Rapid Enhancement Research Articles

Effects of straw addition on biological nitrogen fixation under continuous and intermittent flooding irrigation in a rice cropping system

Both straw addition and water management affect biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), but it is still unclear how straw addition impacts BNF under continuous or intermittent flooding irrigation in a rice cropping system. A 15N2-labelling chamber system placed in a rice field was used to evaluate BNF under straw addition with continuous or intermittent flooding irrigation for 90 days. The nitrogenase reductase (nifH) gene and reverse transcription gene (cDNA) in the soil were amplified using Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and nifH gene high-throughput sequencing was applied. The BNF in the straw addition treatment (14.0 g straw added to 1.40 kg soil) under continuous flooding (14.3 kg ha-1) was 116% higher than that under intermittent flooding (6.62 kg ha-1). Straw addition and continuous flooding showed significant synergistic effects on BNF and the gene copy numbers of nifH DNA and nifH cDNA. The increase in BNF was mainly due to the increase in the abundance of heterotrophic diazotrophs such as Desulfovibrio, Azonexus, and Azotobacter. These results indicate that straw addition under continuous flooding stimulates BNF relative to intermittent flooding, which may ultimately lead to a rapid enhancement of soil fertility.

Investigation of the Physical Mechanisms of the Formation and Evolution of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles During a Moderate Storm on 17 September 2021

AbstractWe investigate in detail the occurrence and evolution of ionospheric equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) during a moderate storm on 17 September 2021, using Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) observations and Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model‐eXtended (WACCM‐X) simulations. GOLD observations show that there were no EPBs on 16 September before the storm but EPBs occurred after the storm commencement on 17 September. The EPBs extended to ∼30° magnetic latitude. A diagnostic analysis of WACCM‐X simulations reveals that the rapid enhancement of prompt penetration electric fields (PPEFs) after the sudden storm commencement is the main reason that triggered the occurrence of the EPBs. Further quantitative analysis shows that vertical plasma drifts, which are enhanced by the PPEF, played a dominant role in strengthening the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability, leading to the occurrence of the EPBs and the large latitudinal extension of the EPBs to ∼30° magnetic latitude during the night of 17 September.

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Reductive Transformation of C−C and C−O Multiple Bonds

AbstractIn recent decades, electro‐organic synthesis is indubitably emerging as a cornerstone of modern organic chemistry. Electrochemical organic transformations especially reduction reactions have made massive advancements in the last few years because of their sustainable and environ‐friendly nature. Electro‐reductive protocols can be used as a promising substitute for conventional reductants by expelling the requirement of the stoichiometric amount of metal reductants. The major challenges for these electro‐reductive reactions are primarily the use of a sacrificial electrode and divided cells. These limitations can be resolved through smart reaction planning by employing cheap sacrificial reagents or paired electrolysis without compromising the sustainable viewpoint. Considering the rapid enhancement in this field, imparting an intangible understanding of this evolving area is essential and substantial. In this review, we portrayed the electrochemical reductive transformations of C−C and C−O bonds after 2015 along with detailed mechanistic insights.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-associated immune responses triggered by clinically relevant lipid nanoparticles in rats

With the large-scale vaccination of lipid nanoparticles (LNP)-based COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, elucidating the potential polyethylene glycol (PEG)-associated immune responses triggered by clinically relevant LNP has become imminent. However, inconsistent findings were observed across very limited population-based studies. Herein we initiated a study using LNP carrier of Comirnaty® as a representative, and simulated real-world clinical practice covering a series of time points and various doses correlated with approved LNP-delivered drugs in a rat model. We demonstrated the time- and dose-dependency of LNP-induced anti-PEG antibodies in rats. As a thymus-independent antigen, LNP unexpectedly induced isotype switch and immune memory, leading to rapid enhancement and longer lasting time of anti-PEG IgM and IgG upon re-injection in rats. Importantly, initial LNP injection accelerated the blood clearance of subsequent dosing in rats. These findings refine our understandings on LNP and possibly other PEG derivatives, and may promote optimization of related premarket guidelines and clinical protocols.

Multi‐Scale Observation of Magnetotail Reconnection Onset: 2. Microscopic Dynamics

AbstractWe analyze the local dynamics of magnetotail reconnection onset using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) data. In conjunction with MMS, the macroscopic dynamics of this event were captured by a number of other ground and space‐based observatories, as is reported in a companion paper. We find that the local dynamics of the onset were characterized by the rapid thinning of the cross‐tail current sheet below the ion inertial scale, accompanied by the growth of flapping waves and the subsequent onset of electron tearing. Multiple kinetic‐scale magnetic islands were detected coincident with the growth of an initially sub‐Alfvénic, demagnetized tailward ion exhaust. The onset and rapid enhancement of parallel electron inflow at the exhaust boundary was a remote signature of the intensification of reconnection Earthward of the spacecraft. Two secondary reconnection sites are found embedded within the exhaust from a primary X‐line. The primary X‐line was designated as such on the basis that (a) while multiple jet reversals were observed in the current sheet, only one reversal of the electron inflow was observed at the high‐latitude exhaust boundary, (b) the reconnection electric field was roughly five times larger at the primary X‐line than the secondary X‐lines, and (c) energetic electron fluxes increased and transitioned from anti‐field‐aligned to isotropic during the primary X‐line crossing, indicating a change in magnetic topology. The results are consistent with the idea that a primary X‐line mediates the reconnection of lobe magnetic field lines and accelerates electrons more efficiently than its secondary X‐line counterparts.

Assessment of Imaging Findings of Renal Carcinoma Subtypes with 3.0T MRI.

The prevalence of renal masses has escalated as a result of the augmented utilization of cross-sectional imaging techniques. The approach to managing renal masses may exhibit variability contingent upon the subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This research aimed to distinguish between clear cell and papillary RCCs, utilizing dynamic contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The study assessed the MR images of 112 patients with RCC. Two radiologists independently analyzed tumor size, vascular involvement, signal characteristics in T1- and T2-weighted sequences, the presence of hemosiderin, both microscopic and macroscopic fat content, enhancement patterns, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values derived from b-values of 1000 s/mm². Seventy patients had clear cell RCC, and 42 had papillary. In the clear cell RCC, microscopic fat content was significantly higher than the papillary RCC (P < 0.001). However, in papillary RCC, hemosiderin content was substantially greater (P = 0.001). On T2-weighted MR images, clear cell RCCs were usually hyperintense, while papillary RCCs were hypointense (P < 0.001). Even though the rapid enhancement pattern was observed in clear cell RCCs, the progressive enhancement pattern was more prevalent in papillary RCCs (P < 0.001). Hyperintensity on T2-weighted images, microscopic fat content, and rapid enhancement pattern may be indicative of clear cell RCC, whereas hypointensity on T2-weighted images, hemosiderin content, and a progressive contrast pattern may be diagnostic for papillary RCC.

Correlation Coefficients and Adaptive Threshold-Based Dissolve Detection in High-Quality Videos

Rapid enhancements in Multimedia tools and features day per day have made entertainment amazing and the quality visual effects have attracted every individual to watch these days' videos. The fast-changing scenes, light effects, and undistinguishable blending of diverse frames have created challenges for researchers in detecting gradual transitions. The proposed work concentrates to detect gradual transitions in videos using correlation coefficients obtained using color histograms and an adaptive thresholding mechanism. Other gradual transitions including fade out, fade in, and cuts are eliminated successfully, and dissolves are then detected from the acquired video frames. The characteristics of the normalized correlation coefficient are studied carefully and dissolve are extracted simply with low computational and time complexity. The confusion between fade in/out and dissolves is discriminated against using the adaptive threshold and the absence of spikes is not part of the case of dissolves. The experimental results obtained over 14 videos involving lightning effects and rapid object motions from Indian film songs accurately detected 22 out of 25 gradual transitions while falsely detecting one transition. The performance of the proposed scheme over four benchmark videos of the TRECVID 2001 dataset obtained 91.6, 94.33, and 92.03 values for precision, recall, and F-measure respectively.

Seasonal Dependence of the Pacific–North American Teleconnection Associated with ENSO and Its Interaction with the Annual Cycle

Abstract The Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern is one of the prominent atmospheric circulation modes in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, and its seasonal to interannual predictability is suggested to originate from El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Intriguingly, the PNA teleconnection pattern exhibits variance at near-annual frequencies, which is related to a rapid phase reversal of the PNA pattern during ENSO years, whereas the ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Pacific are evolving much slower in time. This distinct seasonal feature of the PNA pattern can be explained by an amplitude modulation of the interannual ENSO signal by the annual cycle (i.e., the ENSO combination mode). The ENSO-related seasonal phase transition of the PNA pattern is reproduced well in an atmospheric general circulation model when both the background SST annual cycle and ENSO SST anomalies are prescribed. In contrast, this characteristic seasonal evolution of the PNA pattern is absent when the tropical Pacific background SST annual cycle is not considered in the modeling experiments. The background SST annual cycle in the tropical Pacific modulates the ENSO-associated tropical Pacific convection response, leading to a rapid enhancement of convection anomalies in winter. The enhanced convection results in a fast establishment of the large-scale PNA teleconnection during ENSO years. The dynamics of this ENSO–annual cycle interaction fills an important gap in our understanding of the seasonally modulated PNA teleconnection pattern during ENSO years.

Hypoxia-Directed and Self-Immolative Theranostic Agent: Imaging and Treatment of Cancer and Bacterial Infections.

The impact of bacteria on cancer progression and treatment is becoming increasingly recognized. Cancer-associated bacteria are linked to metastases, reduced efficacy, and survival challenges. In this study, we present a sensitive hypoxia-activated prodrug, NR-NO2, which comprises an antibiotic combined with a chemotherapeutic. This prodrug demonstrates rapid and robust fluorescence enhancement and exhibits potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as tumor cells. Upon activation, NR-NO2 produces a distinct "fluorescence-on" signal, enabling real-time drug release monitoring. By leveraging elevated nitroreductase in cancer cells, NR-NO2 gives rise to heightened bacterial cytotoxicity while sparing normal cells. In A549 solid tumor-bearing mice, NR-NO2 selectively accumulated at tumor sites, displaying fluorescence signals under hypoxia superior to those of a corresponding prodrug-like control. These findings highlight the potential of NR-NO2 as a promising cancer therapy prodrug that benefits from targeted release, antibacterial impact, and imaging-based guidance.

Fast and High-Efficiency Synthesis of Capsanthin in Pepper by Transient Expression of Geminivirus.

The color of the chili fruit is an important factor that determines the quality of the chili, as red chilies are more popular among consumers. The accumulation of capsanthin is the main cause of reddening of the chili fruit. Capsanthin is an important metabolite in carotenoid metabolism, and its production level is closely linked to the expression of the genes for capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (CCS) and carotenoid hydroxylase (CrtZ). We reported for the first time that the synthesis of capsanthin in chili was enhanced by using a geminivirus (Bean Yellow Dwarf Virus). By expressing heterologous β-carotenoid hydroxylase (CrtZ) and β-carotenoid ketolase (CrtW) using codon optimization, the transcription level of the CCS gene and endogenous CrtZ was directly increased. This leads to the accumulation of a huge amount of capsanthin in a very short period of time. Our results provide a platform for the rapid enhancement of endogenous CCS activity and capsanthin production using geminivirus in plants.

Rapid enhancement of optical transparency on glycine phosphite crystals by shock waves

Rapid enhancement of optical transparency on glycine phosphite crystals by shock waves

A Statistical Study on the Acceleration Conditions of Ultrarelativistic Electrons in the Earth's Outer Radiation Belt During Geomagnetic Storms

AbstractUsing the data from Van Allen Probes, we statistically study the acceleration conditions of ultrarelativistic electrons (Ek &gt; 3 MeV) in the Earth's outer radiation belt. Based on the different high energy cutoffs of ultrarelativistic electrons, the acceleration events of ultrarelativistic electrons are divided into the four groups of “3.4 MeV events,” “5.2 MeV events,” “6.3 MeV events,” and “7.7 MeV events.” According to different solar wind and substorm conditions during the recovery stage, we classify solar wind into three categories: no high‐speed flows, short‐duration high‐speed flows, and long‐duration high‐speed flows. Substorms are divided into continuous substorm activity and non‐continuous substorm activity. Our statistical results show that (a) The different solar wind speeds can cause enhancements of ultrarelativistic electrons with different energies. The high solar wind speed is more important in the acceleration of ultrarelativistic electrons with higher energies (7.7 MeV) than lower energies (3.4, 5.2, and 6.3 MeV). (b) The different substorm activities during the recovery stage can cause enhancements of ultrarelativistic electrons with different energies. Continuous intense substorms in the early recovery stage can contribute to the rapid recovery and enhancements of ultrarelativistic electrons. The timing, intensity, and duration of substorms during the recovery stage are important to the acceleration of ultrarelativistic electrons. (c) Relativistic (1 MeV) electrons are the direct “source” of ultrarelativistic electrons (3.4, 5.2, and 6.3 MeV) in the outer radiation belt. These can help us further understand the electron dynamics of the Earth’s outer radiation belt.

Tracking adoptive natural killer cells via ultrasound imaging assisted with nanobubbles.

The recent years has witnessed an exponential growth in the field of natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy for cancer treatment. As a prerequisite to precise evaluations and on-demand interventions, the noninvasive tracking of adoptive NK cells plays a crucial role not only in post-treatment monitoring, but also in offering opportunities for preclinical studies on therapy optimizations. Here, we describe an NK cell tracking strategy for cancer immunotherapy based on ultrasound imaging modality. Nanosized ultrasound contrast agents, gas vesicles (GVs), were surface-functionalized to label NK cells. Unlike traditional microbubble contrast agents, nanosized GVs with their unique thermodynamical stability enable the detection of labeled NK cells under nonlinear contrast-enhanced ultrasound (nCEUS), without a noticeable impact on cellular viability or migration. By such labeling, we were able to monitor the trafficking of systematically infused NK cells to a subcutaneous tumor model. Upon co-treatment with interleukin (IL)-2, we observed a rapid enhancement in NK cell trafficking at the tumor site as early as 3h post-infusion. Altogether, we show that the proposed ultrasound-based tracking strategy is able to capture the dynamical changes of cell trafficking in NK cell-based immunotherapy, providing referencing information for early-phase monotherapy evaluation, as well as understanding the effects of modulatory co-treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In cellular immunotherapies, the post-infusion monitoring of the living therapeutics has been challenging. Several popular imaging modalities have been explored the monitoring of the adoptive immune cells, evaluating their trafficking and accumulation in the tumor. Here we demonstrated, for the first time, the ultrasound imaging-based immune cell tracking strategy. We showed that the acoustic labeling of adoptive immune cells was feasible with nanosized ultrasound contrast agents, overcoming the size and stability limitations of traditional microbubbles, enabling dynamical tracking of adoptive natural killer cells in both monotherapy and synergic treatment with cytokines. This article introduced the cost-effective and ubiquitous ultrasound imaging modality into the field of cellular immunotherapies, with broad prospectives in early assessment and on-demand image-guided interventions.

Simple Analytical Expressions for Steady-State Vapor Growth and Collision–Coalescence Particle Size Distribution Parameter Profiles

Abstract This study derives simple analytical expressions for the theoretical height profiles of particle number concentrations (Nt) and mean volume diameters (Dm) during the steady-state balance of vapor growth and collision–coalescence with sedimentation. These equations are general for both rain and snow gamma size distributions with size-dependent power-law functions that dictate particle fall speeds and masses. For collision–coalescence only, Nt (Dm) decreases (increases) as an exponential function of the radar reflectivity difference between two height layers. For vapor deposition only, Dm increases as a generalized power law of this reflectivity difference. Simultaneous vapor deposition and collision–coalescence under steady-state conditions with conservation of number, mass, and reflectivity fluxes lead to a coupled set of first-order, nonlinear ordinary differential equations for Nt and Dm. The solutions to these coupled equations are generalized power-law functions of height z for Dm(z) and Nt(z) whereby each variable is related to one another with an exponent that is independent of collision–coalescence efficiency. Compared to observed profiles derived from descending in situ aircraft Lagrangian spiral profiles from the CRYSTAL-FACE field campaign, these analytical solutions can on average capture the height profiles of Nt and Dm within 8% and 4% of observations, respectively. Steady-state model projections of radar retrievals aloft are shown to produce the correct rapid enhancement of surface snowfall compared to the lowest-available radar retrievals from 500 m MSL. Future studies can utilize these equations alongside radar measurements to estimate Nt and Dm below radar tilt elevations and to estimate uncertain microphysical parameters such as collision–coalescence efficiencies. Significance Statement While complex numerical models are often used to describe weather phenomenon, sometimes simple equations can instead provide equally good or comparable results. Thus, these simple equations can be used in place of more complicated models in certain situations and this replacement can allow for computationally efficient and elegant solutions. This study derives such simple equations in terms of exponential and power-law mathematical functions that describe how the average size and total number of snow or rain particles change at different atmospheric height levels due to growth from the vapor phase and aggregation (the sticking together) of these particles balanced with their fallout from clouds. We catalog these mathematical equations for different assumptions of particle characteristics and we then test these equations using spirally descending aircraft observations and ground-based measurements. Overall, we show that these mathematical equations, despite their simplicity, are capable of accurately describing the magnitude and shape of observed height and time series profiles of particle sizes and numbers. These equations can be used by researchers and forecasters along with radar measurements to improve the understanding of precipitation and the estimation of its properties.

Humic acid plus manure increases the soil carbon pool by inhibiting salinity and alleviating the microbial resource limitation in saline soils

Fertilization strategies have been widely studied as an effective strategy to improve the structure and fertility of saline soils. However, the effect of the combination of different organic ameliorants on the soil carbon (C) pool is still not clear. We conducted a two-year field experiment to investigate the influences of organic ameliorants on soil organic C (SOC) and inorganic C (SIC) stocks, and enzymaticstoichiometry for both top and subsoil (i.e., 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm) in the semi-arid saline region of Western China. Compared to chemical fertilizer (CK) soils, the content and stock of total C and SOC at 0–40 cm soil layer under organic ameliorant (OM), humus acid plus OM (HA + OM), and biofertilizer plus OM (B + OM) were 9–40% higher, whilst the content and stock of SIC at 0–40 cm soil layer under HA + OM were 18% higher after two years. In addition, soil microorganisms were generally limited by phosphorus (P), and HA + OM reduced microbial P and nitrogen (N) limitations after two years application. Structural equation modeling showed that reduced microbial N and P limitation under HA + OM was mainly directly driven by the decrease in electrical conductivity (EC) content. Redundancy analysis and correlation analysis further confirmed that soil EC and microbial resource limitation were the main factors affecting soil C content. Furthermore, HA + OM promoted the positive regulation of SOC on SIC, which facilitated the formation of SIC content. The higher accumulation of SOC and SIC content under HA + OM were both beneficial to the enhancement of the total C stock in saline soil. Overall, our results provided an effective regime to improve the soil saline and microbial environments, and increase the potential for rapid enhancement of the C stock of saline soil in Northwest China.

Knocking Out OsAAP11 to Improve Rice Grain Quality Using CRISPR/Cas9 System.

The demand for rice grain quality, particularly in terms of eating and cooking quality, is increasingly concerning at present. However, the limited availability of rice-quality-related gene resources and time-consuming and inefficient traditional breeding methods have severely hindered the pace of rice grain quality improvement. Exploring novel methods for improving rice grain quality and creating new germplasms is an urgent problem that needs to be addressed. In this study, an amino-acid-transporter-encoding gene OsAAP11 (Os11g0195600) mainly expressed in endosperm was selected as the target for gene editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in three japonica genetic backgrounds (Wuyungeng30, Nangeng9108, and Yanggeng158, hereafter referred to as WYG30, NG9108, and YG158). We successfully obtained homozygous osaap11 mutants without transgenic insertion. Subsequently, we conducted comprehensive investigations on the agronomic traits, rice grain quality traits, and transcriptomic analysis of these mutants. The results demonstrate that loss of OsAAP11 function led to a reduced amino acid content and total protein content in grains without affecting the agronomic traits of the plants; meanwhile, it significantly increased the peak viscosity, holding viscosity, and final viscosity values during the cooking process, thereby enhancing the eating and cooking quality. This study not only provides valuable genetic resources and fundamental materials for improving rice grain quality but also provides novel technical support for the rapid enhancement of rice grain quality.

Enhanced piezoelectric properties and depolarization temperature in textured (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-based ceramics via homoepitaxial templated grain growth

Enhanced piezoelectric response was usually achieved in (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)-based ceramics with sacrifice of depolarization temperature Td, seriously limiting their usage range in electromechanical applications. In this work, we propose to explore piezoelectric anisotropy and domain engineering in composition & microstructure-controlled textured ceramics to resolve this issue. [001]c-textured 0.94(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 (0.94BNT-0.06BT) ceramics with Lotgering factor F001∼91% were fabricated through homoepitaxial templated grain growth (TGG) via using 0.94BNT-0.06BT microplatelet templates. The textured samples exhibited more ordered domains with facilitated domain switching behavior, being consistent with saturated high polarization achieved at lower electric fields. Increasing F001 to above 60% enables rapid enhancement of piezoelectric response. Notably, compared to non-textured counterpart, the maximally textured ceramics exhibited ∼236% enhanced piezoelectric coefficient (d33∼302 pC/N) and ∼280% enhanced piezoelectric voltage coefficient (g33∼49.8 × 10−3 Vm/N), together with slightly increased depolarization temperature (Td∼106 °C). Moreover, those values are approaching or even higher than the single-crystal values. This work not only provides important guidelines for design and synthesis of novel textured ceramics with improved comprehensive electrical properties, but also can expand application fields of BNT-based ceramics.

TO STUDY THE CLINICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF COVID-19 PEDIATRIC PATIENTS (UP TO 18 YEARS) IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER OF JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN

Objective: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection has quickly developed into a global pandemic. According to the available evidence, children appear to be less likely to be afflicted and the condition may be less severe, but things could change. Rapid deterioration and enhancements in the physiologic state are a hallmark of the pediatric community. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to study the demographic and clinical parameters of pediatric COVID patients. Methods: This hospital-based prospective and retrospective study was conducted during April 1st, 2020–July 2022 at the COVID ward and outpatient department, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur. We included 276 children up to 18 years suffering from COVID-19 infection. We collected data of our study population from medical records and filled up the predesigned pro forma for admitted patients. Admitted children were classified as, per ICMR guidelines as: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe variety. Statistical analysis was done with the SPSS software. Results: Highest percentage of cases 48.39% in the age group 12–18 years, were followed by 31.45% in the 7–12-year-old age group. About 13.04% of patients were asymptomatic, whereas the remaining cases were symptomatic, with severity levels of mild 49.28%, moderate 26.81%, and severe 10.87%. Fever was the most prevalent symptom 69.2%, cough at 43.84%, throat ache 18.12%, breathing difficulties 15.22%, headache 2.54%. Conclusion: In the present study, we concluded that during the third wave of the pandemic, most children had symptomatic illnesses, but recovery was fast among non-hospitalized children. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children was more common in elderly children.

Improved Cyber Attack Detection Using MLB-FQS: A Novel Modified Lagrange Butterfly-based Fuzzy Quasi-Linear SVM Algorithm

With the rapid enhancement of communication and computer networks, internet-based technologies provide numerous convenient and accessible services to the public all over the world. Meanwhile, the types and number of cyber attacks have been increasing day by day and create a serious threat to secure most confidential data. Hence, securing data is considered a crucial task and nowadays intrusion detection system is one of the most effective and promising techniques to provide secure data by detecting malicious data. However, it becomes extremely hard in preventing the network system from attack due to imbalanced data that results in low detection and poor accuracy rates. Therefore, a novel intrusion detection mechanism is proposed to accurately detect cyber intrusion with high detection accuracy rate. The Intrusion detection mechanism comprises three significant phases namely the data pre-processing phase, the feature selection phase as well as attack detection phase. Various pre-processing techniques namely data normalization, data conversion as well as one-hot encoding process are utilized to provide an appropriate format that is suitable for analysis. In the feature selection phase, a Modified Lagrange Butterfly (MLB) optimization is employed to select optimal features for effective detection. Finally, a Fuzzy Quasi-Linear Support Vector Machine (FQL-SVM) classifier is employed to determine the network as two different types of classes namely the abnormal or malicious classes. After examining on malware dataset, the experimental analysis demonstrates a high classification accuracy rate of 98.41% which is better than other comparative techniques.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids. Mechanism of action and clinical effects

Introduction and aim. Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are used for the rapid enhancement of muscular mass and optimization of athletic performance. Their administration is frequently linked with a plethora of adverse health implications. The primary objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of multifaceted impacts of anabolic-androgenic steroids on the human body. Material and methods. A review of literature was performed by searching PubMed and GoogleScholar databases using the following key words: anabolic-androgenic steroids, muscular hypertrophy, female masculinization. Analysis of the literature. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetically manufactured derivatives of testosterone. Given the widespread distribution of the androgen receptor, the effects of these steroids are broad, influencing almost all bodily functions. Their impacts include, promoting muscular hypertrophy including that of the cardiac muscle, premature epiphyseal closure, liver diseases, masculinization in females, feminization in males, and degradation in sperm quality. Conclusion. AAS consumption is a significant public health problem. While they may appeal to users by enhancing their physical attractiveness they carry multiple health consequences. Patients should be educated about the adverse effects of taking AAS so they can make informed decision about starting or stopping their use.