Rapid Routing Research Articles

Spatial accessibility to gun violence exposure on walkable routes to and from school

This study investigates the spatial accessibility of gun violence exposure along walkable routes to and from schools in Englewood, Chicago. Focusing on both direct and indirect forms of gun violence, the study uses acoustic detection technology to quantify the cumulative burden of gun violence exposure potentially encountered by students during their commute to and from school. We examined the spatial distribution of shooting incidents in proximity to schools using network-constrained kernel density estimation, secondary spatial analysis, and rapid realistic routing. G-function analysis revealed that shooting incidents cluster along streets, including safe passage routes, near schools. An average of 1.30 and 18.06 gunshots were reachable within 5- and 15-min commute times in the morning and afternoon, respectively Our findings underscore the urgent need to reframe the narrative around ‘school gun violence’ to consider exposures that occur in proximity to school boundaries to more effectively reduce violence exposure for youth who walk to school in violence-prone neighborhoods.

Distributed and dynamical communication: a mechanism for flexible cortico-cortical interactions and its functional roles in visual attention

Perceptual and cognitive processing relies on flexible communication among cortical areas; however, the underlying neural mechanism remains unclear. Here we report a mechanism based on the realistic spatiotemporal dynamics of propagating wave patterns in neural population activity. Using a biophysically plausible, multiarea spiking neural circuit model, we demonstrate that these wave patterns, characterized by their rich and complex dynamics, can account for a wide variety of empirically observed neural processes. The coordinated interactions of these wave patterns give rise to distributed and dynamic communication (DDC) that enables flexible and rapid routing of neural activity across cortical areas. We elucidate how DDC unifies the previously proposed oscillation synchronization-based and subspace-based views of interareal communication, offering experimentally testable predictions that we validate through the analysis of Allen Institute Neuropixels data. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DDC can be effectively modulated during attention tasks through the interplay of neuromodulators and cortical feedback loops. This modulation process explains many neural effects of attention, underscoring the fundamental functional role of DDC in cognition.

A Novel Routing Control Method Using Federated Learning in Large-Scale Wireless Mesh Networks

Currently, the volume of communication by mobile terminals are increasing owing to 5G and other technologies. A robust network and appropriate routing control methods are requied to transmit information in unstable wireless communication environments and avoid congestion. Therefore, in recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on wireless mesh networks (WMNs), which provide a fault-tolerant communication environment by securing multiple communication paths and whose topology can be freely configured and extended. Additionally, machine learning routing is attracting attention as a new routing method for wireless communication environments. However, when performing machine learning on a large WMN, the learning time increases and rapid routing control may be impossible. In this study, we apply federated learning to machine learning and propose a machine-learning-based routing method that can be applied to large-scale WMNs. Furthermore, experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in various environments: congestion avoidance is achieved in a large-scale WMN by machine-learning routing using federated learning. This study is expected to serve as a basis for significant progress in the realization of large-scale WMNs as wireless communication infrastructure.

The heat is on: Predicting urban stream temperature responses to summer storms

AbstractShort‐term increases in stream temperature in response to storm events have frequently been observed in urban areas, highlighting the need for improved understanding of the factors influencing urban stream temperature. Urban land cover complexity and infrastructure designed for rapid water routing to the sewer system create a direct link between storm events and water release processes, influencing urban stream temperature responses. This study aims to identify predictors of diverse stream temperature response patterns to summer storms. We analysed 403 storm events from six urban and semi‐urban catchments along the US East Coast using dynamic time warping to identify archetype patterns of stream temperature responses. We further disentangled observed stream temperature increase patterns to reveal the drivers associated with ‘heat pulses’, which are characterized by a rapid but high‐magnitude temperature increase followed by a sharp temperature drop at the start of the hydrograph increase. Our results show that stream temperature patterns were event‐specific and linked to pre‐event conditions and rainfall–runoff characteristics, with the shape of the hydrograph and rainfall–runoff response identified as the most important determinators of the observed temperature response patterns. Ponded surface waters and storm drains, as well as cooler water from the shallow subsurface, were identified as potential sources contributing to temperature patterns. These findings have important implications for understanding urban hydrology and the contributions of different source zones in urban catchments. Specifically, our results suggest that stream temperature may serve as a cost‐effective tracer providing information about urban water sources and pathways, thus aiding in the understanding of complex urban hydrology.

Maximum Concurrent Flow Solutions for Improved Routing in IoT Future Networks.

Due to the advent of IoT and the increasing interest of billions of Internet users towards video contents, a huge multimedia flows has been generated, and as a consequence, a massive load is applied on the underlying core network. This change can affect the network stability and lead to potential performance degradation (such as congestion and delays). This is because multimedia flows are hungry in bandwidth, and also the classical routing protocols currently used in IoT core network (like OSPF) are not adapted yet to support the heavy and the large scale of multimedia traffics with a good quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we introduce the multicommodity-based routing by proposing two contributions, Maximum Concurrent Flow Protocol (MCFPr) and Cache-based Maximum Concurrent Flow (C-MCF). They are conceived based on the Maximum Concurrent Flow approach in order to optimize the routing of multimedia data in the backbone of IoT networks. Both contributions are studied and compared with the state-of-art approaches under different scenarios showing good results, especially in the number of data packets sent (improvement by 50%), and in the transmission time (50% faster compared to the majority), which makes them promising solutions for a rapid and efficient routing in IoT core networks.

Global Reach-Level 3-Hourly River Flood Reanalysis (1980–2019)

AbstractBetter understanding and quantification of river floods for very local and “flashy” events calls for modeling capability at fine spatial and temporal scales. However, long-term discharge records with a global coverage suitable for extreme events analysis are still lacking. Here, grounded on recent breakthroughs in global runoff hydrology, river modeling, high-resolution hydrography, and climate reanalysis, we developed a 3-hourly river discharge record globally for 2.94 million river reaches during the 40-yr period of 1980–2019. The underlying modeling chain consists of the VIC land surface model (0.05°, 3-hourly) that is well calibrated and bias corrected and the RAPID routing model (2.94 million river and catchment vectors), with precipitation input from MSWEP and other meteorological fields downscaled from ERA5. Flood events (above 2-yr return) and their characteristics (number, spatial distribution, and seasonality) were extracted and studied. Validations against 3-hourly flow records from 6,000+ gauges in CONUS and daily records from 14,000+ gauges globally show good modeling performance across all flow ranges, good skills in reconstructing flood events (high extremes), and the benefit of (and need for) subdaily modeling. This data record, referred as Global Reach-Level Flood Reanalysis (GRFR), is publicly available at https://www.reachhydro.org/home/records/grfr.

Advanced System Control with Traffic Handling for Secure Communication in IoT Routing Protocol

The Internet of Things (IoT) can simply be referred to as the network of things comprising software, sensors, electronics, allowing data to be collected and transmitted. The next step in the field of technology is the Internet of Things, bringing tremendous improvements to manufacturing, medicine, environmental treatment, and urban growth. In shaping this vision, multiple challenges need to be faced, such as technology interoperability problems, protection and data confidentiality standards and, last but not least, the implementation of energy efficient management systems. These devices with minimal human interference are capable of producing, sharing and consuming data. The networking of related as well as heterogeneous devices is often known to be IoT. The Internet of Things allows things to connect and interact with each other, thus minimizing human involvement in simple daily tasks. Addressing protection at all times or at any position for many users, companies, governments, and enterprises is really necessary and responsive. In this paper a secure IOT architecture for routing in a network with RPL Rapid Node Link Routing (RNLR) Model is proposed that performs traffic management and traffic analysis for secure communication using IoT routing protocol. It mainly aims to locate the malicious users in a IOT routing protocols. the proposed mechanism is compared with the state of the art work and compared results shows the proposed work performs well.

Simulation of Hurricane Harvey flood event through coupled hydrologic‐hydraulic models: Challenges and next steps

AbstractUsing the 2017 Hurricane Harvey flood event as a test case, this study set up a series of sensitivity analyses to highlight three challenges associated with large‐scale flood inundation modeling, including (a) model parameterization, (b) errors in digital elevation models, and (c) effects of reservoir retention. Driven by radar‐based hourly rainfall data, a series of hydrologic‐hydraulic models including the VIC hydrologic model, RAPID routing model, and Flood2D‐GPU hydrodynamic model are set up over Harris County, Texas, to simulate flood inundation and hazards. The results demonstrate the importance of hydrologic parameters in improving flood modeling. For a large flood event such as Hurricane Harvey, the effect of the initial water depths is insignificant. The Manning's n values may increase the peak water depth by ~1%, the flood extents by 65km2, and the high danger zone by ~6%. On the contrary, the bathymetry correction factors may reduce the flood extent by ~1.4% and the high‐danger zone by ~4%. Reducing the reservoir storage capacity to 1% may increase the flood extent by ~4% and the high‐danger zone by ~17%. This study may provide supporting information to guide and prioritize the development of future high‐performance computing hydrodynamic large‐scale flood simulations.

R5r: Rapid Realistic Routing on Multimodal Transport Networks with R5 in R

Routing is a key step in transport planning and research. Nonetheless, researchers and practitioners often face challenges when performing this task due to long computation times and the cost of licensed software. R5 is a multimodal transport network router that offers multiple routing features, such as calculating travel times over a time window and returning multiple itineraries for origin/destination pairs. This paper describes r5r, an open-source R package that leverages R5 to efficiently compute travel time matrices and generate detailed itineraries between sets of origins and destinations at no expense using seamless parallel computing.

Improved Routing Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) Based on Mobility and Bandwidth Available Criteria Using Fuzzy Logic

Vehicular ad-hoc networks as a subset of mobile ad-hoc networks have recently received considerable attention. In such networks, demands which are based on disseminating information from a source to vehicles in the road are increased. In these networks, the relatively high speed of vehicles leads to rapid change topology and routing and media access to practices presented in traditional network aren't responsible for this project. In this regard, one intelligent routing protocol for ad-hoc networks is proposed that is able to select Stability routes based on fuzzy logic for routing and increase network utilization rate, an important measure to evaluate the performance routing protocol. In the proposed method, each node acts as an autonomous agent and Routes based on selection of important criteria such as the rate of vehicle mobility and the available bandwidth. The proposed protocol performance was compared with AODV known protocol that the result of the simulator OPNET version 10.5 is indicative of better performance of the proposed protocol.

Treatment of Periprosthetic Infection: Where and Who?

The present work is dedicated to analysis and comparison of national and international practice standards for treatment of periprosthetic infection within a context of treatment center and speciality of physicians. The authors made a partial review of medical and legal issues related to the studied topic by the example of Russian Federation, Germany, USA, England. 118 orthopaedic surgeons were surveyed via internet aiming to evaluate the current medical practice in treatment of patients with periprosthetic infection. Survey demonstrated that there are clinical and organizational complexities in the medical care system for patients with PJI. Most often the responders reported difficulties in the medical succession and see the potential solution through creation of a network of large specialized centers. Resulting was the conclusion that physicians of all specialities should be involved in treatment of patients with periprosthetic infection. Treatment scope depends on professionalism of a physician and technical equipment of the clinic and should correspond to the best clinical practices (treatment protocols). Thus, a rapid routing of patient into more specialized hospitals. Implementation of such approach is possible with careful balancing between the quality of medical care and its proximity to the patient.

Rapid Emergncy Message Dissemination Routing In Delay Tolerant Network

In VANET, vehicles are move very fast as a consequence intermittent connectivity occurs frequently. In this delay-tolerant situation, the emergency rescue message broadcast is an extremely challenging task. The proposed routing protocol REMD give a solution to the problem. REMD follow the store carry forward method and flooding based message forwarding method. This paper expresses rapid emergency message dissemination routing in delay tolerant network called REMD Protocol. In this protocol, the source vehicle broadcast emergency message to the presented all neighbour vehicles in its communication range. The sender vehicle allocates message replicas and message time to live to the neighbour vehicles based on the corresponding vehicles credence value. Each vehicle credence value is calculated from their Visited Level Estimation (VLE) and Destination Reaches Level Estimation (DLE) values.

A nonparametric statistical technique for combining global precipitation datasets: development and hydrological evaluation over the Iberian Peninsula

Abstract. This study investigates the use of a nonparametric, tree-based model, quantile regression forests (QRF), for combining multiple global precipitation datasets and characterizing the uncertainty of the combined product. We used the Iberian Peninsula as the study area, with a study period spanning 11 years (2000–2010). Inputs to the QRF model included three satellite precipitation products, CMORPH, PERSIANN, and 3B42 (V7); an atmospheric reanalysis precipitation and air temperature dataset; satellite-derived near-surface daily soil moisture data; and a terrain elevation dataset. We calibrated the QRF model for two seasons and two terrain elevation categories and used it to generate ensemble for these conditions. Evaluation of the combined product was based on a high-resolution, ground-reference precipitation dataset (SAFRAN) available at 5 km 1 h−1 resolution. Furthermore, to evaluate relative improvements and the overall impact of the combined product in hydrological response, we used the generated ensemble to force a distributed hydrological model (the SURFEX land surface model and the RAPID river routing scheme) and compared its streamflow simulation results with the corresponding simulations from the individual global precipitation and reference datasets. We concluded that the proposed technique could generate realizations that successfully encapsulate the reference precipitation and provide significant improvement in streamflow simulations, with reduction in systematic and random error on the order of 20–99 and 44–88 %, respectively, when considering the ensemble mean.

Analysis of Rapid Routing in FANET

Analysis of Rapid Routing in FANET

The Multi-Parameter Wireless Sensing System (MPwise): Its Description and Application to Earthquake Risk Mitigation.

The Multi-Parameter Wireless Sensing (MPwise) system is an innovative instrumental design that allows different sensor types to be combined with relatively high-performance computing and communications components. These units, which incorporate off-the-shelf components, can undertake complex information integration and processing tasks at the individual unit or node level (when used in a network), allowing the establishment of networks that are linked by advanced, robust and rapid communications routing and network topologies. The system (and its predecessors) was originally designed for earthquake risk mitigation, including earthquake early warning (EEW), rapid response actions, structural health monitoring, and site-effect characterization. For EEW, MPwise units are capable of on-site, decentralized, independent analysis of the recorded ground motion and based on this, may issue an appropriate warning, either by the unit itself or transmitted throughout a network by dedicated alarming procedures. The multi-sensor capabilities of the system allow it to be instrumented with standard strong- and weak-motion sensors, broadband sensors, MEMS (namely accelerometers), cameras, temperature and humidity sensors, and GNSS receivers. In this work, the MPwise hardware, software and communications schema are described, as well as an overview of its possible applications. While focusing on earthquake risk mitigation actions, the aim in the future is to expand its capabilities towards a more multi-hazard and risk mitigation role. Overall, MPwise offers considerable flexibility and has great potential in contributing to natural hazard risk mitigation.

Bee colony optimised mass rapid transit routing prototype

Mobility is an essential aspect for tourists visiting large cities; thus, an effective and efficient route guide for tourists to move in, around and out of the cities is needed. This research aims to develop an light rail transit (LRT)/mass rapid transit (MRT) routing prototype by applying the bee colony optimisation (BCO) and to pilot run this system to determine its functionality and workability. Through a questionnaire survey conducted among 900 LRT/MRT users in Klang Valley and data analysed using the BCO algorithm, a BCO-LRT/MRT routing prototype for Klang Valley was developed to assist tourists, especially those who are spending shopping vacations but unfamiliar with this region. With the assistance of this prototype, travellers can optimise the vacation schedule even in a very limited duration. The route determined by this prototype consumes much shorter duration than the one that the LRT/MRT users preferred. It can establish a route covering more than one destination. This prototype did not yet cover business centres, scenic spots and hotels; thus, a huge potential for the BCO-LRT-MRT prototype to upgrade is expected in a future study.

Abstract TP28: Defining Large Vessel and Routing Criteria for Endovascular Patients

Background: Five recently published randomized trials of endovascular therapy versus medical management, including intravenous thrombolysis, demonstrated strong positive data in support endovascular thrombectomy procedures. The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association released a focused update to specifically incorporate the findings of these trials. Implementing the care these studies show as beneficial requires a mechanism to rapidly transfer large vessel occlusion patients from primary stroke centers to those offering thrombectomy. Purpose: The purpose of the project was to streamline stroke work-up across the various levels of stroke hospitals and to apply rapid routing practices when transferring stroke patients between facilities. We evaluated the changes in stroke systems of care, with an emphasis on the role of pre-hospital stroke triage, inter-hospital transfer, and the two main levels of stroke center certification (primary and comprehensive). Methods: The system stroke steering team, defined four primary processes to reduce transfer times. These included 1) benchmarks for hospital door in to door out times of transferring centers 2) scripted transfer verbiage to designated time critical patients 3) large vessel stroke criteria definitions 4) pre-notification of the endovascular team to treat potential patients presenting with stroke. A reduction in time between initial patient contact and arterial puncture times and measures of patient outcomes were used as indicators of effectiveness. Results: The implementation of four process improvements for large vessel stroke patients was associated with improved treatment times. Mean door to recanalization times decreased from 224 minutes in 2014 to 112 minutes, thus far in 2016. Stroke treatment rates for tPA increased from 19.8% in 2013 to 22.7% in 2016, and endovascular treatment rates of 14.6% to 18.1% in the same time period. Conversely, complication rates from stroke treatment declined within the same period from 7.4% to 3.8%. Conclusion: Within a metropolitan health system, using the above multimodal approach to streamline the transfer of patients from primary to comprehensive centers decreases latency to treatment and is associated with improved outcomes.

Abstract WP3: EMS Routing for Endovascular Patients- One Health Care Systems Successful Model

Background: Annually, over 1500 stroke patients are seen within a large metropolitan health system. The health system encompasses a designated comprehensive (CSC) and multiple primary (PSC) stroke hospitals with varying capabilities to manage stroke patients, resulting in varied care delivery. While CSCs mitigate inconsistencies by establishing a standard of stroke care, one shortcoming of the CSC model is lack of regulation in transfer of patients between centers within a health system containing multiple stroke designations. Purpose: The purpose of the project was to create a streamlined, emergency stroke work-up process across the various levels of stroke hospitals and to apply rapid routing practices for EMS when transferring stroke patients between facilities. These changes could reduce treatment times and optimize resources to facilitate transportation of stroke patients to the appropriate center. Methods: The system stroke steering team, in collaboration with regional EMS directors initiated 5 primary processes to reduce delays. These included 1) door in to door out times of 60 minutes, 2) loading radiology images into a cloud environment, 3) development of EMS algorithms, 4) prompt follow-up reports on stroke transfers, and 5) rapid loop-closure on gaps in the process. A reduction in door-to-therapy time and measures of patient outcome were used as indicators for effectiveness. Results: Implementation of a streamlined ED process and new routing protocol was associated with improved door-to-door times, door-to-treatment times and EMS transport times. Additionally, risk-adjusted mortality decreased from 0.7 in 2012 to 0.3 in 2014. Similarly, thrombolytic complications in intravenous and endovascular patients decreased from 7.5% in 2012 to 1.7% in 2014, while treatment rates in both increased. Conclusion: Within a large health system, utilizing a consistent ED process and new EMS routing protocol could contribute to improved outcomes. This raises the possibility that implementing system routing practices may improve collaboration within stroke systems of care and advance the CSC model.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ОПЕРАТИВНОЙ МАРШРУТИЗАЦИИ ДВИЖЕНИЯ МИКРОАВТОБУСОВ

Of all the methods available and the most appropriate modeling tools that meet their stated objectives for the study of traffic flows is a simulation. This article describes two methods for rapid routing traffic minibuses. For the method based on the analysis of the complete set of traffic situa-tions, developed a simulation model of municipal passenger transport. As a result of simulation ob-tained by the implementation of a process that allows after treatment to determine the value of sta-tistical criteria for defining the transport proce

Water supply sensitivity to climate change: An R package for implementing reservoir storage analysis in global and regional impact studies

Whilst there are numerous global and regional studies of climate impacts on water resources, relatively few authors have incorporated reservoir storage into their earth system models. Consequently, such studies are unlikely to provide coherent estimates of how changes in climate might affect water supplies globally. This short communication describes an R package, named reservoir, which has been designed for rapid and easy routing of runoff data through storage. The package comprises tools for capacity design, release policy optimisation and performance analysis—allowing users to specify realistic reservoirs and then assess performance in terms of meeting water delivery targets. We demonstrate some of the capabilities of reservoir using 271 runoff records from the Global Runoff Data Centre. The package is freely available through the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).