Rapeseed Meal Research Articles

Optimization of fermentation conditions to improve the functional and structural characteristics of rapeseed meal with a mutant Bacillus subtilis species

This investigation aimed to provide the optimum solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions to enhance the functional and structural characteristics of rapeseed meal (RM). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the experimental fermentation conditions (temperature, incubation time, and inoculum size) on the protease activity, peptide content, and DPPH activity of RM with Central Composite Design (CCD). The quadratic models of the investigated responses were developed, and their coefficients were observed from the multiple-regression analysis. ANOVA indicated that incubation time was highly significant (p < .01) in all experimental responses. The optimized fermentation conditions of protease activity, peptide content, and DPPH activity were accessed at 92 h, 44 °C, and 8 mL, and the predicted data for these responses were 212.59 U/g, 192.35 mg/g, and 93.46%, respectively. The verification experiment indicated that the measured values of the three responses were insignificant (p > 0.05) with the predicted results, suggesting that the CCD model was fittingly used in predicting such responses. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy outcomes showed remarkable alteration in RM morphology, surface topography, and secondary conformation after 92 h of fermentation. Correlational analysis indicated that β-turn had a strong interrelationship with the functional properties (i.e., DPPH, total phenol content, and Emulsifying properties) of FRM. The improved parameters obtained displayed their effectiveness in improving the bioactive and structural properties of FRM.

Sunflower and rapeseed meal as alternative feed materials to soybean meal for sustainable egg production, using aged laying hens

ABSTRACT 1. This study assessed the impact of replacing two thirds of a soybean meal (SBM) based diet with an alternative protein (AP) based diet (sunflower and rapeseed meal), when fed to end of production Hy-Line Brown laying hens. 2. Diets were fed in seven cages, each containing six birds aged from 75 to 83 weeks old. Measured variables included bird performance, egg production, quality variables of fresh eggs, total tract digestibility of dry matter (DMD), neutral detergent fibre (NDFD), fat (FD), and nitrogen corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn). 3. No significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) for egg production, egg composition or egg quality. However, birds fed the AP diet had darker yolks (P < 0.05), possibly linked to natural pigments in AP. 4. The SBM diet had higher AMEn, DMD and NDFD (P < 0.05), although FD was higher in the AP diet (P < 0.05). 5. Diets based on AP sources can be fed to aged laying hens without deteriorating productive performance, providing care is taken in formulating diets (e.g. amino acid levels, balance etc). Using AP sources may reduce reliance on SBM associated with land use change, contributing towards sustainability for the egg industry.

Valorisation of Side Stream Products through Green Approaches: The Rapeseed Meal Case.

Rapeseed meal (RSM) is a by-product of rapeseed oil extraction and is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including proteins and antioxidants. This study compared two methods for extracting antioxidants from RSM: conventional ethanol Soxhlet extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction. These procedures were applied to both native RSM and RSM after protein removal to evaluate their bio-compound composition and potential applications. HPLC-DAD, NMR, and GC/MS analyses revealed a rich polyphenolic profile in the extracts, including the presence of sinapic acid. The concentration of sinapic acid varied depending on the extraction method used. The anti-radical activity of the extracts was also analysed using the DPPH assay, which confirmed the potential of RSM as a source of antioxidants for use in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical formulations.

Evaluating Fermentation Quality, Aerobic Stability, and Rumen-Degradation (In Situ) Characteristics of Various Protein-Based Total Mixed Rations.

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate changes in fermentation quality, chemical composition, aerobic stability, anti-nutritional factors, and in situ disappearance characteristics of various protein-based total mixed rations. Soybean meal (control, non-fermented), fermented cottonseed meal (F-CSM), and fermented rapeseed meal (F-RSM) group were used to prepare the TMRs with corn, whole-plant corn silage, corn stalks, wheat bran, and premix. The test groups were inoculated at 50% moisture with Bacillus clausii and Saccharomyces cariocanus and stored aerobically for 60 h. The nylon-bag method was used to measure and study the rumen's nutrient degradation. The pH of all TMRs after 48 h of air exposure was below 4.8, whereas that of the F-CSM and control and F-RSM groups increased to 5.0 and >7.0, respectively. After 8 h of aerobic exposure, the temperatures of all groups significantly increased, and 56 h later, they were 2 °C higher than the surrounding air. The lactic acid concentration in the F-CSM and F-RSM groups increased after 12 h of aerobic exposure and then decreased. The acetic acid concentrations in the fermented groups decreased significantly with the increasing air-exposure time. The yeast population of the TMRs increased to more than 8.0 log10 CFU/g before 72 h of air exposure, followed by a decrease in the population (5.0 log10 CFU/g). After fermentation, the free gossypol (FG) concentration in F-CSM decreased by half and did not change significantly during the air-exposure period. Fermentation with probiotics also reduced the F-RSM's glucosinolate concentration, resulting in a more than 50% detoxification rate. Compared with the F-CSM and F-RSM groups, the effective degradation rates of nutrients in the control group were the lowest, and the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), natural detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) all degraded effectively at rates of 28.4%, 34.5%, 27.8%, and 22.8%, respectively. Fermentation with B. clausii and S. cariocanus could improve the fermentation quality and nutrient composition, decrease the anti-nutritional factor, and increase nutrient degradation of the TMR with cottonseed meal or rapeseed meal as the main protein source, thus achieving detoxification.

Pyrolysis of spent rapeseed meal: A circular economy example for waste valorization

This study describes an original procedure for protein extraction from rapeseed meal, which due to its well-balanced amino acid composition is used in livestock and aquaculture industries. The waste collected after the extraction process was converted through induction pyrolysis using two different set-ups and different reaction conditions. The choice of process parameters address the reaction towards a high formation of bio-oil (30.5%) and gas (30.7%) or the production of large quantities of bio-char (up to 53%). Bio-oils were characterized through GC–MS and 1H NMR, to evaluate its composition. The bio-oils are rich in nitrogenous aromatic compounds, in particular pyrrole and derivatives of pyrazines. In addition, other high value-added products such as furfuryl alcohol are also present. A TGA analysis was used to determine the thermal stability of the char and FT-IR analysis of the solid fraction shows the presence of residual functional groups on the surface. This study reveals that pyrolysis is a valid way for biomass conversion, solving

RETRACTED: Dietary cysteamine addition remarkably improved the growth performance and increased carcass protein deposition via inhibiting proteolysis-related genes in feedlot lambs

Cysteamine (CS), a metabolic product of coenzyme A in mammals, has been increasingly employed in China as a potential growth promoter in cattle and lamb feedlotting. This study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of CS on apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen methane fermentation, N metabolism, and slaughter performance. The experiment involved 48 male Dorper-Hu hybrid lambs with an initial live body weight of 33.32 ± 0.94 kg. These lambs were assigned to four dietary CS addition treatment groups with diets consisting of foxtail millet silage, corn straw, corn grain, soybean meal rapeseed meal, and different concentrations of CS (0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg body weight). The results showed that increasing dietary CS concentrations led to a linear increase in dry matter intake and average daily weight gain, as well as a quadratic increase in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein (P < 0.05). Furthermore, increasing dietary CS concentrations linearly increased free fatty acids, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I, while linearly decreased somatostatin levels (P < 0.01). In addition, increasing dietary CS concentrations linearly increased propionate but decreased acetate and methane prediction by 7.9–15.2% (P < 0.05). Based on the N balance measurement, increasing dietary CS concentrations quadratically increased daily N intake by 12.3% and daily N retention by 8.1–34.8% via reducing N loss efficiency in urine by 13.5% and in feces by 14.8% (P < 0.01). Dietary CS addition linearly increased the meat-to-bone ratio by 8.0–23.1% and lean yield by 6.4–22.2%; however, it decreased back tissue thickness (GR) by 8.7–11.3% and the fat-to-net meat yield ratio by 2.2–13.0% (P < 0.05). Furthermore, increasing dietary CS concentrations linearly increased the mRNA relative expression of insulin-like growth factors - I and protein kinase B (P < 0.05), while linearly decreased the relative mRNA expression of forkhead box protein o4, muscle ring finger 1, and muscle atrophy F-Box (P < 0.05). Cysteamine increased weight gain (+22.1%) via increasing feed intake and inhibiting somatostatin levels, and 40 mg/kg BW was determined to be the optimal dose for feeding. Furthermore, CS increased carcass protein deposition and decreased GR by inhibiting proteolysis, which improved carcass performance.

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Efficient and Safe Utilization of Two Varieties of Winter Rapeseed Grown on Cadmium- and Lead-Contaminated Farmland under Atmospheric Deposition

To determine the feasibility of planting rapeseed to safely utilize heavy metals (HMs)-contaminated farmlands surrounding working smelters under atmospheric deposition, a field trial was conducted to analyze the yields, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations, health risks, and economic benefits of 15 rapeseed cultivars (13 Brassica napus L. and two Brassica campestris L.) in Jiyuan City, Henan Province, China. The results show that the seeds’ Cd concentration was 0.12–0.64 mg·kg−1 and the seeds’ Pb concentration was higher than Cd at 0.49–1.22 mg·kg−1. The Cd bioconcentration factor of B. campestris (0.702–0.822) was higher than that of B. napus (0.246–0.502). Additionally, Cd and Pb transfer factors from the stems to the pods and seeds were 0.34–1.20 and 0.54–4.53, respectively. Combined with a comprehensive analysis of the annual deposition data of Cd and Pb, 16.40 and 345.79 kg·hm−2, respectively, HMs in the seeds were not only derived from those in the soil, but were also derived from the atmosphere. Furthermore, the Cd and Pb levels in rapeseed oil, meal, and straw met the requirements stipulated in the standards for food safety, feeds hygiene, and organic fertilizer in China. Rapeseed–maize rotation yielded a profit of 15,550 CNY·a−1·hm−2, thereby increasing the economic output by 133.8%. A cluster analysis revealed that B. campestris SYH and ZS100 and B. napus ZY-821 showed the greatest comprehensive benefits. In conclusion, rapeseed cultivation is a viable and extendable approach that can achieve the safe utilization of typical HMs-contaminated farmland caused by atmospheric deposition in Northern China.

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from hydrolysed rapeseed meal by Haloferax mediterranei

Rapeseed meal (RSM) hydrolysate is a potential low-cost feedstock for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by the archaea, Haloferax mediterranei. Acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis were carried out to compare effectiveness. Enzymatic hydrolysis is more effective than acidic hydrolysis for fermentation substrate leading to increased PHA productivity. H. mediterranei didn’t grow or produce PHA when acid hydrolysed RSM medium was present in proportions greater than 25% (vol.), potentially due to the effect of inhibitors such as furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), etc. However, H. mediterranei was able to grow and produce PHA when using enzymatically hydrolysed RSM medium. The maximum PHA concentration of 0.512 g/L was found at 75% (vol.) in enzymatic RSM hydrolysate medium. The biopolymer obtained had improved thermal and mechanical properties compared to PHB homopolymer. RSM’s potential as a low-cost alternative feedstock for improved PHA production under non-sterile conditions was successfully demonstrated, and its usage should be further explored.

Effect of fermented rapeseed meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health in growing pigs

To explore the effects of fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) on growth performance and intestinal health, a total of 30 growing pigs were randomly allotted to three treatments consisting of corn-soybean meal diet (CSD), rapeseed meal diet (RSD), and fermented rapeseed meal diet (FRSD). Results showed that compared with RSD, FRSD feeding increased the average daily gain and final body weight in pigs (P < 0.01). Compared with RSD feeding, FRSD feeding elevated the apparent digestibility of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and ether extract in pigs (P < 0.01). Moreover, the FRSD group exhibited greater apparent ileal digestibility of His, Thr, Lys, and Ser than the RSD group (P < 0.01). The digestible energy, metabolic energy, and nitrogen utilization were higher in the FRSD and CSD groups than in the RSD group (P < 0.01). As compared to the RSD, FRSD feeding decreased the serum concentration of leptin but significantly increased the concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG, ghrelin, and enzyme activities of amylase, lipase, and trypsin in the pancreas (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the villus height, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and the activities of brush border enzymes (e.g., maltase and sucrase) in the small intestine were higher in the CSD and FRSD groups than in the RSD group (P < 0.05). As compared to the RSD, the FRSD feeding not only increased the expression level of the occludin in the small intestinal epithelium (P < 0.05) but also elevated the expression levels of claudin-1, MUC1, and PepT1 genes in the duodenum, and elevated the expression levels of SGLT1 and CAT1 genes in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Importantly, FRSD feeding significantly decreased the abundance of Escherichia coli, but increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and the content of butyrate in the cecum and colon (P < 0.05). These results indicated that compared with rapeseed meal, fermented rapeseed meal exhibited a positive effect on improving the growth performance and intestinal health in growing pigs, and the results may also help develop novel protein sources for animal nutrition and the feed industry.

Response of Rice Grain Yield and Soil Fertility to Fertilization Management under Three Rice-Based Cropping Systems in Reclaimed Soil

Reasonable cropping systems and fertilizer management are vital for improving the quality of barren soil. The effectiveness of different crop rotation methods and fertilizers in soil improvement depends on various factors, including soil type, climate conditions, and crop type. In the present study, based on three rice-based cropping systems, the effects of organic fertilizers combined with slow-release fertilizers on rice yield and soil fertility in reclaimed soil were analyzed. The results showed that the rice grain yield was highest under the rice-fallow rotation system (RF) with the application of rapeseed meal fertilizer. Available nutrients such as AN, N_NH4+, TP, and AK showed a significant positive correlation with rice grain yield (p &lt; 0.05). PCA and PERMANOVA analysis supported significant variation in CAZyme abundance among cropping systems (R2 = 0.60, p = 0.001) and significant differences between slow-release fertilizer treatments and organic fertilizer treatments (p &lt; 0.05), but not among the three organic fertilizer treatments. Network analysis indicated positive stronger correlations among all functional enzymes in organic fertilizer treatments compared to chemical fertilizer treatments. RDA and correlation heat map results showed that C/N ratios and N_NH4+ were strongly related to CAZyme composition. PLS-PM analysis revealed that soil available nitrogen positively influenced several variables, while rice grain yield was negatively influenced by soil enzymes and TOC. These findings suggested that under appropriate cropping systems, partially substituting chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers can effectively enhance the availability of nutrients in the soil, alter the activity of carbon-cycling microorganisms, and increase rice grain yield.

Effects of faba bean, blue lupin and rapeseed meal supplementation on amino acid metabolism of dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets.

Information about the amino acid (AA) supply of locally produced protein supplements to dairy cow metabolism is needed to design sustainable diets for milk production. In this dairy cow experiment, grass silage and cereal-based diets supplemented with isonitrogenous amounts of rapeseed meal (RSM), faba beans (FB) and blue lupin seeds (BL) were compared with a control diet (CON) without protein supplementation. The diets were arranged as a 4×4 Latin Square using periods of 21days, and four rumen-cannulated Nordic Red dairy cows were used in the experiment. The intake of all AAs increased in response to protein supplementation and was for many individual AAs higher when RSM rather than the grain legumes FB and BL were fed. The total AA flow at the omasal canal was 3026, 3371, 3373 and 3045g/day for cows fed CON, RSM, FB and BL, respectively, but only RSM resulted in higher milk protein output. This may be explained by the higher provision of essential AA for milk protein synthesis when RSM was fed. The cows fed FB showed some positive features such as a tendency for greater omasal flow of branched-chain AA compared with BL. Overall, low plasma methionine and/or glucose concentrations in all treatments suggest that their supply was possibly limiting further production responses under the dietary conditions of the current study. It seems that the benefits of grain legume supplementation are limited when high-quality grass silage and cereal-based diets are used as the basal diet, but higher responses in amino acid supply and subsequent production responses can be expected when RSM is used.

O21 The effects of grain legume and rapeseed meal supplementation on amino acid metabolism of dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets

O21 The effects of grain legume and rapeseed meal supplementation on amino acid metabolism of dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets

Biological completeness of protein and its role in farm animals feeding

Purpose. To study the biological completeness of the feed protein, including green mass of cereal and leguminous fodder crops. To find out the role of their aminoacid composition for farm animals feeding. Methods. Sampling was carried out in accordance with State Standard of Ukraine ISO 6497:2005, determination of the content of moisture and other volatile substances – State Standard of Ukraine ISO 6496:2005, nitrogen and crude protein – State Standard of Ukraine 7169:2010. The amino acid composition of protein was determined on the AAA500 ion-exchange automatic analyzer. Results. Cereal grain proteins are characterized by a relatively low content of lysine, threonine, and corn grain – of tryptophan. The richest source of essential aminoacids among plant feeds is soybean meal, which contains, on average, 43% of protein. The complex use of sunflower and rapeseed meal maximally balances the protein nutrition of animals and the. But this raw material should be checked for protein and non-protein nitrogen content to confirm its natural origin. For ruminants, the green mass of cereal crops is a valuable feed, because the crude protein content in it reaches 12% in the tillering phase, but decreases two times in the earing phase. In the green mass of legumes, alfalfa and chickweed, the content of crude protein in the branching phase is at the level of 27-29% in terms of absolutely dry matter, and in the flowering phase –15-17%. In terms of the content of individual aminoacids, the green mass of leguminous crops exceeds the green mass of cereal fodder crops by 1.5-2 times. Conclusions. The content of lysine in triticale and rye grains is the highest – 3.6%, while in wheat – only 2.8%. An important condition in solving the problem of animal protein nutrition is its multicomponent nature, which ensures a better balance in terms of aminoacids. In terms of the content of individual aminoacids, the green mass of leguminous crops exceeds the green mass of cereal fodder crops by 1.5-2 times, while the green mass of cereal crops is characterized by a lower protein content compared to legumes.

The use of non-traditional feed products in the diets of broiler chickens under the conditions of the south of Russia

The territory of the Republic of Adygea is very favorable for intensive grain production. However, in recent years, there has been a steady trend of increasing average annual air temperatures in this subject of the south of Russia, droughts are increasingly occurring. At the same time, the yield of grain crops is falling. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to the introduction of triticale, sorghum and rapeseed grains (presscake and meal) into feed production, which are more resistant to adverse climatic factors compared to traditional cereals (wheat, barley and corn) and oilseeds (soy, sunfl ower). The purpose of the research was to experimentally substantiate the use of non-traditional feed products in the diets of broiler chickens under the conditions of the South of Russia. Under the conditions of the arid zone of the south of Russia, the eff ectiveness of using non-traditional grain crops (drought-resistant triticale varieties) in the formulation of compound feeds for broiler chickens, the use of rapeseed meal in compound feeds containing triticale and the use of methods to increase the effi ciency of using complete compound feeds containing non-traditional components has been experimentally substantiated. It has been established that under the conditions of the arid climate of the south of Russia, without prejudice to the economic and biological indicators, broiler chickens with a twophase type of feeding should include triticale grain (in the fi rst phase at a dose of 10,0 %, in the second phase at a dose of 16,4 % by weight of compound feed) and rapeseed meal (in the fi rst phase at a dose of 14,0 %, in the second phase at a dose of 16,0 % by weight of compound feed) instead of a similar amount of traditional and more expensive soy and sunflower meal. This contributed to a reduction in costs per 1 kg of gain of 5,56 rubles and the increase in the profitability of poultry meat production by 3,70 abs.%.

Single-cell Raman and functional gene analyses reveal microbial P solubilization in agriculture waste-modified soils.

Application of agricultural waste such as rapeseed meal (RM) is regarded as a sustainable way to improve soil phosphorus (P) availability by direct nutrient supply and stimulation of native phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) in soils. However, exploration of the in situ microbial P solubilizing function in soils remains a challenge. Here, by applying both phenotype-based single-cell Raman with D2O labeling (Raman-D2O) and genotype-based high-throughput chips targeting carbon, nitrogen and P (CNP) functional genes, the effect of RM application on microbial P solubilization in three typical farmland soils was investigated. The abundances of PSMs increased in two alkaline soils after RM application identified by single-cell Raman D2O. RM application reduced the diversity of bacterial communities and increased the abundance of a few bacteria with reported P solubilization function. Genotypic analysis indicated that RM addition generally increased the relative abundance of CNP functional genes. A correlation analysis of the abundance of active PSMs with the abundance of soil microbes or functional genes was carried out to decipher the linkage between the phenotype and genotype of PSMs. Myxococcota and C degradation genes were found to potentially contribute to the enhanced microbial P release following RM application. This work provides important new insights into the in situ function of soil PSMs. It will lead to better harnessing of agricultural waste to mobilize soil legacy P and mitigate the P crisis.

Improvement of the Nutritional Quality of Rapeseed Meal through Solid-State Fermentation with B. subtilis, S. cerevisiae, and B. amyloliquefaciens

In this study, the effect of solid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis GYB6, Saccharomyces cerevisiae NJ1, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y8 on the anti-nutritional factors, nutritional components, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, functional properties, and structure of rapeseed meal (RSM) were investigated. Results showed that the action of three strains in the fermentation of RSM caused a significant decline in glucosinolates, phytic acid, crude fiber, and tannins by 99.18%, 42.41%, 27.21%, and 34.17%, respectively. The amount of crude protein, amino acids, and peptides of RSM increased significantly after fermentation. The SDS-PAGE results showed that 12S globulin and 2S albumin protein were almost entirely degraded. Fermentation considerably increased the concentration of total phenolics and flavonoids, and activated antioxidant activity and functional properties. Furthermore, the structural variation was observed by scanning electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Thus, these results indicated that the solid-state fermentation process in this study was a promising approach to enhance both the nutritional value and bioactivity of RSM, which could be used as value-added functional animal food ingredients.

Rapeseed Meal Waste Biomass as a Single-Cell Protein Substrate for Nutritionally-Enhanced Feed Components

Rapeseed meal (RM) is produced in large quantities as a byproduct of oil extraction from rapeseeds. However, the efficient utilization of RM as animal feed is limited by its low metabolizable energy, poor palatability, and high levels of fiber and anti-nutritional components. Here, we investigate the potential of enriching RM with single-cell protein through fermentation with conventional and unconventional yeasts. The process of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation improved the parameters of the waste biomass, especially the protein content, while reducing the amount of crude fiber and enhancing the biotransformation of isoflavone compounds present in the waste. Fermentation yielded the highest protein gain for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ethanol Red strain (ΔN = 2.38%) at a biomass load of 12.5 g and for Scheffersomyces stipitis (ΔN = 2.34%) at an enzyme dose of 0.125 mL/10 g DM. The crude fiber content (CF) was reduced by 2.55–7.18%. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process resulted in the conversion of isoflavones to forms with fewer adverse effects and a lower estrogenic activity. The results show the potential of using RM as a substrate for making a nutritionally improved feed components.

Assessment of the state and prospects of rapeseed production in Ukraine and in the world

The article analyses the statistical data of the United States Department of Agriculture on the main producers, exporters, importers and consumers of rapeseed, oil and meal and establishes that the EU, Canada and China are the leaders in terms of rapeseed production in the world. According to the forecasts, in 23/24 MY almost half of all imported seeds will be from the EU (5.1 mln tonnes) and China (3.0 mln tonnes). Canada is the world’s largest exporter of rapeseed and rapeseed products, and it is forecast that about 8.6 mln tonnes of the seeds will be sold to other countries, including the EU and China. Canada has been the largest exporter of rapeseed for many years. According to analysts’ forecasts, 8.6 mln tonnes of seeds, which is 48.6% of the total world exports, will be sold to other countries. Canada will export 3.1 mln tonnes of oil and 5.25 mln tonnes of rapeseed meal. In 23/24 MY, the EU countries are forecast to use 25.4 mln tonnes of rapeseed and its products for domestic consumption, while China — 18.4 mln tonnes. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, in 2013, 0.95 mln ha of winter rapeseed were harvested, the gross harvest amounted to 2.28 mln tonnes, and the average yield was 2.40 t/ha. In 2022, the gross harvest of winter rapeseed was 3.25 million tonnes. At the same time, the harvested area was 1.13 mln ha, and the average yield in the country increased to 2.87 t/ha. Thus, over the past 10 years, the sown area in Ukraine has increased by 19%, and the gross seed harvest by 42.4%. The increase in sown areas, gross seed harvest and average yields was driven by improvements in certain elements of winter rape growing technology and the introduction of new varieties and hybrids. The State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine includes 350 varieties and hybrids of winter rape. Over the past 10 years, 306 varieties and hybrids of winter rape have been included in the Register, which is 87.4% of the total. At the same time, 20 varieties and 6 hybrids of winter rape of Ukrainian breeding and 16 varieties and 264 hybrids of foreign breeding were registered.

Study on Amendment of Rapeseed Meal, Soybean Meal, and NPK Fertilizer as Biostimulants in Bioremediation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil by Autochthonous Microorganisms

ABSTRACT The adverse impact of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) can be mitigated through bioremediation. However, the efficiency of bioremediation is often compromised due to its slow speed. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the promoting effect of organic and inorganic biostimulants on the bioremediation rate of autochthonous microorganisms. The study examined the impact of rapeseed meal (biostimulation-BS1), soybean meal (BS2), and NPK fertilizer (BS3), as biostimulants on pH, bacterial and fungal count, enzymatic activities, and also TPH values of diesel-contaminated soil. The results revealed that amending the soil with rapeseed meal, soybean meal, and NPK fertilizer resulted in a significant increase in dehydrogenase and catalase activities, with 9.96, 7.7, and 6.75-fold and 2.52, 2.4, and 2.52-fold enhancement, respectively, compared to natural attenuation (NA-as control) which contains diesel-contaminated soil without any organic or inorganic amendments. Moreover, the pH value of the BS1 (6.4) and BS2 (6.77) groups was almost neutral. The growth of heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria and fungi was significantly improved with organic matter amendment (P < .05). The TPH removal efficiencies in natural attenuation, BS1, BS2, BS3, and rapeseed meal+ soybean meal+ NPK fertilizer (BS4) groups were 49.22%, 71.65%, 90.55%, 65.77%, and 55.25%, respectively. Molecular identification revealed that three hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria belonged to various genera, including Nocardiopsis, Streptomyces, and Mammaliicoccus. Overall, this study suggests that amending organic compounds to contaminated soil is an effective, cost-effective, and eco-friendly strategy to improve the bioremediation rate of autochthonous microorganisms.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidant bioactive compounds from wastes of rapeseed industry and their application in delaying rapeseed oil oxidation

Rapeseed meal ethanol-wash solutes (EWS) are wastes generated from rapeseed meal as a pretreatment step to reduce the presence of antinutritional compounds. This study focused on employing and optimizing an ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidant bioactive compounds from EWS. The second aim was to fortify rapeseed oil with the best extract obtained, and to optimize this process. Both optimizations were carried out with the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), considering the combinations amplitude-time and concentration–time of homogenizing the sample with the oil as the assessed variables in the first and second process, respectively. The UAE achieved a higher content of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AOA) than a conventional extraction. The parameters used for obtaining the optimum value of TPC (99.30 mg GAE/g) and AOA (148.99 mg TE/g) were the combinations of amplitude and time of 10% - 9.24 min and 15% - 0.76 min, respectively. The optimum extracts were mainly composed of phenylacetic acid and ferulic acid. The fortification of rapeseed oil with the optimum extracts delayed the oxidation up to 45% while the second optimization process allowed to increase this value to almost 61%. Therefore, EWS could be an alternative to synthetic antioxidants.