Rapid Fatigue Research Articles

Development of Slow and Rapid Fatigue of Rat Skeletal Muscles at the Intramuscular Injection of Water-Soluble C60

Development of Slow and Rapid Fatigue of Rat Skeletal Muscles at the Intramuscular Injection of Water-Soluble C60

Application of the Technique of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Patient With Respiratory Distress Syndrome Associated With Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by pathologically rapid fatigue of striated muscles [1]. The main symptom of myasthenia gravis is the presence of pathological muscle weakness with involvement of the ocular, bulbar and skeletal muscles in the pathological process. The provoking factors for the development of myasthenia gravis can be infectious diseases, surgery, drugs [2, 3]. The main danger is represented by myasthenic and cholinergic crises, which are characterized by a severe course and high mortality; therefore, the problems of treating myasthenia gravis are still of high medical and social significance. The prevalence of myasthenia gravis is 17.5–20.3 per 100 thousand population, and the number of patients is increasing by 5–10% annually [4, 5]. In recent years, there has been a steady increase in morbidity with an increase in age over 50 years [6, 7]. Myasthenia gravis is a serious disease with a high mortality rate of up to 30–40% [3]. There are difficulties in the early differential diagnosis of muscle weakness in patients with respiratory failure between myasthenia gravis, myasthenic syndrome and critical illness polyneuropathy. These difficulties and insufficient awareness of patients and doctors of various specialties about myasthenia gravis can lead to the choice of the wrong treatment tactics and the development of myasthenic crisis, which is manifested by respiratory failure, requiring respiratory support. The progression of respiratory failure against the background of myasthenic crisis may require the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).It is necessary to expand the differential diagnosis of muscle weakness in a patient during the period of resolution of respiratory failure, allowing to move away from compulsory respiratory support, termination of ECMO.

Service damage mechanism and interface cracking behavior of Ni-based superalloy turbine blades with aluminized coating

The service damage mechanism of K403 Ni-based superalloy turbine blade with the aluminized coating are investigated systematically. Fracture morphologies are inspected with a failure event, and the microscopic damage mechanisms are explored based on the aluminized blades with different operation times. It concludes that the formation of massive pores, aggregation of bulk carbides, coarsening and breaking of σ phases, development of continuous γ′ film, etc, lead to the multi-source fatigue cracking at the interface, with the grain boundaries and Kirkendall non-contact areas as the propagation channels, resulting in the rapid fatigue failure and significant life reduction of aluminized turbine blades.

Selective neural stimulation methods improve cycling exercise performance after spinal cord injury: a case series

BackgroundExercise after paralysis can help prevent secondary health complications, but achieving adequate exercise volumes and intensities is difficult with loss of motor control. Existing electrical stimulation-driven cycling systems involve the paralyzed musculature but result in rapid force decline and muscle fatigue, limiting their effectiveness. This study explores the effects of selective stimulation patterns delivered through multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes on functional exercise output, with the goal of increasing work performed and power maintained within each bout of exercise.MethodsThree people with spinal cord injury and implanted stimulation systems performed cycling trials using conventional (S-Max), low overlap (S-Low), low duty cycle (C-Max), and/or combined low overlap and low duty cycle (C-Low) stimulation patterns. Outcome measures include total work (W), end power (Pend), power fluctuation indices (PFI), charge accumulation (Q), and efficiency (η). Mann–Whitney tests were used for statistical comparisons of W and Pend between a selective pattern and S-Max. Welch’s ANOVAs were used to evaluate differences in PFIs among all patterns tested within a participant (n ≥ 90 per stimulation condition).ResultsAt least one selective pattern significantly (p < 0.05) increased W and Pend over S-Max in each participant. All selective patterns also reduced Q and increased η compared with S-Max for all participants. C-Max significantly (p < 0.01) increased PFI, indicating a decrease in ride smoothness with low duty cycle patterns.ConclusionsSelective stimulation patterns can increase work performed and power sustained by paralyzed muscles prior to fatigue with increased stimulation efficiency. While still effective, low duty cycle patterns can cause inconsistent power outputs each pedal stroke, but this can be managed by utilizing optimized stimulation levels. Increasing work and sustained power each exercise session has the potential to ultimately improve the physiological benefits of stimulation-driven exercise.

Boulders on Mercury

Boulders on the surfaces of planets, satellites and small bodies, as well as their geological associations, provide important information about surface processes. We analyzed all available images of the surface of Mercury that have sufficient resolution and quality to detect boulders, and we mapped all the boulders observed. The lower size limit of detectable boulders was ~5 m. All boulders found on Mercury are associated with fresh impact craters hundreds of meters in diameter or larger. We compared boulder population on Mercury with population of boulders of the same size on the Moon, and found that boulders on Mercury are ~30 times less abundant than in the lunar highlands. This exact quantitative estimate is inherently inaccurate due to the limitation in the source data; however, the significant relative rarity of boulders on Mercury can be firmly and reliably established. We discuss possible causes of the observed difference. Higher thermal stresses and more rapid material fatigue due to diurnal temperature cycling on Mercury may cause rapid disintegration of the upper decimeters of the boulder surface and thus contribute to more rapid boulder obliteration; however, these factors alone cannot account for the observed difference. A proposed thicker regolith on Mercury is likely to significantly reduce boulder production rate. A higher micrometeoritic flux on Mercury is likely to result in micrometeoritic abrasion being a dominant contributor to boulder degradation; this high abrasion rate likely shortens the boulder lifetime. A combination of these factors appears to be able to account for the relative rarity of boulders on Mercury.

Emergency Distance Education in the Conditions of COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience of Ukrainian Universities

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant changes in education worldwide throughout 2020. In Ukraine, the preparedness for this process was different. There were various technical problems such as the absence of Internet connection, computers, or educational materials on the network, and most importantly, the unpreparedness of teachers to perform distance learning. From 28 April to 8 May 2020 at the Oles Honchar Dnipro National University (Dnipro, Ukraine), students were surveyed on the quality of distance learning organized during the quarantine period. A total of 1224 students from almost all faculties and centers took part in the survey and answered 19 questions in an online form developed in Office 365 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). The survey algorithm is based on the principle of cross-validation. According to the survey, the most important opportunities of distance (digital) learning are as follows: the opportunity to study in a convenient place, in a comfortable and familiar environment—28.57%; the opportunity to combine work with study—16.97%; the development of self-control skills and motivation to self-educate—16.43%; and the technical level of the learning process (use of information technologies)—13.83%. The aspects that negatively affect the organization of full-scale distance learning are as follows: the large volume of tasks—16.80%; the rapid fatigue due to prolonged work in front of a computer—16.35%; the absence of necessary equipment and/or constant (stable) access to the Internet—15.33%. In conclusion, ways to overcome the difficulties of distance learning, both by universities and by the government, are suggested.

Driver fatigue detection based on prefrontal EEG using multi-entropy measures and hybrid model

The development of a real-time monitoring and warning platform for driver fatigue detection is of great importance to avoid traffic accidents and fatalities. Due to the explosive growth of biosignal data, especially electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, generated in the wearable-IoT age, the practical application and recognition stability of these signals should be considered and further studied. The application of EEG signals, especially prefrontal EEG, is a potential key method for effectively determining when a driver is experiencing fatigue, which would promote the development of wearable devices for fatigue warning. In this work, we reported a rapid and effective forehead EEG-based multientropy feature-driven fatigue identification framework using a robust hybrid model. This method investigated and utilized several common entropies to enhance the characteristic quality of EEG signal, and yielded a better expected outcome than those of several classical algorithms due to the hybrid model. The experimental results using prefrontal EEG for assessing driver fatigue showed that the proposed method is convenient and effective, as validated by 32 healthy participants through double-layer nested cross validation. In addition, multi-entropy measures were evaluated for single-channel EEG fatigue detection, and the results showed that wavelet log-energy entropy (WLE) outperformed the other entropy indices with a better recognition rate and higher computational efficiency. We demonstrated that multientropy fusion was able to significantly increase detection quality. This study provided a new strategy of using prefrontal EEG signals to construct a high-efficiency method for detecting driver fatigue, which could possess great potential for real-time single-channel signal analysis.

Intelligent Energy Management in a Prosumer Community Considering the Load Factor Enhancement

In prosumers’ communities, the use of storage batteries (SBs) as support for photovoltaic (PV) sources combined with coordination in household appliances usage guarantees several gains. Although these technologies increase the reliability of the electricity supply, the large-scale use of home appliances in periods of lower solar radiation and low electricity tariff can impair the performance of the electrical system. The appearance of new consumption peaks can lead to disturbances. Moreover, the repetition of these events in the short term can cause rapid fatigue of the assets. To address these concerns, this research proposes a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model aiming at the optimal operation of the SBs and the appliance usage of each prosumer, as well as a PV plant within a community to achieve the maximum load factor (LF) increase. Constraints related to the household appliances, including the electric vehicle (EV), shared PV plant, and the SBs, are considered. Uncertainties in consumption habits are simulated using a Monte Carlo algorithm. The proposed model was solved using the CPLEX solver. The effectiveness of our proposed model is evaluated with/without the LF improvement. Results corroborate the efficient performance of the proposed tool. Financial benefits are obtained for both prosumers and the energy company.

Heart damage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver

The review outlines the current understanding of the clinical syndrome of heart disease in patients with liver cirrhosis and the development of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Patients with cirrhosis of the liver often notice chest pain, palpitations, complaints of arterial hypotension and rapid fatigue. Echocardiography shows that the left ventricular ejection fraction in cirrhosis is preserved at rest and decreases under stress. In some patients with viral liver cirrhosis, there is a decrease in global myocardial deformation (the presence of latent systolic dysfunction). More pronounced impairment of left ventricular diastolic function is recorded in patients with ascites and patients with ChildPugh class B and C. In patients with ascites, unfavorable left ventricular remodeling, left heart cavities enlargement, dilatation of the pulmonary artery and its branches are more common. There is an increase in pulmonary artery pressure, the development of portopulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with liver cirrhosis. Тhe development of these syndromes leads to a sharp decrease in the quality of life of patients with relatively preserved liver function and a worsening of the prognosis for orthotopic liver transplantation. Аpproximately half of patients with liver cirrhosis have electrophysiological disorders: prolongation of the QT interval, tachycardia, supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles. To date, there are no clinical guidelines for the management of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. If a patient with liver cirrhosis develops clinically significant heart failure, then general principles of management of such patients are necessary. It is necessary to limit the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and cardiac glycosides. The combined use of nonselective beta-blockers and nitrates reduce cardiac output and QT interval. The use of potassium canrenoate, lisinopril helps reverse the development of structural and functional changes in left ventricle. The positive effect of antiviral therapy on cardiac hemodynamics in patients with viral cirrhosis was noted. Liver transplantation is known to be an effective treatment for cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, but this treatment may worsen latent heart failure. Thus, in patients with liver cirrhosis, heart damage occurs with the development of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, while the mechanisms of the development of myocardial dysfunction are not fully understood. Further studies of the development of the syndrome are required for timely diagnosis and clinical intervention to improve the survival of patients.

Enhancing Adaptations to Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training Interventions.

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) applied to skeletal muscles is an effective rehabilitation and exercise training modality. However, the relatively low muscle force and rapid muscle fatigue induced by NMES limit the stimulus provided to the neuromuscular system and subsequent adaptations. We hypothesize that adaptations to NMES will be enhanced by the use of specific stimulation protocols and adjuvant interventions.

Enabling rapid fatigue life prediction of short carbon fiber reinforced polyether-ether-ketone using a novel energy dissipation–based model

In this study, the energy dissipation behavior of short carbon fiber reinforced polyether-ether-ketone (SCFR-PEEK) subjected to fatigue loading is investigated. A new model is established to rapidly predict the fatigue limit and S-N curve for SCFR-PEEK by combining thermodynamic laws and fatigue damage mechanisms. An infrared camera is used during the fatigue tests to monitor the evolution of the temperature distribution of the specimen. The energy dissipated during the fatigue test is calculated by solving local thermodynamic differential equations based on the variation in surface temperature of the specimen. Based on thermodynamic laws and the fatigue damage characteristics of SCFR-PEEK, the different sources of intrinsic dissipation are analyzed and classified to determine their correlation to fatigue damage. The intrinsic dissipation contributing to fatigue damage is extracted and used to estimate the fatigue properties of SCFR-PEEK. The model predictions show a satisfactory agreement with the results of traditional fatigue tests, with a goodness of fit of 0.964.

Effect of heat treatment conditions on the fatigue resistance of press hardened 22MnB5 steel evaluated through rapid testing technique

Fatigue strength is considered as a crucial parameter for automotive applications subjected to cyclic loads during their long service life, as chassis parts. The high yield stress of press hardened steels poses them as good candidates for lightweight solutions with improved fatigue resistance. However, their high strength leads to an increase in notch sensitivity which can ruin the whole part’s integrity. This behaviour was observed in previous works on press hardened steels, where their high fatigue strength was significantly affected by the surface conditions and by heat treatment conditions. Nevertheless, press hardening steels are still good candidates to manufacture complex geometry parts reaching high performance.Aiming at increasing the existing knowledge on the fatigue behaviour of press hardened steels, this paper analyses the fatigue performance of boron steel (22MnB5) under different time austenitizing times. Fatigue resistance is evaluated using a novel rapid fatigue testing technique based on the stiffness evolution. The method permits a fast and reliable determination of the fatigue limit. Based on results obtained with this rapid testing method, the most suitable heat treatment to mitigate fatigue notch sensitivity and then achieving the best fatigue performance for chassis applications is discussed.

Effectiveness of symptomatic treatment of ARI in children

Acute respiratory diseases (ARIs), a group of infectious diseases with similar epidemiological and clinical characteristics, are the most common reason for seeking medical care, children skipping attendance of educational institutions and parents skipping work. The clinical picture of ARI is characterized by a combination of the following symptoms: increased body temperature, nasal discharge, mostly mucous, nasal congestion, sore or scratchy throat and cough. In some cases, myalgia and manifestations of asthenia such as weakness, rapid fatigue, headache and decreased appetite may be noted. Pathogenetic therapy of ARI is based on clinical syndromes and includes symptomatic, antiviral and antibacterial drugs, also mucolytics, expectorants, cough suppressants; H1-histamine receptor blockers and immunocorrectors if necessary. Hyperthermia is the most significant problem faced by parents of young patients and pediatricians when dealing with ARI. The production of interferon gamma, interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor, which stimulate the production of IgG, is significantly increased with fever. Therefore, it is especially important to know the algorithms of behavior and criteria for understanding when and what antipyretics should be prescribed to a child. Administration of antipyretics for fever is aimed not only at stopping the fever, but also to improve the child’s wellbeing and reduce the pain syndrome during ARI. When choosing antipyretics, it is necessary to consider the age of the child, the preferred method of administration, the allowable doses, the frequency of administration, the prevention of complications in children at risk. Antipyretics may be prescribed in the form of combined drugs, not only able to reduce fever, but also eliminate other symptoms that occur against the background of acute respiratory infection.

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA EARLY DIAGNOSIS ENDOMETRIOSIS

The purpose of this study is to study a clinical case of late diagnosis of endometriosis of the uterine body (adenomyosis), despite the presence of such typical clinical manifestations as heavy uterine bleeding, leading to the formation of chronic post – hemorrhagic iron deficiency anemia and the development of sideropenic syndrome, accompanied by weakness, dizziness, rapid fatigue, brittle hair and nails. Also, the data of the family history (endometriosis in the mother) and the patient's history indicating the presence of pollinosis and bronchial asthma were not taken into account.

Hygienic substantiation of the mode of intense mental work of middle-schoolchildren at the performance of educational tasks

The article is devoted to the analysis and generalization of the results of research on the study of mental performance and fatigue of students. The aim is to assess the mental working ability of middle-aged schoolchildren when actively solving mathematical problems and problems in order to develop a hygienically rational mode of work in the conditions of mental activity. The core samples of the letter table of V. Ya. Anfimov were selected as the methodological tools. According to the results of the study, the values of the daily adaptability index indicated a pronounced fatigue of the children during the school day. The performance of educational tasks in mathematics, associated with the active solution of examples and problems, causes a significant strain on the functions of the organ and leads to rapid mental fatigue of students. The conducted research showed that 20–30 min. intensive intellectual activity followed by 10–15 minutes active recreation in the fresh air are the optimal periods of work for schoolchildren. Sedentary rest in the corridors of the school does not provide a sufficient recovery of mental performance of students. Thus, the educational process should be structured in such a way as to prevent the occurrence of overwork, which creates the prerequisites for the development of acute and chronic health disorders, the development of nervous, psychosomatic and other diseases.

Measurement of Mud Motor Back-Drive Dynamics, Associated Risks, and Benefits of Real-Time Detection and Mitigation Measures

SummaryNorth American shale drilling is a fast-paced environment where downhole drilling equipment is pushed to the limits for the maximum rate of penetration (ROP). Downhole mud motor power sections have rapidly advanced to deliver more horsepower and torque, resulting in different downhole dynamics that have not been identified in the past.High-frequency (HF) compact drilling dynamics recorders embedded in the drill bit, mud motor bit box, and motor top subassembly (top-sub) provide unique measurements to fully understand the reaction of the steerable-motor power section under load relative to the type of rock being drilled. Three-axis shock, gyro, and temperature sensors placed above and below the power section measure the dynamic response of power transfer to the bit and associated losses caused by back-drive dynamics. Detection of back-drive from surface measurements is not possible, and many measurement-while-drilling (MWD) systems do not have the measurement capability to identify the problem. Motor back-drive dynamics severity is dependent on many factors, including formation type, bit type, power section, weight on bit, and drillpipe size. The torsional energy stored and released in the drillstring can be high because of the interaction between surface rotation speed/torque output and mud motor downhole rotation speed/torque. Torsional drillstring energy wind-up and release results in variable power output at the bit, inconsistent rate of penetration, rapid fatigue on downhole equipment, and motor or drillstring backoffs and twistoffs.A new mechanism of motor back-drive dynamics caused by the use of an MWD pulser above a steerable motor has been discovered. HF continuous gyro sensors and pressure sensors were deployed to capture the mechanism in which a positive mud pulser reduces as much as one-third of the mud flow in the motor and bit rotation speed, creating a propensity for a bit to come to a complete stop in certain conditions and for the motor to rotate the drillstring backward. We have observed the backward rotation of a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) drill bit during severe stick-slip and back-drive events (−50 rev/min above the motor), confirming that the bit rotated backward for 9 milliseconds (ms) every 133.3 ms (at 7.5 Hz), using a 1,000-Hz continuous sampling/recording in-bit gyro. In one field test, multiple drillstring dynamics recorders were used to measure the motor back-drive severity along the drillstring. It was discovered that the back-drive dynamics are worse at the drillstring, approximately 1,110 ft behind the bit, than these measured at the motor top-sub position. These dynamics caused drillstring backoffs and twistoffs in a particular field. A motor back-drive mitigation tool was used in the field to compare the runs with and without the mitigation tool while keeping the surface drilling parameters nearly the same. The downhole drilling dynamics sensors were used to confirm that the mitigation tool significantly reduced stick-slip and eliminated the motor back-drive dynamics in the same depth interval.Detailed analysis of the HF embedded downhole sensor data provides an in-depth understanding of mud motor back-drive dynamics. The cause, severity, reduction in drilling performance and risk of incident can be identified, allowing performance and cost gains to be realized. This paper will detail the advantages to understanding and reducing motor back-drive dynamics, a topic that has not commonly been discussed in the past.

Ferroelectric fatigue and polarization hysteresis behavior of a [001]c Pb(In0.5Nb0.5)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 single crystal

Under the cyclic loading of a strong bipolar electric field, severe and rapid ferroelectric fatigue phenomena were observed in a [001]c poled 0.24PIN-0.49PMN-0.27PT single crystal, where both of coercive field Ec and remnant polarization Pr decrease sharply with electric cycling in a similar trend. The ferroelectric hysteresis dynamic characteristics of the fatigued sample were investigated systemically to explore the influence of electric fatigue on hysteresis behavior. Different relationships for Ec, Pr, hysteresis area , saturation polarization Ps and back-switching polarization Pbc, vs temperature T or frequency f were characterized in the temperature region from 293 to 433 K and frequency region from 0.1 to 100 Hz. Our results showed that hysteresis parameters and Ec decreased approximately linearly with T in the rhombohedral or tetragonal phase. However, anomalous increases of the Pr and Ps with T were observed in the nearly whole temperature region, which is in conflict with the previous studies. It is suggested that depinning of domains due to increase of temperature is an origin of the rejuvenation of fatigue and the increasing of Pr and Ps with T. Moreover, different linear scaling relations between Log and Log(f) were observed at different frequency ranges, which may contribute to heterogeneous nucleation or thermally activated creep motion of domains.

Dynamic response feature of electromechanical coupled drive subsystem in a locomotive excited by wheel flat

As a form of wheel tread failure, a wheel flat becomes increasingly severe in a large axle-load heavy-haul locomotive due to emergency braking or skidding idling. The presence of a wheel flat will cause additional impact forces at the wheel-rail interface which is likely to cause a more rapid fatigue failure of locomotive and infrastructure components. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the dynamics effect of the wheel flat on the railway vehicle system so as to allow efficient monitoring and maintenance. In this paper, a co-simulation model which combines the electrical drive subsystem with a locomotive-track coupled dynamics model considering the complete mechanical transmission subsystem has been presented to analyze the dynamic responses of the locomotive under the effect of wheel flats of different sizes. The results show that the existence of a wheel flat will exacerbate the wheel-rail impact and the vibrations of the components in the locomotive. In addition, the frequency associated with the wheel flat and the gear transmission can be extracted from the frequency spectrum of the current signals in a traction motor, which makes it possible to identify the existence of wheel flats or other rotary component defects in time through analysis of the electrical signals without installing extra sensors.

Features of the nutritional status and nutrition of children with autistic disorders

In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the number of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). According to the Ministry of Health of Russia, the incidence of ASD in children under 2 years of age is 5:10 000, at the age of 4 years - 18:10 000. ASD is a complex multisystem disease that affects metabolic and neurobiological processes. The aim of the research was to analyze the dietary habits of children with autism spectrum disorders. In ASD, physical developmental disorders occur, both in the direction of increasing and decreasing body weight, which is accompanied by pathology of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and eating disorders. Diseases of the digestive system are associated with both inflammatory and functional disorders in the GIT, changes in the immune status, autonomic tone of the nervous system and the composition of the GIT microbiota. Eating disorders in children with ASD lead to negative changes in the child's nutritional status and aggravates the course of gastrointestinal diseases. Nutritional status in children with ASD is characterized by an excess of calories in the diet (or a sharp decrease in it), excessive consumption of fat, sugar and salt, deficiency of vitamins, carotenoids, mineral substances (calcium in 45.1%, lithium in 30-35%, potassium in 70% of children with ASD). It has been found that nutritional deficiencies in ASD exacerbate neuropsychiatric symptoms. Lack of vitamins leads to metabolic disorders, delayed physical and mental development, rapid fatigue, endocrine dysfunction, and aggravation of the symptoms of ASD. Conclusion. Nutritional adjustments in children with ASD can lead to an improvement in non-verbal IQ and a decrease in the clinical manifestations of autism. The issue of developing recommendations for the organization of nutrition for children with ASD in educational institutions remains highly relevant.

Brain-Computer-Spinal Interface Restores Upper Limb Function After Spinal Cord Injury

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are an emerging strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI) intervention that may be used to reanimate paralyzed limbs. This approach requires decoding movement intention from the brain to control movement-evoking stimulation. Common decoding methods use spike-sorting and require frequent calibration and high computational complexity. Furthermore, most applications of closed-loop stimulation act on peripheral nerves or muscles, resulting in rapid muscle fatigue. Here we show that a local field potential-based BCI can control spinal stimulation and improve forelimb function in rats with cervical SCI. We decoded forelimb movement via multi-channel local field potentials in the sensorimotor cortex using a canonical correlation analysis algorithm. We then used this decoded signal to trigger epidural spinal stimulation and restore forelimb movement. Finally, we implemented this closed-loop algorithm in a miniaturized onboard computing platform. This Brain-Computer-Spinal Interface (BCSI) utilized recording and stimulation approaches already used in separate human applications. Our goal was to demonstrate a potential neuroprosthetic intervention to improve function after upper extremity paralysis.