Rapeseed Mustard Research Articles

Assessment of oil quality traits in some important exotic and indigenous collections of

Context In the breeding of oilseed Brassica crops for human consumption and animal feed, the main objective is the expansion of commercial varieties with low erucic acid, low glucosinolates, and high oleic acid content. Indian cultivars are high in erucic acid and glucosinolates. Aims This study examined variation among species and genotypes of Brassica for early screening potential in breeding programs for enhanced oil quality of rapeseed mustard. Methods Seeds of 165 Brassica genotypes including exotic and indigenous collections from India were analysed for oil content, fatty acid composition of seed oil, and glucosinolate content in seed meal. Species represented were B. juncea (159 genotypes), B. rapa (2), B. napus (2), B. carinata (1) and Eruca sativa (1). Correlation, principal component and cluster analyses were performed. Key results Substantial genetic variability was detected among genotypes for all studied traits. Oil content ranged from 32% to 45%. Oleic (11.93–54.13%), linoleic (13.33–35.85%), linolenic (3.42–20.77%) and erucic (0–50.70%) acids were the dominant fatty acids. Erucic acid had a significant and negative association with oleic, linoleic, linolenic and eicosenoic acids. Glucosinolate content varied from 7.32 to 282.17 μmol/g in the defatted meal. The first two principal components accounted for 48.10% of cumulative variation. Genotypes were grouped into five major clusters. Genotypes of one cluster had high oleic acid (46.73%) and low erucic acid (1.72%). Conclusions Five promising genotypes were found with low glucosinolate (<30 μmol/g defatted meal) and low erucic acid (<2%) content (i.e. ‘00’ characteristics). Implications The inherent variation for seed oil quality traits across assessed Brassica genotypes suggests their potential for application in future breeding operations.

Food Security Under The Era Of Climate Change Threat

Food Security Under The Era Of Climate Change Threat

Development of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] core collection based on agro-morphological traits

Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] is a major edible oil crop of India. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR) and ICAR—Directorate of Rapeseed Mustard Research (DRMR) together conserve one of the largest global collection of Indian mustard germplasm comprising 5950 accessions which includes indigenously collected landraces, exotic accessions, breeding lines, Improved/released cultivars, registered genetic stocks and other type of material of unknown origin. However, only a small fraction of this huge collection has been deployed in the breeding programme due to lack of information on majority of accessions. The objective of this study was to develop a core collection of Indian mustard to enhance utilization of conserved germplasm in crop improvement programme. For this purpose, the accessions were characterized at one ideal site (Bharatpur) using 14 agro-morphological traits and the resultant data was analysed using three state-of-the-art core collection construction tools—MSTRAT, Power Core and Core Hunter 3 (CH3), to obtain three core sets each with 595 accessions. The quality of these core sets was evaluated and compared using two genetic distance based metrices (E-NE & A-NE), several summary statistics, Shannon diversity index, phenotypic correlations etc. The core collection generated using CH3 which optimized simultaneously for both representativeness and diversity was found the best in capturing the genetic variation existed in the base collection for all the 14 traits. The diversity represented in the core collection will therefore, be a guideline to breeders for a wider use of the Indian mustard genetic resources available in the genebank for identification and introgression of new useful traits, as well as for delineation of their genetic basis particularly through marker-trait association.

Instability pattern of wheat and rapeseed mustard in India and Haryana

The green revolution technology succeed in transforming the country from a large food importer and beneficiary of food aid in the 1950s and 1960s, to a food secure country. Instability in farm production was main concern during green revolution period and removed by using high yielding varieties, irrigation facilities and other risk management strategies. The paper has estimated the instability of wheat and rapeseed mustard at national level and then has compared it with Haryana state for the period of 1966-67 to 2016-17. The overall period divided in four periods acc. to reforms separately and also analyzed jointly. The overall scenario provided clear picture about instability and accomplished that instability was very high in case of rapeseed mustard as compared to wheat irrespective of rabi crops both. In case of wheat, variations in yield were much larger than area and production. But in case of rapeseed mustard, more instability found in the pattern of production.

Performance evaluation of rapeseed mustard under rice fallow system for optimizing productivity, profitability and resource conservation

The study was conducted in Chandel district of Manipur state to maximise the productivity of Rapeseed-mustard under rice fallow. Rapeseed-mustard has great potential under residual moisture after the harvest of Kharif rice in North Eastern states. It is a major source of income especially to the marginal and small farmers in rainfed areas of Manipur. Sample consisted of randomly selected 29 farmers who were growing rapeseed-mustard under FLDs. The results revealed that improved technology recorded a mean yield of 8.77 q/ha which was 20.55 per cent higher than obtained under farmers’ practice (7.27 q/ha). The study also showed that reduction in technology index from 10.90 per cent during 2017-18 to 6.49 per cent during 2019-20 exhibited the feasibility of demonstrated technology. The lower value of technology index, the more is the feasibility of technology. Further, it was found that the adoption of improved technologies not only increased the yield but also yield attributing traits of rapeseed-mustard and benefit cost ratio. Hence, there is a need to disseminate the improved technologies amongst the farmers with effective extension methods like training and demonstrations to utilise the rice fallow areas for increasing the cropping intensity as well as to increase crop production and productivity. The farmers’ should be encouraged to adopt the recommended package of practices for realizing higher returns.

Evaluation of different Brassica genotypes under field conditions against white rust disease (Albugo candida) of rapeseed-mustard for resistant sources

White rust or white blister disease caused by oomycete fungi, Albugo candia is one of the major devastating disease of rapeseed mustard. Continuous emergence of new races of the pathogen is responsible for breaking down of the resistance of already existing resistant cultivars. So there is need for the evaluation of existing resistant cultivars as well as new Brassica cultivars to find out stable resistance sources against the disease. In this context, 82 different Brassica genotypes, including 10 different Brassica species were evaluated in field, under natural conditions for the confirmation of resistance sources against Albugo candida in two successive years 2017-18 and 2018-19. Observations of percent disease severity and phenotypic disease reaction were taken at different time intervals of 70, 80 and 90 DAS. Infection rate and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) were calculated for each genotype. Out of 82 Brassica genotypes evaluated, 26 were found free from the disease and 28 genotypes showed moderately resistant reaction while rest of the genotypes showed susceptible reaction at 90DAS. Minimum infection rate (0.0949) and AUDPC (69.44) was observed in DRMRJ 127 and SIVT-17-19 while maximum infection rate (0.1008) and AUDPC (588.0) was observed in 71 J0002 and RH 30, respectively at 90 DAS.

Documentation variation for Alternaria blight resistance in varieties of Rapeseed mustard

The study was conducted with the objective to assess the resistance source against blight in rapeseed-mustard at Student's Instruction Farm, Acharya Narender Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj Ayodhya (U.P.) during Rabi 2018-19. Screening of Indian mustard 47 genotypes, these screening was not found highly resistant, resistant and moderately resistance against Alternaria blight of rapeseed mustard six genotypes viz., Kiran, TMR-14-6, TMR-14-1, TMR-14-5, TMR-14-3, TMR-14-4 with disease severity of 5-10 per cent respectively were rated as moderately susceptible were found nine genotypes with disease severity 11-25 percent. 31genotypes were marked as susceptible in which disease severity was found to be 26 to 50%. The highly susceptible only one genotypes was found to be >50 present with disease severity respectively. It could be noticed that the vulnerability level was relatively quite high as compared to resistance status.

Production of compost with biopesticide property from toxic weed Lantana: Quantification of alkaloids in compost and bacterial pathogen suppression

Toxic weed Lantana camara foliage was composted with cow dung in 2:1 and 1:1 ratio (v/v) and changes in physicochemical characteristics, and faecal coliform bacterial population (Escherichia coli and Salmonella) was estimated for 35 d. Results showed a significant increase in total N (1.48-1.69-folds), Paval (6.87–9.19-folds), and total K (1.08−1.23-folds) content, while a decrease in C/N ratio (1.87–2.13-folds) and total organic carbon (1.12−1.46-folds) after composting process. Germination index (GI) results (> 70 %) suggested the non-toxic property of Lantana compost against tested rapeseed mustard seeds. E. coli and Salmonella population reduced to the safe limit after 35 d composting. Compost extract (sterilized and non-sterilized) (from 2:1 setup) showed about 0.88 – 1.08-, 0.88 – 0.96-, 0.83 – 0.94-, and 0.79–1.08-folds higher inhibition in Xanthomonas citrus, Xanthomonas campestris, Erwinia carotovora, and Pseudomonas aerogenosa, respectively, indicating strong pathogen-inhibiting substances in Lantanacompost. GC–MS analysis of compost extract indicated the presence of isomers of several compounds of biocidal property – hexadecane (9-hexyl and 9-octyl); 2-tridecyl ester; eicosane; tetradecane, heptacosane (1-chloro- and 9-hexyl); heptadecane, octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl)-, heptacosane, tetradecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl-, etc.). Result revealed that Lantana compost could be used as biomanure with biopesticide properties for sustainable organic farming system.

An Assessment of Improved Production Technology of Rapeseed Mustard under Rain-fed Agro-ecosystem in Hamirpur District of Himachal Pradesh, India

An Assessment of Improved Production Technology of Rapeseed Mustard under Rain-fed Agro-ecosystem in Hamirpur District of Himachal Pradesh, India

Farmers’ attitude towards rapeseed-mustard (Brassica campestris) cultivation in Jammu

The present study was conducted in four sub-tropical blocks of Jammu and Samba and four temperate blocks of Doda and Reasi districts of Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir during 2016–17. Total of 280 farmers were interviewed for assessing their attitude towards cultivation of rapeseed-mustard (Brassica campestris) crop through a well standardized attitude scale based on Likert technique. The attitude scale consisted of 16 items. Each item was analyzed and explained clearly to draw meaningful inferences. Results showed that 52% of the total sampled farmers had more favourable attitude and 48% had less favourable attitude towards cultivation of rapeseed mustard crop, respectively. The results obtained from t-test show that there is significant difference between attitude score of the farmers of sub-tropical and temperate zone, and output of multiple linear regression model shows that age, level of education, and knowledge level about different production recommendations significantly affected the attitude of respondent farmers towards cultivation of rapeseed mustard crop with a R2 value of 0.153.

Effect of weather parameters and date of sowing on intensity of Alternaria blight of rapeseed mustard

The production and productivity of oilseed brassicas are revelation to the biotic and abiotic stresses that divulges to lower the world average. The Alternaria blight disease severity is confided to weather conditions, varieties, age of host plants and the pathogens. Experiment was set up, to analyze the effect of weather variable and sowing dates on the disease severity of rapeseed mustard and its effect on yield. The data for the Rabi season (2017–2018) shown that the periodical increase in the disease severity with the delay in sowing. Percent diseases intensity (PDI) progression was higher during 3rd sowing (D3) at 75 and 100 Days after sowing in Brassica juncea varieties followed by Brassica napus and Brassica nigra varieties. The disease severity differed significantly among the sowing dates and varieties, RLC-3 showed maximum PDI (52.19%) whereas, PC-6 indicated minimum PDI (0.98%).The maximum seed yield (20.37 q/ha) was recorded on 1st sowing (D1) followed by 2nd sowing (D2) (12.59 q/ha). Giriraj showed maximum seed yield followed by GSC-7. Highest Area under disease progressive curve value was recorded in RLC-3 variety (3885.91) having 3rd sowing (D3) and the lowest was recorded in PC-6 variety (54.77) having 1st sowing (D1). The maximum temperature (15.7–30.3 °C) and minimum temperature (3.3–12.6 °C) was positively correlated with disease severity, disease severity increases with increase in temperature and vice versa.

The effect of presowing treatment of seeds of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and winter brown mustard (Brassica juncea L.) with modern fungicides on their sowing qualities and biometric characteristics of seedlings

The aim of the research was to study the effect of chemical and biological fungicidal disinfectants on the sowing qualities of seeds, the length of stem and root of seedlings of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and winter mustard (Brassica juncea L.). We carried out the research in 2018-2020 in the laboratory conditions on the seeds of rapeseed cultivar Sarmat and mustard cultivar Dzhuna. We tested the following fungicidal disinfectants: chemical – a contact preparation with the active ingredient thiram 400 g/l (standard); systemic preparation with the active ingredient fludioxonil 25 g/l; complex biological contacts consisting of fungi of the genus Trichoderma Pers. and of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas Мigula: biopreparation 1 (1 g/l+2x108 CFU/ml); biopreparation 2 (2 g/l+2x108 CFU/ml). All studied disinfectants suppress seed infections on rapeseed and mustard. They do not have negative effect on the stem length of rapeseed seedlings, but in the variant with thiram, the number of seedlings with a short root increases by 13 % compared to the control. When rapeseed seeds are treated with Fludioxonil and biopreparations, the number of seedlings with a root length of 56-70 mm increases, which contributes to better rooting and optimal overwintering of plants. When seeds of winter mustard are treated with thiram, the number of seedlings with a very short root (up to 25 mm) increases. Fludioxonil and biopreparation 1 contribute to an increase in the number of seedlings with a root length of 41-55 mm, which favorably affects the development of the plant’s root system and contributes to an increase in winter hardiness.

Engine performance and emission of biodiesel fuel prepared from different Ukrainian natural oils

A range of natural oils such as rapeseed, sunflower, corn, linseed, and mustard ones has been used for fatty acid ethyl esters synthesis. The last as pure biodiesel B100 were mixed with fossil diesel B0 to form blends B20, B40, B60, and B80. This study reports the effects of engine load and biodiesel percentage on the performance and emission of a tractor diesel engine fueled with biodiesel–diesel blends. It is stated that mixed fuels little inferior to mineral diesel in engine performance, but the observed reduction is not critical. The results showed that the engine performance (effective power and torque) depends primarily on the content of acids with C18 carbon chain in the oil. It was also found that the highest performance among the blended fuels is introduced by ethyl esters of rapeseed oil, while corn and mustard oil ethyl esters presented the lowest emissions level. The emissions of rapeseed, sunflower, corn, linseed, and mustard ethyl esters are all lower than the base mineral fuel.

Effect of supplementing canola quality rapeseed mustard cake on the metabolic profile and quality of milk in crossbred cows

This study examined the comparative effect of incorporation of improved canola quality and high glucosinolates rapeseed mustard oil cake (RMC) in the supplement of crossbred cows on metabolic profile, thyroid hormones, milk yield and quality of milk. Lactating crossbred cows (18) were randomly divided into three groups of six each in a completely randomized design and allocated in three dietary supplements, viz. SBM, RMC and CM containing soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed mustard cake (RMC) and canola meal (CM), respectively as a major protein source for a period of 90 days. Daily intake of total dry matter and green fodder was comparable irrespective of dietary treatments. The supplement intake (kg/d) was significantly lower in the cows that were given RMC supplement compared to those given either SBM or CM supplement. Incorporation of CM in the supplement significantly increased daily and total milk yield (kg) as compared to RMC group. The milk thiocyanate level was significantly higher in RMC followed by CM and SBM groups. Blood-biochemical profile except significantly higher lactate dehydrogenase in RMC group remained comparable at different periods. Serum thiocyanate was significantly higher in RMC followed by CM and SBM. Serum T3 and T4 hormone levels were significantly lower in RMC fed group as compared to CM and SBM groups. It can be concluded that feeding of canola quality RMC (GSC5/6) may be used as complete replacement of soybean meal without any adverse effect on metabolic profile, thyroid hormones, milk quality and yield in crossbred cows.

Diversity in Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. isolates and characterization of host response in different oilseed Brassica species

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc., a necrotrophic fungus devastating oilseed Brassica crops in India, causes up to 47% reduction in seed yield. So the study is conducting to develop the knowledge about the variability of A. brassicae in terms of cultural, morphological, pathogenic characters and their effects on different Brassica species of rapeseed mustard, for minimizing the losses caused by A. brassicae and help to stabilize the rapeseed mustard production. In variability study, all the isolates showed cultural, morphological variability. Average conidial length was maximum in isolate Ab2 (21.7μ) followed by Ab4 (20.7μ) and minimum in Ab8 (15.6μ). Septation in conidia, both horizontal and vertical also showed variation in different isolates. Finally it was revealed that smallest size of conidia in isolates Ab8 and longest size of conidia in isolates Ab4 were observed. On solid medium, maximum sporulation was observed in Ab7 followed while minimum sporulation recorded in Ab8. On liquid medium, maximum sporulation was observed in Ab7 while minimum sporulation recorded in Ab8. All the isolates showed the variability in qualitative characters i.e. spot colour, presence or absence of central point, concentric rings and yellow halo and as well as in quantitative characters i.e. incubation period and Percent Disease Index.

Popularization of improved sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production technology through frontline demonstrations in non-traditional belts of West Bengal

The Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) on modern approaches of sunflower cultivation was attempted during rabi season 2011-12 to 2013-14 on farmers' field in the non-traditional belts of West Bengal (Bankura and Purulia districts) under Tribal Sub-Plan Programme. The average seed yield of sunflower under demonstration plot was recorded 1875-2250 kg/ha compared to conventional rapeseed mustard cultivation where production was recorded 1000-1200 kg/ha. In West Bengal, the yield gaps between improved technology (full package of sunflower demonstration with best management practices) and farmers practice (rapeseed mustard cultivation through conventional approaches) was recorded 875-1050 kg/ha. The study recommends that the gross return and net return can be improved by adopting technologies viz., use of sunflower hybrids (DRSH-1, KBSH-44, KBSH-41, KBSH-53), adopting proper spacing and thinning, spraying of boron at ray floret stage and use of bio-inoculants for management of diseases.

SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 influences flowering time, lateral branching, oil quality, and seed yield in Brassica juncea cv. Varuna.

SOC1, a MADS-box type II transcription factor, integrates environmental and endogenous cues to promote flowering in angiosperms. Recent reports implicating SOC1 in roles beyond floral transition prompted functional characterization of SOC1 in polyploid rapeseed mustard genomes. Gene characterization in Brassicas necessitates analysis of composite homeolog function. While insertional mutagenesis is untenable in Brassicas owing to gene redundancy, gain-of-function approach entails serial characterization of individual homeologs. Herein, we demonstrate modulated floral promotive effects in natural variants of Brassica SOC1 and provide lateral branching as a probable outcome of polyploidy-induced gene diversification. Ectopic expression of two B genome specific SOC1 variants in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in differential floral acceleration and manifestation of multiple vegetative rosettes. Characterization of composite homeolog function in B. juncea via introgression of Brassica SOC1 specific artificial miRNA, designed to target homeologs, also exhibited modifications in floral transition and lateral branching. Comprehensive analysis of field performance of B. juncea transgenics displayed altered fitness across 11 agronomic traits. Crucially, reduced SOC1 levels directly impacted two developmental traits, namely, flowering time and number of lateral branches which in turn influenced several dependent agronomic traits. While delayed flowering and crop maturity resulted in altered fatty acid composition with higher SFA and lower PUFA in transgenics relative to controls, reduction in overall count of lateral branches caused a concomitant decrease in silique count which ultimately impacted total seed yield in transgenics. Statistical analysis revealed number of secondary branches as the most critical trait influencing seed yield. Based on our findings, we propose enhancing levels Brassica SOC1, a key target, for achieving earliness in flowering, improved seed yield and oil quality, and studying trait trade-offs.

Weed management and rapeseed mustard productivity in conservation agriculture based rice-yellow mustard-greengram cropping system in lateritic belt of West Bengal

Weed management and rapeseed mustard productivity in conservation agriculture based rice-yellow mustard-greengram cropping system in lateritic belt of West Bengal

Varietal variations of oil and fatty acids in rapeseed mustard

The present paper deals with the study of variations of oil and fatty acids in mustard The oil content of seed samples of different of different mustard varieties has been found to show a wide variation between to PC variety of seed has been found to have the maximum content of oil i e The major component of fatty acid Erucic acid is varied to PC variety is at the top with the value of Erucic Acid

Forewarning model development for mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) at Bharatpur and Hisar

The weekly aphid population on timely sown mustard crop and daily weather parameters recorded at ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed–Mustard Research, Bharatpur and Hisar stations, during rabi seasons of 2003-04 to 2013-14 were used to develop forewarning model for aphid. In most of the cases, the appearance of population and its peak activity occurred during 51 standard meteorological week (SMW) and 8 SMW. The study revealed that the thermal time or growing degree days (GDD) consistently explained the aphid multiplication significantly in all seasons. The impact of other weather parameters on pest population was observed to be significant only in some seasons. The aphid population increased exponentially with increase in GDD. Further, the exponential coefficient varied among the varieties. The population build up was compared with the model predicted values in three common species (Brassicajuncea, B. rapa ssp. sarson and B. napus) grown at two stations. The results revealed that the predicted values derived using the model, were in close agreement with those of the observed.