Method For Rapid Measurement Research Articles

An adaptive tracking measurement method for inner surface of laser fusion targets

We propose an adaptive tracking measurement method for accurate, rapid, and non-invasive measurement of the topography of the inner surface of fusion targets. During the first phase of the measurement, we measure the low-frequency components of the inner surface of the target using a laser differential confocal axial point-by-point scanning measurement method with a large dynamic range. During to the second phase of the measurement, based on the low-frequency components data, the objective lens is driven by a scanner for adaptive large-interval movement, simultaneously, we measure the high-frequency components in the large-interval using a laser differential confocal linear sensing measurement method. Combined with the mutually perpendicular slewing shafts system, the three-dimensional topography of the inner surface of the target can be measured.

Improving the Extraction Process of Mehlich 3 Method for Calcareous Soil Nutrients

Soil nutrient testing is an effective way to uncover soil nutrient status. However, the conventional testing method (CT method) and Mehlich 3 method (M3 method) demand long-time consumption, tedious testing steps, high testing cost, dangerous chemicals contained in extractant, etc. Therefore, it is important to develop a new rapid test method or improve the existing rapid test method of soil available nutrients. In this study, an improved Mehlich3 method (IM3 method) with the new combined extractant were developed and evaluated on the testing feasibility, precision, efficiency, and cost. The results showed that: (1) IM3 method avoided the usage of two hazardous chemicals, i.e., ammonium nitrate and nitric acid, which were difficult in purchase and storage but contained in the combined extractant of M3 method. (2) The correlation coefficients of available P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in calcareous soil between M3 and CT, and between IM3 and CT methods all reached highly significant level. The correlation coefficient of available Zn between IM3 and CT method was significantly higher than that between M3 and CT method, and those of the other elements had not obviously changed. (3) The variation coefficients of available P, K, Fe and Cu determined by M3 and IM3 methods were all lower than those determined by CT method. The variation coefficients of available Mn and Zn determined by IM3 were 3.67% and 6.43%, which were slightly higher than those determined by CT method with 2.72% and 5.29%, but were lower than those determined by M3 method. (4) Under the premise of ensuring testing precision, IM3 method took only 6.3 min/piece for determining six elements, reducing testing time by 70.7% and 3.08% compared with CT (21.5 min/piece) and M3 (6.5 min/piece) methods, respectively. The testing cost of IM3 method was reduced by 26% and 61.2% compared with M3 and CT methods, respectively. In conclusion, IM3 method is an ideal rapid measurement method for the simultaneous determination of available soil nutrients in calcareous soil.

Fast determination of total solids content (TSC) and dry rubber content (DRC) of para rubber latex using near-infrared spectroscopy

A rapid measurement method of total soluble solids content (TSC) and dry rubber content (DRC) of para rubber latex (PRL) is required for trading and production control purposes. The objective of this study was to develop the TSC and DRC prediction model of a PRL sample based on the near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy method. The samples were scanned using the transflectance method, wherein the effect of the pathlength to model accuracy and precision were investigated. NIR spectra were collected, incorporating a wavelength region of 860–1760 nm. The models were developed using partial least squares (PLS) regression with either raw spectra or spectra pre-treated by a baseline offset, a standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), and a fractional order derivative (FOD). The results of the TSC model developed using NIR spectra from a 8 mm pathlength had the highest performance, with R2p, RMSEp, Bias, and RPD of 0.97, 1.15%, 0.43% and 6.17, respectively. Meanwhile, the NIR spectra from a 4 mm pathlength developed with a FOD at 0.25 gave the best performance in DRC prediction, whose R2p, RMSEp, Bias, and RPD were 0.96, 1.20%, − 0.52% and 5.40, respectively. Therefore, the author concluded that the developed models could be used to evaluate the TSC and DRC of a PRL sample as a real-time method in factory.

Uncovering the genetic basis of gluten aggregation parameters by genome-wide association analysis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using GlutoPeak

BackgroundNumerous studies have shown that gluten aggregation properties directly affect the processing quality of wheat, however, the genetic basis of gluten aggregation properties were rarely reported.ResultsTo explore the genetic basis of gluten aggregation properties in wheat, an association population consisted with 207 wheat genotypes were constructed for evaluating nine parameters of aggregation properties on GlutoPeak across three-year planting seasons. A total of 940 significant SNPs were detected for 9 GlutoPeak parameters through genome-wide association analysis (GWAS). Finally, these SNPs were integrated to 68 non-redundant QTL distributed on 20 chromosomes and 54 QTL was assigned as pleiotropic loci which accounting for multiple parameters of gluten aggregation property. Furthermore, the peak SNPs representing 54 QTL domonstrated additive effect on all the traits. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of favorable alleles and the phenotypic values of each parameter. Peak SNPs of two novel QTL, q3AL.2 and q4DL, which contributing to both PMT (peak maximum time) and A3 (area from the first minimum to torque 15 s before the maximum torque) parameters, were selected for KASP (Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR) markers development and the KASP markers can be used for effectively evaluating the quality of gluten aggregation properties in the association population.ConclusionThe rapid and efficient GlutoPeak method for gluten measurement can be used for early selection of wheat breeding. This study revealed the genetic loci related to GlutoPeak parameters in association population, which would be helpful to develop wheat elite lines with improved gluten aggregation through molecular marker-assisted breeding.

Online Measurement of Outline Size for Pinus densiflora Dimension Lumber: Maximizing Lumber Recovery by Minimizing Enclosure Rectangle Fitting Area

This paper proposes a non-contact, online, rapid, and non-destructive measurement method of Pinus densiflora S.et Z. (Pinus densiflora) dimension lumber based on an algorithm of maximizing lumber recovery by minimizing the enclosure rectangle fitting area. The method takes the full influence of multiple factors, such as the difficulty in measuring large-size dimension lumber, conveying deflection, etc. into account. Image splicing, object and background segmentation, and lumber size measurements are carried out. Compared to other current algorithms, it can decrease the measurement errors and improve measurement efficiency. The problems of slow image segmentation, large-size lumber measurement, and conveying deflection are solved. Through measurement tests and error analysis, the measurement accuracy of the lumber size can reach 0.8 mm/m. This method meets the requirements of high-speed lumber production and lays the foundation for the development of a lumber detection and evaluation system.

Guest Editorial Special Issue on Sensors for Body Temperature Measurement and Monitoring in a Time of Pandemic

Covid-19 has demonstrated how vulnerable our society remains when it comes to managing a pandemic. There is an urgent need to develop and evaluate new technologies, materials, and methods for rapid measurement and continuous monitoring of body temperature, and accurate detection of elevated body temperature as a symptom of conditions which may lead to a pandemic.

Rapid Evaluation Model of Endurance Performance and Its Application for Agricultural UAVs

Current developments in agricultural aviation technology have gradually increased the requirements for the endurance of agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It is significant to establish an endurance evaluation model for different types of UAVs and rationalize the battery and operating load parameters on this basis, which play an important role in improving the operational efficiency of the whole UAV. Taking the quad-rotor UAV as the research object, firstly, the structural composition of the whole UAV is studied in this paper, and then the main influencing parameters of the UAV endurance evaluation model are determined, combined with the mass distribution data of specific models. Based on the above, the hovering output power of the UAV is modularly divided, and a fast measurement method is innovatively proposed to sample and fit the power data of each module. Finally, in combination with the variation law of the lithium battery discharge time, a rapid evaluation method of the endurance time of agricultural UAVs is derived and validated by the hovering test data of the agri-drone with a standard operating load of 5 kg. The results show that the mass distribution system of the UAV has the highest percentage of operational load mass (40.45% under the standard configuration); the power distribution system has the highest percentage of motor pull curve output power (91.12% under the standard configuration); the maximum error of the surface verification point in the validation experiment is 2.73%, and the model is of relatively high accuracy. The modeling idea and the supporting module power rapid measurement method can quickly model and evaluate the endurance of common agricultural drones, guide reasonable matching between the battery and operating load, and are of great significance in improving UAVs’ endurance and operational efficiency.

Rapid 3D measurement of colour objects based on three-channel sinusoidal fringe projection

A rapid 3D measurement method based on three-channel projection is proposed in this paper. Project a composite color fringe map and an all-white map to the object to be measured. Firstly, crosstalk correction is performed on the composite color fringe pattern collected by the camera then the reflectivity of fringe image is corrected by all-white image. Then, the background normalization principle is used to solve the spectrum aliasing problem when the Fourier transform obtains a truncated phase. Finally, the three-frequency heterodyne method is used for phase unwrapping to obtain the continuous phase and 3D shape. Compared with the traditional color fringe projection method, this method not only eliminates the spectrum aliasing problem but also solves the uneven fringe reflectivity problem when measuring color objects using an all-white map. This method only requires two images to achieve measurement of 3D color dynamic objects.

Remote investigation and assessment of vital signs (RIA-VS)—proof of concept for contactless estimation of blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation in patients with suspicion of COVID-19

Background Vital signs are critical in assessing the severity and prognosis of infections, for example, COVID-19, influenza, sepsis, and pneumonia. This study aimed to evaluate a new method for rapid camera-based non-contact measurement of heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. Methods Consecutive adult patients attending a hospital emergency department for suspected COVID-19 infection were invited to participate. Vital signs measured with a new camera-based method were compared to the corresponding standard reference methods. The camera device observed the patient's face for 30 s from ∼1 m. Results Between 1 April and 1 October 2020, 214 subjects were included in the trial, 131 female (61%) and 83 male (39%). The mean age was 44 years (range 18–81 years). The new camera-based device’s vital signs measurements were, on average, very close to the gold standard but the random variation was larger than the reference methods. Conclusions The principle of contactless measurement of blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation works, which is very promising. However, technical improvements to the equipment used in this study to reduce its random variability is required before clinical implementation. This will likely be a game changer once this is sorted out. Clinical trial registration Universal Trial Number (UTN) U1111-1251-4114 and the ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04383457.

Transverse light-shift in a spin-exchange relaxation-free co-magnetometer: measurement, decoupling, and suppression.

The transverse light-shift can induce non-negligible polarization error in the output signal of spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) co-magnetometer. In this paper, a novel method for rapid measurement of transverse light-shift based on the error of steady-state response of co-magnetometer is proposed firstly, then the sources of transverse light-shift in a compact SERF co-magnetometer is modeled and analyzed from three aspects: the non-ideal linear polarization of probe laser, the circular dichroism of the atomic spin ensembles, and the stress-induced birefringence effect of the cell wall. Furthermore, the decoupling and suppression methods of transverse light-shift based on a degree of circular polarization (DOCP) regulation scheme is presented, to realize the decoupling measurement of the transverse light-shift introduced by the whole co-magnetometer cell, and cancel it out with the non-ideal linear polarization of the probe laser. Eventually, the DOCP regulation scheme suggested in this paper achieves more than a 67% suppression ratio in transverse light-shift, and the short- and long-term performance of SERF co-magnetometer are improved due to the reduction of the coupling effect between the probe laser power and transverse field. Moreover, the measurement, decoupling and suppression methods provided in this paper also have the potential to be applied to other atomic sensors, such as the SERF magnetometers and nuclear spin co-magnetometers.

A rapid measurement method for ship’s longitudinal and athwartship induced magnetic field

Induced magnetic field (IMF) measurement is a key step in the ship’s magnetic field treatment process. In this paper, a new method for rapid measurement of longitudinal and athwartship IMF is proposed, which can improve the traditional measurement method that is either time-consuming and labor-intensive, or dependent on the magnetic field uniformity of geomagnetic simulation coils. Using the geomagnetic simulation coil in the close-wrap magnetic treatment facility, a mapping model between the coil magnetic field and the ship’s magnetized field excited by the coil is constructed in a single-heading. Based on this single-heading-measurement method, numerical simulations and hull experiments are carried out. By combining the regularization technology, the results show that the proposed method can quickly and accurately measure the ship’s IMF, and can suppress the influence of measurement error on obtaining the IMF. Compared with the geomagnetic simulation method, proposed method not only has a great calculation accuracy and strong robustness, but also requires a lower magnetic field uniformity of the geomagnetic simulation coil, and can be used as a fast emergency measurement method for ship’s IMF in engineering.

Development of a Formulation of Vanishing Cream Containing Wheat Germ Oil with Safe Preservation, and Measurement of Antioxidants in the Cream by a Rapid Method

Introduction: Wheat germ is a by-product of the wheat mill and contains 10 to 15% of the oil. The use of wheat germ oil in cosmetics is because this oil contains ceramide that prevents skin aging and can preserve the skin.
 Material and Methods: A vanishing oil in water (O/W) cream based on wheat germ oil was made and formulated. The antioxidants of the cream were extracted, and the best extraction conditions were obtained by the Taguchi method. Four factors of temperature, time, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and round per minute (RPM) were investigated at three levels. To maintain consumer health, carcinogenic preservatives such as parabens were removed from the formulation, and a new composition of methylpropanediol, capryl glycol, and phenylpropanoldiol (OMP) was used in the formulation. At microbial testing, two standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected as representative of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The stability of the antioxidants of wheat germ oil in the cream structure was studied.
 Results: In the extraction of the antioxidants from the cream structure, the highest impact was related to the DPPH factor (78%) and temperature (14%), respectively. A growth inhibition zone of 24mm diameter was observed for S. aureus and 16mm for P. aeruginosa. The wheat germ oil cream was completely stable at 37°C after 30 days.
 Conclusion: A vanishing herbal cream was formulated base on OMP composition with a very good antimicrobial activity. A rapid extraction and measurement method of the cream antioxidants was established and optimized based on DPPH.

Gear pitch rapid measurement by a point laser sensor

With the continuous improvement of the theory and method of gear measurement, the effectiveness of gear contact measurement is reduced, making it difficult to meet the need for 100% gear detection. To improve the measurement efficiency and make effective use of the full tooth surface data, a gear pitch rapid measurement method by point laser sensor is proposed. This method studies the principle of measuring the gear based on a laser point sensor, and the efficient model of collection and analysis of tooth surface data is established. Then the evaluation of the pitch deviation is completed, including the individual single pitch deviation, the single pitch deviation, the individual cumulative pitch deviation, and the total cumulative pitch deviation. Additionally, the pitch deviation of the multiple cross-sections is investigated, which may characterize the overall pitch deviation of the tooth surface. Compared to the gear measuring center P26, the experimental results show that the optical measurement of pitch deviation is feasible and efficient. Depending on the different measuring conditions, the offset status of the sensor can be selected to meet the different efficiency and accuracy requirements. The research and application potential of a point laser sensor in gear measurement is wide-ranging.

A simple and rapid method for extraction and measurement of circulating sphingolipids using LC-MS/MS: a targeted lipidomic analysis.

Sphingolipids are a class of lipids with high structural diversity and biological pleiotropy. Mounting evidence supports a role for sphingolipids in regulating pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases, and they have been proposed as potential cardiometabolic biomarkers. Current methods for quantifying sphingolipids require laborious pretreatment and relatively large sample volumes, and cover limited species, hindering their application in epidemiological studies. Herein, we applied a time-, labor-, and sample-saving protocol simply using methanol for plasma sphingolipid extraction. It was compared with classical liquid-liquid extraction methods and showed significant advantages in terms of simplicity, sphingolipid coverage, and sample volume. By coupling the protocol with liquid chromatography using a wide-span mobile phase polarity parameter and tandem mass spectrometry operated in dynamic multiple reaction monitoring mode, 37 sphingolipids from 8 classes (sphingoid base, sphingoid base phosphate, ceramide-1-phosphate, lactosylceramide, hexosylceramide, sphingomyelin, ceramide, and dihydroceramide) were quantified within 16min, using only 10 μL of human plasma. The current method showed good performance in terms of linearity (R2 > 0.99), intra- and interbatch accuracy (70-123%) and precision (RSD < 12%), matrix effect (91-121%), recovery (96-101%), analyte chemical stability (deviation < 19%), and carryover (< 16%). We successfully applied this method to quantify 33 detectable sphingolipids from 579 plasma samples of an epidemiological study within 10days. The quantified sphingolipid concentrations were comparable with previous studies. Positive associations of ceramide C22:0/C24:0 and their precursors with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance suggested that the synthesis of the ceramides might be involved in insulin resistance. This novel method constitutes a simple and rapid approach to quantify circulating sphingolipids for epidemiological studies using targeted lipidomic analysis, which will help elucidate the sphingolipid-regulated pathways underlying cardiometabolic diseases.

Optimizing Conditions for the Measurement of Soil Inorganic Nitrogen with a Micro-Plate Reader

There are numerous methods for measuring inorganic nitrogen (N) in soils, but many of these are complex or require expensive equipment. In order to seek an accurate and rapid measurement method, we optimized the conditions for soil inorganic nitrogen (N) (NH4+-N and NO3–N) determination with a micro-plate reader; a systematic study was carried out. The effects of extraction regent concentrations, ratios of extraction solution to the soil, extraction time, extracted solution storage methods and time, and reaction time on soil inorganic N measurement were investigated. Results showed that all tested conditions except the storage method had a significant effect on the determination of soil NH4+-N and NO3–N. Compared with the non-stored treatment, the value of the measured soil nitrate-nitrogen increased after being stored in a refrigerator for seven weeks, while that for ammonium-nitrogen content was reduced. The appropriate protocol was using extracting solution directly to determine the content of NH4+-N and NO3–N in soil (otherwise, keep it at room temperature), 1.0 mol/L KCl as the extraction regent, solution/soil ratio with 10:1, extraction for 45 min, and reaction for 25 min (only for NH4+-N). The recovery rate of adding standard solution was above 99% as it met the detection requirements.

Characterisation of crystalline wax in asphalt binder by X-ray diffraction

To develop a rapid measurement method for the wax in asphalt, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) tests were performed on asphalt binders. In addition, a simple temperature control system was developed. Different laboratory aging tests were carried out. What’s more, asphaltene structural parameters were calculated using the model developed by Yen et al. and pure wax doped asphalts were prepared. The results show that scan rate and temperature will affect the intensities of diffraction peaks. Oxidative aging has a complex effect on the crystalline wax in asphalt binders derived from different crude oils and several possible mechanisms are proposed. The positions of n-alkane characteristic peaks in the molten state are in good agreement with the positions of the wax peaks found in the asphalt binders. XRD is a promising method to measure wax in asphalt as it is fast, accurate and sensitive to high molecular weight pure wax.

Rapid Ritchey-Common measurement method of large-aperture flat mirror

瑞奇-康芒法是用小口径干涉仪检测大口径平面镜的主要方法之一。通过分析瑞奇-康芒法中球面参考镜半径、平面镜位置和瑞奇角误差对测量精度的影响，给出了3个参数的选择方法。针对瑞奇-康芒法测量时误差分离导致的测量效率低的问题，提出适用于加工过程的快速瑞奇-康芒测量法，仿真模拟该方法下被测平面镜位置、角度等定位误差对测量结果的影响，并设计实验对比验证。该方法与直测法测量间的最大偏差峰-谷值（PV）为0.015 1 μm，均方根(RMS)为0.003 6 μm，能够有效满足加工过程中面形快速测量需求。

Nitrocellulose redox permanganometry: A simple method for reductive capacity assessment

We propose a rapid, simple, and robust method for measurement of the reductive capacity of liquid and solid biological samples based on potassium permanganate reduction followed by trapping of manganese dioxide precipitate on a nitrocellulose membrane. Moreover, we discuss how nitrocellulose redox permanganometry (NRP) can be used for high-throughput analysis of biological samples and present HistoNRP, its modification used for detailed analysis of reductive capacity spatial distribution in tissue with preserved anatomical relations.•NRP is a rapid, cost-effective, and simple method for reductive capacity assessment•NRP is compatible with a high-throughput screening of solid and liquid biological samples•HistoNRP exploits passive diffusion slice print blotting for reductive capacity spatial analysis

Kinematic Analysis and Parameter Measurement for Multi-Axis Laser Engraving Machine Tools

Multi-axis Laser Engraving Machine Tools (LEMT) are widely used in precision processing of parts with complex surface. The accuracy of kinematic model and parameter measurement are the key factors determining the processing quality of LEMT. In this paper, a kinematic model of multi-axis LEMT was established based on Homogeneous Transformation Matrix (HTM). Two types of unknown parameters, linkage parameters and positioning parameters, were measured in the presented model. Taking advantage of the characteristics of laser processing, this paper proposed a rapid measurement method of linkage parameters by combining the machine tool motion with the laser marking action. For positioning parameters, this study proposed a non-contact measurement method based on structured light scanner, which can obtain the translation values and the rotation values from the Workpiece Coordinate System (WCS) to the Basic Coordinate System (BCS) simultaneously. After the measurement of two kinds of parameters of a multi-axis LEMT was completed, the processing of a spatial curve was performed and the average contour error was controlled at 15.1 μm, which is sufficient to meet the project requirements.

Characterization of thermal-resistance in Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes with temperature-sensitive electrical parameters

The temperature and thermal resistance of Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes were investigated using electrical methods with temperature-sensitive electrical parameters and the structure function method. The analysis was based on the voltage of the Schottky junction as a temperature-sensitive parameter so as to measure the junction temperature of Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes. The junction-case thermal resistance of the Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes was accurately extracted by the transient dual interface test method to be 39.04 °C W−1, which increased slightly with the increase of power current. In addition, the temperature extracted with the electrical method was compared with the result of infrared measurements, which indicated that the temperature extracted with the infrared was significantly higher than the result of the electrical method. This difference can be explained in that the temperature extracted by the electrical method was the temperature of the active region of the device, whereas the result of infrared presented the maximum temperature of the device. Furthermore, the low thermal conductivity of Ga2O3 resulted in temperature inhomogeneity on the device surface and further increased the temperature difference. This study provides a convenient and non-destructive method for rapid measurement of the thermal characteristics of the Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes, and enables rapid evaluation of the whole thermal system.