Rapid Social Change Research Articles

Applying Kumpfer’s resilience framework to understand the social adaptation process of the trailing parents in China

BackgroundTrailing parents, a distinct group emerging from China’s rapid social change and urbanization, are experiencing migration in old age, posing challenges for their social adaptation. Existing research has mainly focused on the hardships faced by this group, but few studies have focused on how they cope with change and achieve some degree of successful social adaptation. This study aimed to understand the coping and social adaptation process of trailing parents in China.MethodsThis study used a qualitative research approach. A total of 24 trailing parents were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview and share their experiences and efforts to cope with the many challenges. Kumpfer’s resilience framework was used as the theoretical framework for the study design, data collection, and data analysis.ResultsThis study identified several intra-family and community stressors that trailing parents may face when moving to a new environment and uncovered five key resilience characteristics that may be triggered or fostered in the presence of these stressors, including physical fitness, psychological stability, open-mindedness, learning ability, and nurturing hobbies. Individuals with resilience traits have been observed to engage in positive cognitive processing and transform the new environment. Consistent with Kumpfer’s resilience framework, this study revealed the dynamics of the stressors faced by trailing parents in the new environments, the role of resilience characteristics, and the critical influence of social support in shaping the interplay between the individual and the environment that enabled them to adapt positively.ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of fostering resilience traits and leveraging positive coping mechanisms to facilitate a smoother adaptation process for trailing parents. Meanwhile, there is an urgent need to focus on creating opportunities that strengthen their social support networks.

Komunikasi Dakwah Dalam Konversi Nilai Pendidikan Agama Islam Guna Pembentukan Karakter Sosial Bermasyarakat

During the era of globalisation, we will be presented with the disharmony of the crisis of human values with the tension of Islamic norms along with the advancement of science and technology (IPTEK). Therefore, the correlation between aspects of religion / da'wah, social communication, and science needs to be integrated in the delivery of Islamic religious education and social character building. The main focus is how da'wah and Islamic religious education can build social character in accordance with Islamic values in the midst of rapid social change. The study presented in this research uses a literature review to collect, evaluate and synthesise information from various sources, thus building a comprehensive understanding of the topic discussed. This research found that da'wah and Islamic religious education are very important in building social character in accordance with Islamic values. The concept of effective da'wah communication can help in transforming the values of Islamic religious education into relevant da'wah applications in the modern era. Islamic religious education aims to improve the quality of human resources and create a decent situation for life and the environment. Da'wah and Islamic religious education have an important role in building social character in accordance with Islamic values. In the modern era, da'wah must be able to adapt to the development of science and technology and globalisation to remain relevant and effective. This research emphasises the importance of integration between da'wah and communication to achieve sustainable da'wah goals.

Dakwah Berbasis Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Pada Program Misykat DT Peduli Di Kelurahan Rahma Kota Lubuklinggau

During the era of globalisation, we will be presented with the disharmony of the crisis of human values with the tension of Islamic norms along with the advancement of science and technology (IPTEK). Therefore, the correlation between aspects of religion / da'wah, social communication, and science needs to be integrated in the delivery of Islamic religious education and social character building. The main focus is how da'wah and Islamic religious education can build social character in accordance with Islamic values in the midst of rapid social change. The study presented in this research uses a literature review to collect, evaluate and synthesise information from various sources, thus building a comprehensive understanding of the topic discussed. This research found that da'wah and Islamic religious education are very important in building social character in accordance with Islamic values. The concept of effective da'wah communication can help in transforming the values of Islamic religious education into relevant da'wah applications in the modern era. Islamic religious education aims to improve the quality of human resources and create a decent situation for life and the environment. Da'wah and Islamic religious education have an important role in building social character in accordance with Islamic values. In the modern era, da'wah must be able to adapt to the development of science and technology and globalisation to remain relevant and effective. This research emphasises the importance of integration between da'wah and communication to achieve sustainable da'wah goals.

Main principles of the socio-psychological phenomenon in housing architecture research: an overview of scientific theories

This study conducts an analytical review and systematization of modern scientific theories of the 21st century related to various aspects of contemporary housing space development. A detailed analysis of literary sources and academic interests in this field has established that a comprehensive description of the socio-psychological phenomenon in the context of housing architecture requires the integration of positions based on theoretical approaches from architecture, urban planning, psychology, sociology, and political science. The primary focus of scholarly interest is the systemic consideration of key theoretical positions that represent the socio-psychological phenomenon, as well as the explication of scientific models capable of integrating the intangible aspects of the "human dimension" into the research context of architectural space and urban planning. The aim of the article is to identify key positions and regularities that exist in modern urban-architectural theories. To achieve this goal, the article outlines the following main tasks: Systematization and critical analysis of 15 scientific theories concerning the socio-psychological aspects of architecture and urbanism; Identification of the main regularities on which the researched theories are based; Integration of diverse disciplinary perspectives (architecture, urbanism, sociology, psychology) into a unified theoretical framework for a comprehensive study of the interrelations that influence the architectural organization of the human residential environment. These tasks will allow for the identification of connections and regularities in the scientific theories of architecture and urbanism, theoretical approaches, and facilitate their application in the process of creating more harmonious living spaces. The object of the study are 15 scientific theories in the field of architecture and urban planning, which were either created or have become widely recognized in the scholarly literature in the 21st century. The subject of the study is the interrelationships between the socio-psychological aspects of human life activity, which directly influence the formation of the residential environment. Among the research methods used in this article is a scientific review of academic literature, including scientific articles, books, conference abstracts, dissertations, and other scholarly publications. This stage involves the identification and selection of relevant sources focused on architecture, sociology, psychology, urbanism, and political science with an emphasis on the residential environment and its socio-psychological aspects. After conducting an exhaustive integrative analysis, fundamental principles describing the socio-psychological dimension in the architecture of urban residential spaces were highlighted. Based on the obtained data, the conceptual foundations of the socio-psychological theory of architecture were characterized. Thus, this study focuses on the necessity of forming the foundations of socially oriented architectural practice that reflects modern human needs in the context of rapid social changes and the evolution of the spatial-cultural environment.

A Philosophical Reading of Justice and Its Resistance to Social Change among the Igbo of Nigeria

Abstract This article explores justice among the Igbo of Nigeria through a philosophical lens. Its discussion focuses on how the Igbo idea of justice intermingles with the idea of akadiocha (clean hands), proverbs, names and equal treatment for all, including the ancestors. Personal interviews form the primary sources of data collection while library materials are the secondary sources. The economy of the Igbo people of Nigeria is dynamic and multifaceted, with traditions of commerce, agriculture, manufacturing, and diaspora contributions playing crucial roles in its development and growth. The Igbo concept of “offor” embodies enduring traditions, values, and social structures that resist rapid social change. Its symbolism and significance continue to shape various aspects of Igbo culture, reinforcing a sense of identity and continuity amidst evolving social, economic, and political dynamics. Western justice is a multifaceted philosophical idea that reflects a commitment to fairness, equality, and the rule of law within legal systems influenced by Western philosophical traditions. By examining these differences, we gain insight into the multifaceted understanding of justice within Igbo culture, which encompasses spiritual, ancestral, and communal dimensions beyond Western paradigms.

Islamic Law Reform in Indonesia: A Perspective on Muhammad Abid Al-Jabiri’s Thought

This study explores the handling of tradition (turath) within Arab society, particularly in the context of modernity and progress. It focuses on the contributions of ‘Abed al-Jabiri, a prominent Muslim philosopher, whose ideas underscore the value of tradition during times of rapid social change. Utilizing a descriptive analysis method, this research examines the interpretation of the Qur’an and Hadith to assess the relevance of ancient scholarly findings to contemporary issues. The study highlights how Islamic feminism, viewed through the lens of Irfani epistemology, seeks to reconstruct these classical insights to align with modern ideals. Islamic feminism is presented as a humanistic ideal rooted in conscience, guided by moral and ethical principles encompassing universal goodness (ma’ruf), individual goodness (khair), happiness (sa’adah), and virtuous deeds (fadhilah). This paper contributes to the discourse on integrating traditional Islamic thought with modern feminist principles, offering a perspective enriched with ethical and spiritual dimensions.

Ritus Sedekah Laut sebagai Mekanisme Sosial Masyarakat Nelayan Urban di Muarareja Kota Tegal

The tradition of Sedekah Laut in Muarareja, Tegal City, is a crucial aspect of the social and cultural life of urban fishing communities. This tradition not only holds religious significance but also plays a vital role in maintaining collective identity and social cohesion amidst rapid social and economic changes. This study aims to elucidate how the ritual of Sedekah Laut in Muarareja functions as a social mechanism among urban fishing communities. Employing a qualitative approach, the research utilized semi-structured interviews with 7 urban fishermen and 3 community members from Muarareja, direct observations, and documentary analysis for data collection. Findings indicate that Sedekah Laut serves not only as a religious ceremony but also as a manifestation of strong social solidarity and sustainable social networks within the fishing community. The study concludes that firstly, Sedekah Laut plays a crucial role in preserving the cultural continuity and community identity of fishermen in Muarareja; secondly, it strengthens social relations among individuals and groups within the community; thirdly, the ritual demonstrates its adaptability and relevance amidst the dynamic social and economic changes along the coastal region. This research provides a foundation for understanding how local traditions can support social and cultural sustainability in continuously transforming coastal communities. The study recommends further interdisciplinary research to deepen understanding of the impacts and significance of this tradition in an evolving global context.

Role Transformation of National Sharia Board-Indonesian Ulama Council (DSN-MUI) in the Dynamics of Fatwa Determination in the Modern Era

The role transformation of the National Sharia Board Dewan Syariah Nasional (DSN); one of the organizational structures in Indonesian Ulama Council Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) in the dynamics of fatwa determination in the modern era is an important topic to be studied in the context of rapid social, economic, and technological change. This article aims to analyze how DSN-MUI adapts to the challenges of modern times and develops a methodology for setting fatwas that is relevant and responsive to the needs of contemporary society. Through a comprehensive literature review, this article highlights the evolution of the DSN's function from the establishment of conventional fatwas towards a more dynamic and inclusive approach, including in the field of sharia finance, halal products, and other social problems. This transformation reflects DSN-MUI's efforts to remain relevant and provide accurate and applicable guidance for Muslims in Indonesia in facing modern issues.

The Understanding of Psychological Challenges Facing South African School Learners In the 21st Century: A Visual Explanatory Approach

The 21st century has brought rapid social, technological, and economic changes that have reshaped the educational landscape worldwide. Within this context, South African school learners face a multifaceted psychological challenge that significantly impacts their well-being and educational outcomes. These challenges are shaped by the unique sociocultural context of South African societies marked by historical inequalities, cultural diversity, and socioeconomic disparities. Thus, this study aimed to explore the understanding of the psychological challenges facing South African learners in the 21st century through the visual explanatory research design. To develop effective interventions and support systems, the study employed a qualitative research approach from the interpretive paradigm perspective to explain the researched issue textually and visually through its participants’ perspectives. The research context and the participants were purposefully and conveniently selected from two secondary schools in the Kwa-Zulu Natal province of South Africa. Besides, the study utilised the focus group discussion and drawing as a visual explanatory approach to generate data. Further, thematic data analysis was used to assign codes and themes. The findings indicate that South African learners are negatively impacted by the psychological challenges that come with the advancement of technology in the 21st century. This study suggests that both parents and the teachers must understand that technology brought both pros and cons to young generations; thus, guidance and restrictions should be employed in the use of technological devices for the benefit and well-being of these learners.

디지털 매체로의 전환 안에서 박물관 관람객의 오토커뮤니케이션

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented disruption across the globe and brought about a social landscape change called “social distancing” that has rapidly transformed the world into a digital society. In the process of rapid social change, which has been referred to as the ‘New Normal’, meaning a new everyday life, the biggest change has been the change in the form and content of social relationships. In this study, we will examine how the interaction of visitors with the cultural texts on display in museums has changed in response to social change. The museum, a place that was closed and open only to a select group of people in the past, has grown into a platform that can be experienced by everyone who can access it in a digital environment, creating a creative cultural phenomenon in which people, as subjects of an individual environment, perform autocommunication through relationships with others, reflecting their own identity and creating new ones. To confirm and summarize this, we will focus on the theory of “cultural interaction” by Russian semiotician Yuri M. Lotman. As a result of the research, we will derive the meaning of museum visits from the perspective of cultural interaction. The purpose of this study is to explore the process of how the form of viewing that leads to “autocommunication” centered on the relationship between collections and visitors within the exhibition text can be newly created as a cultural memory as museums of the past and present move into the era of digital media.

Mendidik Cinta Tanah Air: Memperkuat Identitas Bangsa Melalui Pembelajaran Nilai-Nilai Pancasila

National identity is an important foundation for a nation, containing noble values, culture, and history that distinguish and attract the nation.In the era of rapid globalization and dynamic social change, maintaining and preserving national identity is an increasingly important challenge. Awareness of Pancasila is the key to strengthening national identity. Pancasila, as the state ideology of Indonesia, carries noble values that reflect the spirit of nationality and diversity. This research was prepared using the literature study method by accumulating and drawing conclusions from data obtained from various sources of information, resulting in the conclusion that awareness of Pancasila is key in strengthening national identity.

Model Based Clustering for Regency/City Grouping Based on Community Welfare Indicators in North Sumatra

This thesis aims to apply model-based clustering in grouping regencies/cities in North Sumatra based on Community Welfare Indicators to determine the number of groups (clusters) formed based on community welfare indicators in regencies/cities in North Sumatra and to understand the level of community welfare from this grouping in planning and managing community welfare in regencies/cities in North Sumatra, with the hope of achieving equal welfare in every region. The research method used is Model-Based Clustering, which uses 5 research data variables: HDI, Poor Population, Unemployment Rate, GDP, and Health. In this millennial era, the assessment of community welfare requires more attention. Rapid social, technological, and environmental changes have created new dynamics that can affect community welfare. The evaluation of community welfare is not only limited to economic parameters but also considers health, unemployment, and other factors. By using Model-Based Clustering, it is possible to determine the optimal number of groups (clusters) from various and possibly correlated variables, and the results are easier to understand, making the analysis and understanding of the results easier. Readers can learn about the level of community welfare, and the community and government can evaluate their welfare for future improvements. The research results show that among the groups of regencies/cities formed, five cities consistently show lower Gross Regional Domestic Product (GDP) and Human Development Index (HDI) than other cities. Therefore, a sustainable approach is needed to improve these cities' economic conditions and social welfare.

Cultural Competence Interventions in European Healthcare: A Scoping Review.

Europe is undergoing rapid social change and is distinguished by its cultural superdiversity. Healthcare is facing an increasing need for professionals to adapt to this environment. Thus, the promotion of cultural competence in healthcare has become a priority. However, the training being developed and their suitability for the European context are not well known. The aim of this qualitative study has been to map the scientific literature in order to comprehend the current state of research on this topic. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic scoping review of the empirical publications focused on cultural competence interventions for healthcare professionals in European countries. The search was conducted in eight thematic (PsycINFO, MedLine, and PubPsych) and multidisciplinary databases (Academic Search Ultimate, E-Journals, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Science) to identify relevant publications up to 2023. Results were presented qualitatively. Out of the initial 6506 records screened, a total of 63 publications were included. Although the interventions were implemented in 23 different European countries, cultural competence interventions have not been widely adopted in Europe. Significant heterogeneity was observed in the conception and operacionalización of cultural competence models and in the implementation of the interventions. The interventions have mostly aimed at improving healthcare for minority population groups and have focused on the racial and ethnic dimensions of the individual. Future research is needed to contribute to the conceptual development of cultural competence to design programs tailored to European superdiversity. This scoping review has been registered in OSF and is available for consultation.

Removing a colonial anachronism - The decolonization of heritage in the 1970s Hong Kong

Abstract This article explores the decolonization of heritage politics in 1970s Hong Kong. It firstly revisits recent scholars’ work on Hong Kong heritage politics and the transformation of Hong Kong’s cultural identity. It shows how people’s perceptions of their colonial heritage and history in Hong Kong have changed since the 1970s. Secondly, it outlines the city’s cultural heritage policy framework after the 1967 Riots, inspired by the Cultural Revolution. It analyses how the colonial government intentionally rebranded the city’s colonial heritage as an anachronism to justify its new narrative of Hong Kong and its cultural identity in the 1970s. It also employs the demolition of the former Kowloon Railway Station building in the 1970s as a case study to discuss how the colonial government decolonized local colonial structures through its new cultural heritage policy approach after the Riots. Finally, by employing the case study of the demolished Central Star Ferry Pier in the 2000s, this article argues there was a change in people’s perceptions of the city’s colonial history in the early postcolonial period of Hong Kong. A more active notion of Hong Kong’s cultural identity is also being articulated in the uncertain future due to the city’s recent rapid political and social changes influenced by the mainland authority.

Beyond identity and generations: bringing life course theory to studies of older gay men.

The last century's numerous, rapid social changes affecting gay men make studies of gay male aging a ripe topic for life course theory, which views later life as the product of historical grounded interchanges between individual lives, social change, and structural contexts. That identifying as gay can occur at any point in the life course widens some life course theorists' primary focus on early-life events to include those occurring throughout the life course. Yet most historically-attentive research on older gay men focuses on generations and identity development rather than on cohorts - groups who entered a system or context at the same time - or on the cumulative, concrete outcomes of encountering social change at a particular point in the life course. This article argues for gay male aging studies' use of life course theory, specifically, its focus on cohort membership's implications for later life, including cumulative disadvantage, in addition to more generationally-focused investigations. After briefly reviewing scholarship on older gay men, we introduce the life course approach and its critique by queer gerontologists for adopting a heteronormative view of the LGBT life course and eliding its distinctive contours. With particular attention to later-life concrete outcomes rather than identity formation, we explore key historical events in gay men's lives that have produced (in the case of the AIDS epidemic) or could produce (for example, the Marriage Equality Act, the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy) distinctive gay male cohorts. We then consider intra-cohort variation within gay male cohorts before exploring some the barriers to investigating cohorts and cohort effects among older gay men.

The Celtic Strobe Light: Thomas Kinsella, Trevor Joyce and the Translation of Nationalist Residues in the Mid-Twentieth Century

According to John Goodby and Marcella Edwards, ‘many Irish poets in the 1960s and 1970s turned to translation from Irish in a way that suggests the difficulty of coming to terms with rapid modernization’. Although this may sound like a reasonable conclusion to make of a period of significant social, cultural and economic upheaval, Goodby and Edwards rely on a false binary in their assertion. Referred to by Joe Cleary as the ‘repression-modernization dyad’ through which ‘all sorts of things get drastically simplified’, this is the notion that a clean break was effected by the transfer of power from Éamon de Valera to Seán Lemass in the late 1950s; that traditionalism and economic nationalism were replaced wholesale by dynamism and economic progressivism. According to such an unnuanced view of mid-century Ireland, then, the ‘difficulty’ faced by those poets who turned to translation from Irish appears to be the difficulty of reconciling traditional literary categories with the onslaught of a modernising agenda which apparently reserved no space for them. This article problematises such a ‘drastically simplified’ account by arguing that poetic translations from Irish in the Lemass years and shortly thereafter played a variety of conflicting cultural roles, as opposed to merely articulating the complexities of rapid economic and social change. The crux of such a claim revolves around a paradox in mid-century Ireland: namely, the persistence of what Raymond Williams would call ‘residual’ nationalism, which jarred with the expansionist economic agenda of the Lemass government. As such, this article juxtaposes Thomas Kinsella’s Tain (1969) with Trevor Joyce’ The Poems of Sweeny Peregrine (1976) to illustrate how some texts proved amenable to the state’s newfound ‘paradoxical conflation of the “economy” and the “nation”’, as Conor McCarthy puts it, while others sought to expose the ‘contradictions and gaps within Irishness as it is now’.

Guidelines for Literacy Transmission and Preservation of Bayu Folk Songs

Bayu folk songs, integral to the cultural heritage of Southwest China, face challenges in transmission and preservation amidst rapid social and technological changes. This study aims to investigate and propose guidelines for literacy transmission and preservation of Bayu folk songs. Drawing upon ethnomusicological research and the intersection of education and cultural preservation, the study explores the cultural significance, diversity, integration, and challenges in transmitting Bayu folk songs. Methodologically, 14 key informants were selected from the Chongqing, Guizhou, and Hunan regions, including inheritors of folk songs, local villagers, leaders of cultural centers, and relevant experts. Data were gathered through interviews and observation forms and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results highlight the profound cultural significance of Bayu folk songs, the rich diversity and integration within Bayu culture, and the challenges in transmission within educational settings. The study suggests developing standardized guidelines, curriculum frameworks, and capacity-building initiatives to ensure the successful transmission and preservation of Bayu folk songs within educational contexts, enriching students’ learning experiences and promoting cultural heritage preservation.

What do today's Chinese tourists expect from tour guides? A mixed-method approach to understanding the evolving guide roles

Rapid social and economic changes and the increasing use of resourceful ICT applications, together with the emergence of “experience” centered tourism, have kept the required tour guide's roles and skills evolving. However, little research has explored how those roles have morphed over time from the traditional ones. Via a mixed-method approach - in-depth interviews (N = 16) and a questionnaire survey conducted at two phases (N = 199 + 311), this study explores today's Chinese tourists' preferred guide roles, and how those preferences affect their tour experience. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data, in addition to the exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and regression analysis were conducted. The results provide five dimensions of the preferred guide roles, including group management, information provision, consultation, positive change fostering, as well as information technology facilitation. In particular, this paper is the first to report, from the lens of package tourists, that “positive change fostering” and “ICT facilitation” are new dimensions of the guide's roles. The findings expand the genre of guides' roles in a techno-driven world. In addition, the five identified dimensions provide important references for the industry on what guiding expertise should be developed.

Ways to update the didactics of primary education in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Relevance. Rapid technological and social changes necessitate significant improvements in the primary education system in the Republic of Kazakhstan to meet modern educational needs. Purpose. This study aims to identify effective strategies for enhancing primary education in Kazakhstan through a comprehensive methodology involving surveys, systematic approaches, comparison, classification, analysis, synthesis, and deduction. Methodology. The study employed a combination of surveys, systematic approaches, comparison, classification, analysis, synthesis, and deduction to investigate and evaluate the primary education system in Kazakhstan. Results. The study delineated fundamental components of primary education didactics and critically reviewed classical and modern didactic theories. A thorough analysis of Kazakhstan's primary education system revealed its strengths, such as a diverse curriculum and cultural emphasis, alongside weaknesses such as rigid standardization and inadequate focus on fostering critical thinking skills. Conclusions. The findings underscore the pressing need for integrating interactive teaching methods, leveraging information-communication technologies (ICT), adopting a flexible and differentiated approach, and prioritizing the development of critical thinking skills to effectively address current educational challenges. Keywords: structural changes in academic subjects; pedagogical trends; adaptation of the system to challenges; interactive teaching methods

The Master of Business Administration (MBA) Advantage for Police Chiefs: A Case for Studying Business for Law Enforcement Leadership

Historically, two advanced degrees — the Master of Criminal Justice (MCJ) and the Master of Public Administration (MPA) — have been considered the preferred choices for those seeking the highest ranks of law enforcement leadership. However, in recent years, characterized by rapid social change, technological progress, and growing public attention, the role of the police chief has evolved into a multifaceted leadership position that goes far beyond the traditional responsibilities of law enforcement. It covers a broader set of duties related to leadership and management communications in police units, organizational effectiveness, strategic management, administration, and control, effective financial resources and budgeting management, communications and accountability in local communities, and ethical decision-making to overcome the multifaceted challenges of modern police activity. The article argues that the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA), known for its adaptability and versatility, can become a powerful alternative to MCJ and MPA today, as it provides police leaders with a more universal educational base, a comprehensive set of business skills and specialized knowledge, becomes more extensive, practical and an actual form of education of capable and adaptive police management personnel, allows to best prepare them for dynamic changes and transformation of job roles. The article critically examines to what extent and when solving which tasks the heads of police departments need knowledge and skills according to the traditional attributes of an MBA: in the field of financial management, strategic planning, leadership, and human resources management, effective and crisis communication, negotiation, interaction with the public, business ethics. The specifics of the application of the main attributes of those theories that are traditionally studied within the MBA program for the role of heads of police departments are analyzed: the theory of servant leadership, the theory of situational leadership, the theory of managerial economics, PESTEL analysis, and the theory of human relations. As a conceptual inquiry, this article lays the groundwork for continued research in this area to explore the MBA and its content courses as a useful tool for developing the skills and abilities of law enforcement leaders.