoveries were in the range from98.8 to 100.4% with relative standard deviation less than 0.3%. The developed method was validated according the current ICH guidelines (ICH guidelines, 2005). Promising results using the proposed spectrophotometric method were recorded for determination of SAL in its pure form and pharmaceutical formulations.

Spectrophotometric Determination Atenolol in Pharmaceutical Preparation by Schiff’s Base Formation

The research Includes simple, sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of atenolol in aqueous solution. The method is based on the Schiff's base formation which is achieved by coupling of atenolol with salicyldehyde to yield a yellow colour product exhibiting maximum absorbance at 378 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range 12 - 84 μg/ml of atenolol, with a molar absorptivity 3728.2 L.mol-1.cm-1 and sandell index of 0.0714 μg.cm-2. The average recovery is 100.016%, relative standard deviation 0.181-1.907% and D.L of 0.4340 μg/ml. This method has been applied successfully to determination of isoniazid in pharmaceutical preparations.

Development and validation of UV spectrophotometric methods for the estimation of vortioxetine hydrobromide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms

The research work discusses the development of simple, selective, precise and rapid spectrophotometric methods for determination of vortioxetine hydrobromide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Two methods were developed using different solvents, methanol (method A) and 50: 50% v/v of water: methanol (method B). The vortioxetine hydrobromide quantified at 228nm in method A and 224nm in method B. Both the methods are high sensitive and obeyed beers-lamberts law over the concentration ranges of 2–12 and 3–15 μg/ml−1 for method A and method B respectively and exhibited good correlation coefficient (R2 =0.999). The linear regression equation obtained by least square regression method was Y=0.061x+0.01 and Y=0.061X+0.03 for method A and method B respectively. Two methods were shown the excellent mean recovery of 98.3–100.7 and 98.5–100.3 for method A and method B respectively. Both optimized methods showed the good reproducibility and recovery with standard deviation <1% and percent relative standard deviation <2%. The proposed method A and B was validated for various parameters like accuracy, precision, robustness, ruggedness, limit of detection and limit of quantification as per ICH guidelines and statically. The obtained results proved that proposed methods are precise and accurate and hence can be applied for routine analysis of the vortioxetine hydrobromide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms in quality control purpose.

Field Application of a Rapid Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Persulfate in Soil

Remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils can be performed both in situ and ex situ using chemical oxidants such as sodium persulfate. Standard methods for quantifying persulfate require either centrifugation or prolonged settling times. An optimized soil extraction procedure was developed for persulfate involving simple water extraction using a modified disposable syringe. This allows considerable saving of time and removes the need for centrifugation. The extraction time was reduced to only 5 min compared to 15 min for the standard approach. A comparison of the two approaches demonstrated that each provides comparable results. Comparisons were made using high (93 g kg−1 soil) and low (9.3 g kg−1 soil) additions of sodium persulfate to a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil, as well as sand spiked with diesel. Recoveries of 95±1% and 96±10% were observed with the higher application rate in the contaminated soil and spiked sand, respectively. Corresponding recoveries of 86±5% and 117±19% were measured for the lower application rate. Results were obtained in only 25 min and the method is well suited to batch analyses. In addition, it is suitable for application in a small field laboratory or even a mobile, vehicle-based system, as it requires minimal equipment and reagents.

Nitrite determination in water samples based on a modified Griess reaction and central composite design

A simple, sensitive, selective and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of trace amounts of nitrite was proposed. The method is based on the diazotization-coupling reaction of nitrite by 3-nitroaniline and 1-naphthylamine in hydrochloric acid solution at pH 1.0 (Griess reaction). The final product (an azo dye) has a purple color with maximum absorption at 515 nm. Optimum conditions of the variables influencing the reaction were explored by central composite design (CCD). The variables chosen were pH, reaction temperature, concentration of 3-nitroaniline and concentration of 1-naphthylamine. The univariate calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.01–1.70 mg L−1 of nitrite. A detection limit of 5 × 10−4 mg L−1 was obtained for the determination of nitrite by the proposed method. The modified Griess method was successfully applied to determine nitrite in tap, rain and wastewater samples. The results of the analysis of the real samples showed that percent relative standard deviation of the method (RSD%) is below 4% and percent recoveries vary between 99.0% and 102%.

Simple and Rapid Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Uranium (VI) in Low Grade Uranium Ores Using Arsenazo (III)

A simple and highly selective non-extractive spectrophotometric method is presented for the rapid determination of uranium in low grade uranium ores using arsenazo (III). The method is based on the complex formation of uranium (VI) with Arsenazo (III) at pH 2.0 ± 0.1 which showed maximum absorption at 651 m. Uranium concentration of 10 μg g-1 with a molar absorptivity of 4.45×104 mol-1×cm-1 at 296 ± 2 K obeyed Beer’s law. Interferences caused by various metallic ions,such as Mn, Fe, Zn, Mo, Cr, Cu, Co, Ni, Zr, Pb, Al and Na were effectively masked by diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) and tartaric acid. The proposed technique has been effectively applied to the determination of low levels of uranium in uranium leach liquors. The accuracy of the current method was checked by comparison with the results obtained by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Приведено простий і високоселективний спектрофотометричний метод для швидкого визначення урану в низькосортних уранових рудах з використанням арсеназо (III). Метод базується на утворенні комплексу урану (VI) з арсеназо (III) за рН = 2,0 ± 0,1 з максимумом поглинання при 651 нм. Концентрації урану порядку 10 мг×г-1 і молярний коефіцієнт поглинання 4,45×104 моль-1×см-1 при 296 ± 2 К підкоряються закону Бера. Вплив різних йонів металів, таких як Mn, Fe, Zn, Mo, Cr, Cu, Co, Ni, Zr, Pb, Al і Na ефективно нейтралізується діетилентриамінопентаоцтовою і винної кислотами. Запропонований метод був ефективно використаний для визначення низьких концентрацій урану в лугах після вилуговування. Точність запропонованого методу була перевірена порівнянням з результатами, отриманими за допомогою індуктивно-зв‘язаної плазмо-оптичної емісійної спектроскопії.

Flow Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Hydrazine in Environmental Water Samples

A simple, accurate, sensitive and selective flow injection spectrophotometric method for rapid determination of amounts of hydrazine was proposed in this paper, which was based on p-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde (pDAB) reacts with hydrazine originating aldazine. The resulting yellow colored product is stable in acidic medium and has a maximum absorption at 460 nm. Upon the optimal condition, the absorption intensity linearly increased with the concentration of hydrazine in the range from 2.0–100.0μgL-1 and 100.0–1500.0μgL−1 with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.998(n=11) and and R2=0.9997(n=11), respectively. The experimental detection limit of 0.016μg L-1. The sampling frequency is 24 samples h-1 and the relative standard deviation was 0.38% for 0.1mg L-1. This method is suitable for automatic and continuous analysis, and successfully applied to determine the content of hydrazine in river water, pond water and waste water.

Rapid Determination of Quinoline and 2-Hydroxyquinoline in Quinoline Biodegradation Process by Tri-Wavelength UV/Vis Spectroscopy

For the present study, a tri-wavelength UV/Vis spectrophotometric method for rapid determination of quinoline (Q) and 2-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) during Q biodegradation was developed. Based on the spectral measurements at 289 nm (the isosbestic point of Q and HQ), 326 and 380 nm, the spectral interference of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the process samples could be minimized, and the amounts of Q and HQ could be simultaneously quantified. Our results indicated that the relative standard deviations in the repeatability tests were 2.7 and 1.7% for Q and HQ, respectively. The method validation was conducted by comparing the data obtained using the present method with those generated from high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The same set of samples from Q biodegradation process was used. The relative differences between the two methods were within 10%. In conclusion, the present method is simple, rapid, and suitable for the investigation in Q biodegradation processes.

A spectrophotometric assay for quantification of artemisinin

A sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of artemisinin concentration is described. The method is based on the measurement of a reaction product of the drug in strong alkali solution. The interaction produces a homogenous electronic transition band from 250 to 330 nm with maximum transition at around 291 nm. The absorption curve shows Gaussian distribution with identical half bandwidth, thus providing information for formation of a possible mono-type reaction product. The 291 nm absorption intensity increases with increasing concentration of artemisinin and obeys Beer's law in the range of 0.44–172 nmol (ml −1). The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated including its recovery from human plasma and erythrocyte samples.

Spectrophotometric study for the reaction between fluvoxamine and 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate: Kinetic, mechanism and use for determination of fluvoxamine in its dosage forms

Spectrophotometric study was carried out, for the first time, to investigate the reaction between the antidepressant fluvoxamine (FXM) and 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate (NQS) reagent. In alkaline medium (pH 9), an orange-colored product exhibiting maximum absorption peak ( λ max) at 470 nm was produced. The kinetics of the reaction was investigated and its activation energy was found to be 2.65 kcal mol −1. Because of this low activation energy, the reaction proceeded easily. The stoichiometry of the reaction was determined and the reaction mechanism was postulated. This color-developing reaction was successfully employed in the development of simple and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of FXM in its pharmaceutical dosage forms. Under the optimized reaction conditions, Beer's law correlating the absorbance ( A) with FXM concentration ( C) was obeyed in the range of 0.6–8 μg ml −1. The regression equation for the calibration data was A = 0.0086 + 0.1348 C, with good correlation coefficient (0.9996). The molar absorptivity ( ɛ) was 5.9 × 10 4 l mol −1 cm −1. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.2 and 0.6 μg ml −1, respectively. The precision of the method was satisfactory; the values of relative standard deviations did not exceed 2%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of FXM in its pharmaceutical tablets with good accuracy and precisions; the label claim percentage was 100.47 ± 0.96%. The results obtained by the proposed method were comparable with those obtained by the official method. The proposed method is superior to all the previously reported spectrophotometric methods for determination of FXM in terms of its simplicity and sensitivity. The method is practical and valuable for its routine application in quality control laboratories for analysis of FXM.

Rapid Method for Determination of Phosphine Residues in Wheat

A rapid method for spectrophotometric determination of phosphine residues in wheat has been developed. Phosphine-fumigated wheat kernels were added with 10% sulfuric acid in a gas-tight flask, and phosphine was released into the headspace by microwave irradiation. Phosphine was spectrophotometrically determined after reaction with silver nitrate. A good linearity of the calibration curve was obtained with wheat spiked at levels ranging from 0.035 to 0.230 μg/g with correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9965 and a detection limit of 0.026 μg/g. The total time of analysis was 10 min. Headspace analysis was also performed by micro-gas chromatography (GC) with a thermal conductivity detector (micro-GC-TCD). Results obtained with the spectrophotometric and micro-GC-TCD methods showed good correlations with those obtained with the most widely used GC with nitrogen–phosphorus detector with r values of 0.9940 and 0.9946, respectively.

Kinetic spectrophotometric method for rapid determination of trace formaldehyde in foods

A simple and sensitive kinetic-spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of ultra trace amount of formaldehyde in food samples. The method was based on the oxidation of rhodamine B (RhB) by potassium bromate in sulfuric acid medium (formaldehyde as catalyst). The reaction was monitored by measuring the decrease in absorbance of the dye at 515 nm after 6 min. The developed method allowed the determination of formaldehyde in the range of 10–100 μg L −1 with good precision, accuracy and the detection limit was down to 2.90 μg L −1. The relative standard deviations for the determination of 10 and 60 μg L −1 of formaldehyde were 3.0% and 1.9% ( n = 10), respectively. The method was found to be sensitive, selective and was applied to the determination of formaldehyde in foods with satisfactory results.

A Simple and Rapid Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Ultra Trace Amounts of Thallium(III) with 4‐(4′‐N,N‐Dimethylaminophenyl) Urazole as a New Reagent

A simple and selective spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of ultra trace amounts of Tl(III). The reported method is based on the oxidation of 4-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)urazole (DAPU) to the corresponding triazolinedione (TAD) by Tl(III) at pH 4.0. The reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the increasing color of TAD compound at 514 nm by the fixed-time method. At a given time of 2.0 min at 30 degrees C, the working range of calibration was 5.0 x 10(-8) - 2.0 x 10(-5) M Tl(III) and detection limit of 5.0 x 10(-8) M was obtained. The influences of pH, reagent concentration, ionic strength and temperature were studied. The effect of diverse ions on the determination of Tl(III) by the proposed method was also investigated. Thallium in real samples was determined by this method, with satisfactory results.